梅花鹿锯茸时出血特点及止血药物的研究

为达到更好的锯茸止血效果,对梅花鹿锯茸时出血特点及锯茸止血药物应用效果进行了观察:收取初角茸时呈渗出状出血;收取二杠茸时呈线状出血;收取三杈茸和畸型茸时呈喷射状出血,并且有节律地进行搏动。出血量随着鹿茸的产量和茸根围度的增加而增多,但是当收取茸根围度为(20.3±0.6)cm的畸型茸时却不存在这种明显的相关关系。同一茸型不同年龄的鹿,因茸重、茸根围度的不同出血亦有差别。根据鹿茸的组织结构、生长规律和梅花鹿生理特点,选用由中药组成的外用锯茸止血药方剂,通过锯茸止血试验,结果表明,该锯茸止血药无刺激性,止血快,抗感染能力强,创面愈合良好,对再生茸产量没有明显影响(P>0.05)。     

梅花鹿锯茸应激综合症血浆皮质醇含量的变化

２４头健康、３～４岁、体重１００～１２０ｋｇ的锯茸期梅花鹿随机分为两组，分别用木笼绳索保定法（Ａ组，ｎ＝１２）和药物保定法（Ｂ组，ｎ＝１２）进行锯茸。对血浆皮质醇含量及部分血液生化值的改变进行了测定。试验结果，Ａ组锯茸后血浆皮质醇和血糖含量较试验前呈突发性升高，然后逐渐下降，两者的改变呈正相关（ｒ＝０．９４），１～９日内各次测定值间及与Ｂ组间差异均极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；血浆ＣＯ２ｃｐ值锯茸后３～５日内呈明显下降；血Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、Ｃａ＋值均呈上升势态，１～７日内各次测定值间及与Ｂ组间均有极显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｂ组锯茸前后各项指标各次测定值间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

眠乃宁苏醒灵麻醉锯茸效果观察

随着我国社会主义现代化建设的发展，国内养鹿业也取得了长足进步，但不少养鹿单位仍使用传统的吊圈保定锯茸法，既耗人力物力又时常发生伤鹿伤茸或伤人等意外情况。我场选用化学保定药眠乃宁及对应解药苏醒灵３号、４号，保定锯茸，效果不错，报道如下。１　材料和方法１．１　药物眠乃宁２号注射液，农牧大学兽医研究所提供（科研试用品）；苏醒灵３号、４号注射液（３号与４号体积比为１∶１配成混合液），农牧大学兽医研究所提供。１．２　实验动物　新疆尉犁县３１团畜牧连、塔里木马鹿１６８只。１．３　材料　自制长杆注射器１把，自…     

梅花鹿锯饵应激综合症血浆皮质醇含量的变化

２４头健康、３￣４岁、体重１００￣１２０ｋｇ的锯茸期梅花鹿随机分为两组，分别用木笼绳索保定法（Ａ组，ｎ＝１２）和药物保定法（Ｂ组，ｎ＝１２）进行锯茸。对血浆皮质醇含量及部分血液生化值的改变进行了测定。试验结果，Ａ组锯茸后血浆皮质醇和血糖含量较试验前呈突发性升高，然后逐渐下降，两者的改变呈正相关（ｒ＝０．９４），１￣９日内各次测定值间及与Ｂ组间差异均极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）；血浆ＣＯ２ｃｐ值锯茸后３￣     

中国鹿业前景看好

１鹿产品市场需求增加随着韩国、东南亚的经济复苏，我国人民的生活水平的提高，扩大了鹿茸的需求。特别对优质鹿茸需求较大，浙江每年需１～２吨蜡片茸，喜欢购６厘米以内的茸头和排血花三杈、嫩再生茸。泰国、新加坡、菲律宾、印尼、马来西亚及日本等，消费的是较高档次的排血二杠和花三杈锯茸及少量砍茸、蜡片茸。２价格优势明显无论是韩国的鹿茸市场，还是国内的茸产品经销店，零售价格居高不下，在韩国每千克鹿茸折合人民币１万元左右，在国内６０００元／千克左右。而韩国养马鹿是中国马鹿总量的１／３，马鹿茸单产为中国的１／２，韩…     

成年公鹿锯茸的简易止血方法

新疆是养鹿较多的省 (区 )之一 ,总饲养量在 5万头左右。在每年的锯茸季节、每个养鹿场都有因成年公鹿锯茸后发生出血不止 ,或止血较晚、失血多引起鹿的体质下降甚至部分鹿的死亡。 1 990年笔者先后对许多鹿场锯茸的止血方法进行了实际观察和了解 ,主要的止血方法为药物止血和结扎止血。1　药物止血法止血药物常用的有 :七厘散、云南白药、兽用外科止血粉、无名异止血粉、明胶海棉等。方法是在锯茸前 ,由一助手把上述的药物中的一种撒在 1 0ｃｍ× 1 0ｃｍ的牛皮纸或白布 ,或塑料布上 ,托于手掌 ,当茸锯下后迅速按在留茬鹿茸的断面上 ,经几…     

陕,甘,宁,青部分鸡场减蛋综合症的血清学调查

用微量血凝抑制试验（ＨＩ）检测鸡减蛋综合症（ＥＤＳ－７６）的感染情况，结果表明，无减蛋症状鸡群平均阳性率为３３．８％（９７／２８７），ＨＩ抗体效价为１∶１６－１∶１２８；有减蛋症状鸡群平均阳性率为９２．７％（１６５／１７８），ＨＩ抗体效价多为１∶６４－１∶１０２４，最高可达１∶１６３８４     

锯茸止血的小窍门

在鹿茸的生产过程中,因锯茸时止血失败而导致生茸公鹿死亡的事故时有发生。笔者根据多年的生产实践,总结了锯茸止血三法小窍门,现总结介绍如下：     

鹿锯茸用止血药的研制及临床应用

鹿属于野生动物，虽然经过长期的驯养，但仍然保留着野性，所以对锯茸用止血药有其特殊的要求。要求锯茸用止血药必需具备以下特点：第一，具有充分确实的止血效果。因为锯茸本身就是一次强烈的应激，对鹿会造成一定的伤害，所以要求一次止血处理后达到理想的效果，任何再一次的止血处理都会加强应激，对生产造成经济损失。第二，具有消炎抑菌作用。因为鹿属于野生动物，并且大多数鹿场采用的是半散养的方式，所以鹿的外伤不宜包扎，易感染细菌和病毒，这就要求止     

鹿锯茸止血与防腐

在锯茸大忙季节正值蚊、蝇繁殖最盛时期,必需作好锯茸后的防蚊、防蝇,搞好锯茸后止血、防腐工作。为此笔者曾多方调换止血与防腐的配方,经通北林业局鹿场及63—68年在国营建设鹿场129头次的应用,证明此方安全可靠,现介绍如下。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -