中国伊氏锥虫的无动基体株

在中国的东洋界，无动基体伊氏锥虫与有动基体虫并存。单虫克隆化的虫体，无动基体株的后代均无动基体，有动基体株的后代均具动基体；作者用电镜和核酸探针技术验证了这一事实。作者认为：我国的无动基体虫株是天然存在的，并认为：中国的无动基体伊氏锥虫可能即南美洲的Ｔｒｙｐａｎｏｓｏｍａｅｑｕｉｎｕｍ。     

伊氏锥虫动基体DNA序列比较

对伊氏锥虫新疆骆驼株（ＸＪＣＡ）、安徽水牛株（ＡＨＢ）和云南水牛株（ＹＮＢ）的动基体ＤＮＡ进行ＰＣＲ扩增后,用Ｓａｎｇｅｒ双脱氧核糖核酸法测定扩增产物的序列。结果表明,各虫株间ＤＮＡ序列同源性为９７％。内聚分析表明,ＡＨＢ株与ＸＪＣＡ株相似性高属一类,而ＹＮＢ株与中国伊氏锥虫ＳＨ株相似性高属另一类。证明我国不同伊氏锥虫在动基ＤＮＡ序列上存在一些差别,这可能由于点突变的缘故。     

伊氏锥虫和布氏锥虫动基体DNA酶切电泳比较

限制性内切酶ＭｂｏＩ，ＤｄｅＩ，Ｈｉｎｆｉ和ＴａｑＩ对布氏锥虫ＫＤＮＡ进行酶切后，电泳中均显示出多条ＤＮＡ区带，其总Ｋｂ数约等于２０ｋｂ，而各限制酶对伊氏锥虫ＫＮＤＡ消化后均显示出１至２条区带，总和约１ｋｂ明显区别于布氏锥虫。     

伊氏锥虫不同株的表面变异糖蛋白提取和重要特性比较

抗原变异是锥虫的重要特征,主要表现于锥虫表面变异糖蛋白（VariableSurfaceGlycoprotein,VSG）的变化,而且锥虫的VSG变异非常频繁,国外对布氏锥虫的VSG研究较多,对中国伊氏锥虫的VSG,杨汉春［1］、李国清等［2］曾作过分离和生化分析,但对中国不同地理宿主株VSG的分离比较尚无报道。而我国北方新疆骆驼伊氏锥虫和南方牛、马伊氏锥虫存在来源、地理、宿主和生化特性的变异[3,4],我们对这两个虫株的VSG进行了分离、纯化和特性比较研究,以期为伊氏锥虫的抗原变异和伊氏锥虫病的防治研究提供依据。1材料与方法1．1材料和试剂…     

伊氏锥虫同工酶、蛋白质和抗原组分的比较研究

本文采用生化技术对八个中国伊氏锥虫株及一个布氏锥虫株的同工酶、蛋白质和抗原组分进行比较研究。根据同工酶电泳结果,可将伊氏锥虫和与其形态上不能区分的布氏锥虫区别开来,亦可将伊氏锥虫分为两个酶株群(Z1、Z2)。根据SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、等电聚焦电泳和免疫印迹试验的结果,可将酶株群Z1分成五个不同多肽群(株)。本研究结果表明,中国伊氏锥虫遗传变异程度较低,是一个相对稳定的种群。     

伊氏锥虫HGPRT缺陷株和自然株的HGPRT基因的分离、克隆与比较

参照布氏锥虫ＨＧＰＲＴ基因的核苷酸序列，设计一对引物，分别以伊氏锥虫ＨＧＰＲＴ缺陷株和自然株的总ＲＮＡ为模板进行ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增，结果自然株出现６３０ｂｐ的ＤＮＡ条带，与设计大小一致，而缺陷株均为阴性，证明缺陷株的ＨＧＰＲＴ基因发生明显突变或缺失。自然株ＨＧＰＲＴ基因经与ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔ Ｅａｓｙ Ｖｅｃｔｏｒ连接，大肠杆菌转化，获得了阳性克隆。     

