双峰驼水代谢与血液中葡萄糖和脂类含量的关系

冬、夏两季对双峰驼进行了禁水１５ｄ试验，于禁水前后及暴饮后检测其血浆葡萄糖及血清中脂类含量的变化，结果表明，冬季血糖呈曲线变化；血脂含量于禁水后极显著升高，第１５ｄ时血清总脂，总胆固醇、甘油三酯分别上升了６１％，４９．５％和２６４％，暴饮后迅速下降，４－７ｄ恢复到正常水平。夏季血糖、总脂、总胆固醇正常值均显著低于冬季；禁水３ｄ后恰逢阴雨连绵，使禁水不完全，此时血糖含量升高；血清总脂、总胆固醇含量第     

双峰驼血液蛋白多态性遗传的研究

血液蛋白的多态性在驼科动物,尤其是在双峰驼(Bactrianus Camel)上的研究报道很少。到目前为止,仅有W.J.Willer等人(1985)对原驼(Lama guanicoe)、马驼(Lama glama)及其杂种的运铁蛋白的多态性以及Cabannes(1963)对美洲驼的血红蛋白的多态性作了报道。 双峰驼广泛分布在我国甘肃河西走廊的荒漠和半荒漠草原上,为该区主要畜种之一。为了摸清该地区双峰驼的种质资源,为保种选育提供科学依据,我们对甘肃酒泉地区安西县和武威地区民勤县136峰骆驼(公母各半)的血样,进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,测定了血红蛋白(Hb)、血清白蛋白(Al)、后白蛋白(Pa)和血清运铁蛋白(Tf)。     

青海八眉猪五种血液无机离子含量的测定

对青海省湟中县40头八眉猪五种血液无机离子含量进行了测定。结果:全血铁(BFe)7.52±1.25mmol/L;全血钾(BK)50.3±6.24mmol/L;血浆钾(PK)6.31±0.63mmol/L;红细胞钾(EK)113.57±18.78mmol/L;血浆总钙(PTCa)2.09±0.26mmol/L;血浆游离钙(PFCa)0.50±0.26mmol/L;血浆结合钙(PBCa)1.60±0.13mmol/L;血浆游离钙百分率(PFCa%)22.98±9.95%;血浆无机磷(PP)1.57±0.41mmol/L;血浆氯化物(PCl-)105.88±11.18mmol/L。公、母猪之间的各项指标都没有显著差异(P>0.05)。     

中国双峰驼血液生理生化特性研究

测定了我国双峰驼血液生理生化指标。结果:血液红细胞数5.81×1012/L,白细胞数10.08×109/L,血小板数610.85×109/L;白细胞中淋巴细胞最多,占60.22%;红细胞压积为32.11%、体积40.95 f L,血小板压积为2.57%、体积14.72 f L;血红蛋白含量为平均为141.11 g/L,较其他家畜高;血浆钠、钾离子含量较其他家畜高,分别为159.95和14.55 mmol/L,氯、铁离子含量较其他家畜低,分别为67.90和1.82mmol/L;骆驼血浆白蛋白为35.37 g/L,含量和白/球比例较其他家畜高。     

内蒙巴彦淖尔盟乌拉特后旗双峰驼血液生理参数的测定

本研究旨在系统地测定内蒙骆驼的生理参数,并探讨其特点和规律,从而为骆驼的发展、繁育、饲养管理和兽医临床诊治等提供理论依据。于1987年8月在内蒙巴彦淖尔盟乌拉特后旗对31峰骆驼作了8项血液生理参数的测定,现报告如下:     

人工家养黑熊血清六种无机离子测定

本文测定了26只人工家养中国黑熊血清六种无机离子(钾、钠、钙、氯、磷和镁)的含量。其结果如下黑熊血清钾含量为4.43±0.71 mEq/L,血清钠为143.69±20.62mEq/L,血清钙为11.19±1.24mg/100ml,血清氯为103.97±8.56mEq/L,血清无机磷为5.17±0.65mg/100ml,血清镁为4.54±0.79mEq/L。     