伊氏锥虫HGPRT缺陷株驯化及生物学特性观察

为了获得伊氏锥虫次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转化酶（ＨＧＰＲＴ）缺陷株,用不同浓度的８－氮鸟嘌呤（８－ＡＧ）和８－ＡＧ加紫外线照射的方法,对伊氏锥虫体外培养株进行了为期６０～１０１ｄ诱导驯化。结果,以每毫升含８－ＡＧ４０μｇ的培养液培养驯化,再配合紫外线照射,以及以每毫升含８－ＡＧ６０μｇ的培养液培养驯化,均获得了伊氏锥虫ＨＧＰＲＴ缺陷株。试验表明,培养虫体经过２～３个死亡期后逐步进入适应期,虫数升高到（１．５～２．５）×１０６／ｍＬ,饲养细胞通常于２～５ｄ变黑、崩解,应适时更换。培养驯化的１３株克隆虫株,经６－巯基鸟嘌呤（６－ＴＧ）抗性测定,１０株存活。克隆株在３倍量氨基喋呤的ＨＡＴ选择性培养液中死亡。生物学试验表明,ＨＧＰＲＴ缺陷株在无ＨＴ的培养液中生长良好,对小鼠致病力有下隆的趋势,虫血症和小鼠死亡时间比对照组延长１倍多。抗体凝集试验表明,ＨＧＰＲＴ缺陷株未发生抗原变异现象。超微结构显示,ＨＧＰＲＴ缺陷株的动基体、核和核仁比对照组明显增大,核膜电子密度区也明显增宽。     

12株中国伊氏锥虫对小鼠的毒力试验

为了确定中国伊氏锥虫各株的毒力强弱,对中国伊氏锥虫:安徽水牛株(AHB)、广东阳江水牛株(GDB_1)、广东水牛株(GDB_2)、广东马株(GDH)、广西骡株(GXM)、湖北骡株(HBM)、湖南水牛株(HNB)、江苏高邮水牛株(JSB_1)、江苏盱眙水牛株(JSB_2)、新疆骆驼株(XJCA)、云南水牛株(YNB)、浙江水牛株(ZJB)进行小鼠的毒力试验。以各组鼠死亡率和平均存活天数作为毒力强弱的主要依据。结果表明最强致死率为100%,最弱30%;致死所需时间平均为7.5 d～25 d。对小鼠的致病力强弱依次是:AHB>YNB>GDB_2>XJCA>HBM>HNC>JSB_1>GXM>GDB_1>GDH>JSB_2>ZJB。提示不同株的毒力差异显著,测定结果可为伊氏锥虫相关科学研究选株提供依据。     

不同地理株伊氏锥虫灭活苗交叉免疫保护及免疫方法研究

用伊氏锥虫湖北株和广西株制备纯虫灭活苗和含血灭活苗,经小鼠１次、２次免疫,再经强毒伊氏锥虫湖北株、广西株和江苏株交叉攻击。结果湖北株纯虫灭活苗２次免疫鼠,对同株（湖北株）获得３０／３０保护,对异株即广西株和江苏株分别获０／１０和７／１０保护,该苗一次免疫鼠对同株仅获得５／１０保护。广西株纯虫灭活苗２次免疫鼠对同株（广西株）获２０／２０保护,对异株即湖北株和江苏株分别获得０／１０和４／１０保护。含血湖北株伊氏锥虫灭活苗对同株无保护作用,１３只免疫小鼠全部死亡,对江苏株（异株）为９／１０死亡。对照小鼠全部发病死亡。交叉免疫保护试验结果说明,纯虫灭活苗经两次免疫后对伺株虫体产生坚强的免疫保护作用,免疫保护率达１００％,不同地理株伊氏锥虫因抗原变异现象出现不同的免疫保护作用。两次免疫接种小鼠其免疫保护效果比一次免疫的效果好。疫苗中如含有大量非特异物质,虫苗的免疫保护作用将完全丧失。稳定试验表明,灭活苗在室温下保存１个月,在４℃、－２０℃下保存６个月,免疫效果不变。     

12株中国伊氏锥虫对苏拉明的药敏试验

用体外培养生长抑制试验检测了中国伊氏锥虫安徽水牛株（AHB）、广东阳江水牛株（GDB1）、广东水牛株（GDB2）、广东马株（GDH）、广西骡株（GXM）、湖北骡株（HBM）、湖南水牛株（HNB）、江苏高邮水牛株（JSB1）、江苏盱眙水牛株（JSB2）、新疆骆驼株（XJCA）、云南水牛株（YNB）、浙江水牛株（ZJB）对苏拉明的敏感性。它们的50％生长抑制浓度（IC50）依次为0．114、0．041、0．120、0．1490．752、0．252、0．171、0．127、0．339、0．094、0．106、0．118ng/L。结果显示，不同虫株的伊氏锥虫对苏拉明的敏感性明显不同，提示中国伊氏锥虫不同虫株存在抗药性差异。在12株伊氏锥虫中，GXM株对苏拉明的抗药性水平明显高于其他株。小鼠体内治疗试验显示，GXM株以10mg/kg剂量苏拉明治疗无效，在临床上表现出一定的抗药性，而GDB1株以10mg/kg剂量苏拉明治疗则全部治愈。由此可见，体外药敏试验结果与体内治疗结果一致。这一结果提示，多数中国伊氏锥虫株对苏拉明的敏感性偏低，少数虫株已表现出一定的抗药性。     