互助县山羊唾液中五种无机离子浓度的测定

对互助县30只山羊的唾液钠、钾、钙、磷、氯五种无机离子浓度进行了测定。结果:唾液钠为120.0±23.5mmolL,唾液钾为14.95±5.07mmolL,唾液钙为2.32±0.02mmolL,唾液无机磷为1.55±0.44mmolL,唾液氯为113.3±2.1mmolL,唾液钠钾比为8.7±2.3,唾液钙磷比为1.5±1.0。     

运输应激对青脚麻鸡血液生化指标和无机离子浓度的影响

试验旨在探讨运输应激对肉鸡血液生化指标的影响,为肉鸡运输后的正常饲养管理提供参考.选取60只2.3～2.5 kg的60日龄健康青脚麻鸡(公鸡),随机分为4组,每组15只.在运输前0.5 h,测定各试验组的血液生化指标和无机离子浓度;运输2 h后,4组分别在正常饲养0.5 h及1、3、5 d后测定血液生化指标,并与运输前...     

双峰驼跖趾关节解剖结构

采用大体解剖学方法,研究了成年双峰驼的８个跖趾关节,并与马、牛、羊、猪、犬等动物的对等器官进行了比较。结果发现,双峰驼跖趾关节的形态结构有以下显著特征：（１）跖骨远端关节面后部有矢状嵴,近趾节骨近端关节面后部有与之相对应的矢状沟,这种结构与跖行动物和趾行动物相类似;（２）籽骨上没有对应近趾节骨近端的关节面;（３）籽骨间韧带只连接同一趾上的２个籽骨,与牛的将２趾的４个近籽骨连在一起的结构不同;（４）轴侧侧副韧带不像牛的那样与对侧的同名韧带共同起始于跖骨远端滑车间切迹,而是分别起始于此切迹的轴侧韧带窝及韧带结节;（５）轴侧侧副韧带仅为１层,而远轴侧侧副韧带分为２层;（６）籽骨直韧带、趾间趾节骨籽骨韧带及趾间近韧带均缺如。     

The Arterial Supply to the Eye of the Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus)

The arterial supply to the eye of the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) was studied by gross dissection. The supply came from the external ophthalmic, external ethmoidal and malar and maxillary tubercular arteries, ophthalmic rete mirabile, and the rostral epidural rete mirabile. The external ophthalmic artery gave rise to branches to supply the dorsal oblique muscle, lacrimal gland, superior and inferior eyelids, and the lateral angle of the eye, and to take part in the formation of the rostral epidural rete and the ophthalmic rete mirabile. The external ethmoidal artery detached off some branches to supply the ventral and medial dorsal rectus oblique muscles, the conjunctiva of the superior eyelid and the fat body of the orbit. The branches of the malar artery supplied the inferior, superior and third eyelids, ventral oblique muscle, and the medial angle of the eye. The ophthalmic rete mirabile gave off many branches to supply the rectus muscles of the eye, dorsal oblique and retractor oculi muscles, levator muscle of the superior eyelid, and the choroid.     

The Arterial Supply of the Cubital Joint in the Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus)

The arterial supply of the six cubital joints from bactrian camels was studied. There were 15 arterial branches supplying the joint. The branches that arose from the transverse cubital artery were the medial anterior, superior anterior, lateral anterior, middle anterior, inferior anterior, superior lateral, middle lateral, inferior lateral, superior posterior and superior lateral posterior cubital branches. The branches originating from the collateral ulnar artery were the medial, middle posterior, inferior posterior, medial posterior and inferior lateral posterior cubital branches. These arteries united with each other around the cubital joint.     