A biochemical and immunological comparative study on Trypanosoma equiperdum and Trypanosoma evansi

Trypanosoma equiperdum and Trypanosoma evansi were purified by three or four cycles of low-speed centrifugation and final filtration through DEAE cellulose. The purified trypanosomes were used in comparative biochemical and immunological studies. Comparative polypeptide pattern analysis revealed that T. equiperdum showed 21 polypeptide bands, whose M _r ranged from >200 to 14.8 kDa. T. evansi showed 25 polypeptide bands in the M _r range 97–14.8 kDa. The main differences were associated with the presence of secondary bands, relative intensity and the number of bands. Both species gave seven glycoprotein bands; those of 97 and 68 kDa were present in T. equiperdum but absent in T. evansi. Bands of 61 and 28 kDa were present in T. evansi but not in T. equiperdum. Anti-T. equiperdum sera recognized four homologous antigens and cross-reacted with three antigens of T. evansi. Anti-T. evansi sera recognized three homologous antigens and cross-reacted with four T. equiperdum antigens. Four identical proteolytic protease bands were present for both species, while only one surface protein was detected for each species: 66 kDa for T. equiperdum and 62 kDa for T. evansi.     

伊氏锥虫对安锥赛抗药性机制的初步探讨

选用克隆伊氏锥虫的安锥赛敏感株 C0 1、C0 3和 5个不同程度抗药株 C1、C2、C4、C6、C7,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离它们的己糖激酶 (HK)、6 -磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶 (G6 PDH)、丙氨酸转氨酶 (AL AT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶 (ASAT)同功酶 ,并测定胆碱酯酶活性。结果 ,这 5种酶与伊氏锥虫对安锥赛产生抗药性无关。用 SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离和测定这 7个样品的粗蛋白质 ,结果相对分子质量为 15 790带在抗药株 C1、C2、C4、C6和 C7含量较高 ,这表明它可能与安锥赛抗药性的产生有一定关系 ;相对分子质量为 1976 0带在高抗药株 C4、C6和 C7的含量很高 ,这表明它可能也与抗药性的产生有一定关系     

Study on the antioxidant status of rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi

The antioxidant status of rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi isolated from a camel was studied using established parasitological, haematological and biochemical methods. The results indicated that infections in all rats resulted in a fulminating parasitaemia. Changes in blood parameters in T. evansi-infected rats indicated leukocytosis and a macrocytic hypochromic anaemia. A degree of anisocytosis was also observed. The activities of plasma glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase in whole blood of infected rats were significantly higher (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively) compared with control. No statistically significant difference was observed in the activity of superoxide dismutase in infected and control rats. Results obtained indicated that trypanosomosis caused oxidative stress and induced antioxidant enzymes.     

Enzootiology of Trypanosoma evansi in Pantanal, Brazil

In order to better understand the enzootiology of trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in the Brazilian Pantanal we examined domestic and wild mammals by microhematocrit centrifuge technique (MHCT), immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). T. evansi infection was detected in all species sampled with exception of the sheep and the feral pig. High parasitemias were observed in capybaras (5/24), coatis (18/115), horses (31/321) and dogs (3/112). Among these species, only the capybaras did not develop anemia. Low parasitemias, only detected by PCR, were found in buffaloes (18/43), bovines (29/331), marsupials (1/4), small rodents (14/67), bats (7/18), and one armadillo (1/8). The highest prevalence of T. evansi infection was recorded in horses (73%), although no neurological signs in infected horses were observed. Diagnosis through standard parasitological tests and IFAT should be used with caution since they may overlook comprovedly infected horses. The relationship between ranch management and T. evansi infection in horse was investigated. The importance of other transmission mechanisms apart from the tabanids and reservoir hosts are discussed.     

Biometrical observations on different strains of Trypanosoma evansi.

Biometrical studies on buffalo, bovine and canine strains of Trypanosoma evansi isolated from species in Madras, India, were carried out. The buffalo, bovine and canine trypanosomes varied significantly in total length and width. The buffalo strain had a greater free flagellum, total length and width compared with the canine strain.     

Prevalence and distribution of Trypanosoma evansi in camels in Somaliland

Tropical Animal Health and Production - The prevalence and distribution of Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) infection on camels in Somaliland were studied using the card agglutination test (CATT/T....