The Arterial Supply of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint in the Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus)

The arterial supply of the six metacarpophalangeal joints was studied in Bactrian camels. The arterial branches supplying the metacarpophalangeal joints were derived from the metacarpal distal perforating, medial and lateral branches of the palmar metacarpal artery III, medial and lateral branches of the palmar common digital artery III and the abaxial palmar proper digital arteries III and IV. These arterial branches were the proximal dorsoaxial distal metacarpal, distal dorsoaxial distal metacarpal, abaxial distal metacarpal, palmar distal metacarpal, interosseous distal metacarpal, dorsoaxial proximal proximal phalangeal, palmoaxial proximal proximal phalangeal, palmoabaxial proximal proximal phalangeal and dorsoabaxial proximal proximal phalangeal branches. They linked with each other around the metacarpophalangeal joint.     

Separation and Purification of Ovulation-inducing Factors in the Seminal Plasma of the Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus)

Ovulation in the Bactrian camel depends upon ovulation-inducing factors in the seminal plasma. The present study was conducted to isolate and purify the bioactive fractions from the seminal plasma of these camels. The seminal plasma was fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography, and six fractions were obtained. The bioactive potential of each fraction was estimated from its effect on rat pituitary tissue cultured in vitro and by the effect of an intramuscular injection of the fraction into female camels in vivo. Both the third fraction (F3) and the fifth fraction (F5) stimulated the release of LH in vitro and in vivo. In addition, female camels ovulated within 48 h after intramuscular injection of F3. However, neither F3 nor F5 had any significant effect on the secretion of FSH, either in vitro or in vivo. When F3 was further fractionated into four subfractions, the third subfraction (F3-3) still stimulated the in vitro release of LH, but not of FSH. An attempt to further purify the ovulation-inducing factors in F3-3 failed owing to the similarity of the molecular characters.     

双峰驼胃底腺区黏膜组织学与组织化学研究

用组织学和组织化学研究方法重点观察了双峰驼胃底腺的细胞组成、分布及其组织化学特性。结果表明，双峰驼胃底腺区有发达的黏膜皱襞和厚的黏膜层，固有层中充满长而直的分支管状腺，由颈黏液细胞、壁细胞、主细胞和亲银细胞组成。颈黏液细胞分布在腺颈部，为混合黏液细胞，以分泌酸性糖共轭物为主。壁细胞十分丰富，分布于整个腺体，以腺体体部最多，细胞内含有酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶以及活性较强的非特异性醋酶，糖共轭物呈色均为阴性。主细胞位于腺体体部和底部，胞质中有大量的嗜碱性颗粒，含非特异性醋酶，但无糖共轭物。在黏膜褶顶部腺体体部和底部常看到不成熟的主细胞，其形态同颈黏液细胞和主细胞相似，为矮柱状或立方状，胞质有大量细小的颗粒，糖共轭物呈色反应和颈黏液细胞相似。糖共轭物呈色结果还显示，胃底腺区黏膜表面上皮仅分泌中性糖共轭物，胃小凹上皮和颊部腺上皮可分泌混合糖共轭物，胃小凹浅层上皮以中性糖共轭物为主，而底部上皮和颊部腺上皮以酸性糖共轭物为主。此外，在网状纤维染色时我们发现颈黏液细胞有明显的嗜银现象，核上胞质可见大量的嗜银颗粒，不成熟的主细胞有类似表现，但较其弱，颊部腺上皮也有较弱的嗜银性，而成熟的主细胞则无此特点，建议将此法作为颈黏液细胞和主细胞的鉴别方法。虽然双峰驼胃底腺区黏膜的微观结构及组织化学特性同其他动物和人有差异。但基本结构相似。     

双峰驼脾脏的组织形态学观察

骆驼脾脏的形状和其它动物明显不同，为镰形，外缘呈锯齿状。其被膜很厚，富含平滑肌和弹性纤维，平滑肌层比结缔组织层厚，主要由相互垂直的两层构成。次级平滑肌性小梁发达，相互交织成网状，构成红髓的主要支架。白髓有典型的脾小结和动脉周围淋巴鞘，无边缘窦。边缘区明显，分布在脾小结、动脉周围淋巴鞘周围，可见大量吞噬含铁血黄素、ACP活性很强的巨噬细胞，开口于此的中央动脉分支十分丰富。鞘毛细血管主要分布在边缘区，其次是脾索的滤过区，白髓发达的个体更为多见，常见红细胞从椭球漏出，但胞质中未见含铁血黄素，ACP呈色反应呈阴性。脾索滤过区可见大量的毛细血管和吞噬有含铁血黄素、ACP活性很强的巨噬细胞。脾窦十分发达，窦壁细胞ACP和AKP均呈强阳性，窦腔中也有上述巨噬细胞。淋巴细胞在脾脏中的分布和其它动物及人相似。上述结果证实，骆驼脾脏属于免疫功能很强的防御性脾。     

Preliminary Observations on the Concentrations of Serum Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle-stimulating Hormone during Gestation in Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus)

The concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the serum of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) throughout pregnancy were analysed by radioimmunoassay. The samples were withdrawn at intervals of half a month. The serum LH concentrations varied significantly between 2.2±0.9 and 20.3±18.8 ng/ml during the pregnancy, with the highest value on the day of artificial insemination, which indicated that a preovulatory LH peak appeared. Thereafter, the LH concentration tended to fall, reaching a fairly constant low level by the eighth month of pregnancy. The serum FSH concentrations varied between 7.0±0.2 and 28.9±0.4 ng/ml during gestation, with the peak value being reached at 4.5 months, followed by a marked drop to 7.0±0.2 ng/ml at 7.5 months.     

Uterine Activity after Induction of Hypocalcaemia in the Ovariectomized Camel (Camelus Dromedarius)

Al-Eknah, M.M., Homeida, A.M., Dafalla, E.A., Galil, A.K.A. and Al-Tahir, A.Y., 1997. Uterine activity after induction of hypocalcaemia in the ovariectomized camel (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Research Communications, 21 (1), 45-50.Bilateral ovariectomy was performed in three parous, non-pregnant camels. Intrauterine and intra-abdominal pressure changes were recorded using balloon-tipped catheters. Uterine contractions were induced and maintained in the ovariectomized camels by daily intramuscular injections of 5 mg oestradiol benzoate throughout the experimental period. The frequency of uterine contractions varied from 6 to 9 per minute, whereas the amplitude varied from 2 to 3 kPa in all the animals. Inducing hypocalcaemia to a level of 0.5 mmol/L by Na2EDTA reduced the amplitude of the contractions to below 1 kPa (p<0.001). The frequency of the contractions was not affected.     

Observations on the Clinical Examination of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the Field

Camels usually inhabit remote areas, where diagnostic facilities and laboratories are very scarce. The species differences between the camel and other domestic animals necessitate some specific examination techniques. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical examination methods and sources of common errors that require special consideration in the camel. Young camels are examined in the standing position, while adults require restraint. Restraining procedures, both standing and in sternal recumbency, are described. New equipment and a crush were designed. The body temperature of the camels examined fluctuated from 35.7 to 38.9 degrees C, being lowest in the morning and highest in the afternoon; high temperature in the morning is indicative of fever, while high afternoon temperatures could be hyperthermia. It was difficult to take the pulse rate for routine procedures. The heart rate ranged from 35 to 50 per min; there was no difference between the heart rate in the morning and in the afternoon. The mean respiratory rate was 11 per min and respiration was of thoracol-lumbar type. The mucous membranes of the eye were an important site for appreciating signs of discoloration, while those of the mouth, rectum and vagina were unsuitable. The left flank was the best site for determining the rate of rumen contractions, which was 3+/-1.2 every 5 min, as determined by auscultation; counting the contractions by the application of the fist was difficult. The palpable external lymph nodes were the parotid, maxillary, prescapular, inferior cervical, thoracic, cubital, ilial and popiteal; they are large and can be seen on inspection in healthy animals, so that was not indicative of disease. A list of diagnostic indicators for the rapid diagnosis of ten endemic camel diseases was generated from the empirical signs.