莲藕食根金花虫的生物学特性研究

采用室内测定及野外观察相结合的方法，描述了莲藕食根金花虫各虫态的形态特征，以及成虫的取食、繁殖行为。生物学研究结果表明：莲藕食根金花虫在湖北地区1 a发生1代，卵历期8~10 d，蛹历期15~18 d，成虫期7~12 d，以幼虫越冬；莲藕食根金花虫的雌虫产卵量为175.67粒·头-1，22～32 ℃时，温度升高，卵孵化率增加，卵历期降低，25 ℃以上孵化率可达90 %，卵的发育起点温度为（11.74±2.36）℃，有效积温为（158.08±22.98）日·度。     

菜粉蝶发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

采用18,21,24,27,30℃五个温度对菜粉蝶(Pieris rapeasp L.)各虫态(龄)发育起点温度和有效积温进行了测定.研究结果表明,卵、幼虫和蛹在18～30℃范围内均能正常生长发育,尤以24～27℃条件下最适宜,发育速率与温度呈直线关系:卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、5龄幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为8.4,8.8,8.3,8.3,8.6,8.6,14.5℃,有效积温分别为56.4,53.8,53.1,53.1,47.7,47.7,82.8 d·℃;卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期分别为4～8d,11～22 d,5～16 d;成虫寿命4～6 d.延安地区菜粉蝶1 a可发生5～6代.     

短期高温对梨小食心虫成虫生殖及寿命的影响

【目的】研究短期高温对梨小食心虫成虫寿命和生殖的影响,可为梨小食心虫种群动态的准确预测预报提供理论依据。【方法】分别在温度(26±1)℃(、29±1)℃(、32±1)℃(、35±1)℃(、38±1)℃,相对湿度(70±10)%,光周期15L/9D,光照强度4 800 lx的人工气候箱中,对梨小食心虫初羽化成虫进行48 h处理,以(26±1)℃为对照,观察短期高温处理对梨小食心虫成虫存活的影响。随机选取经高温处理48 h后的雌虫,与在26℃下正常饲养的雄虫各10头配对,置温度26℃±1℃,湿度70%±10%,光照15L/9D,光照强度4 800 lx的人工气候箱中饲养,每天定时观察并记录成虫繁殖的影响,直至成虫死亡;随机选取经高温处理48 h后的雄虫,与在26℃下正常饲养的雌虫各10头配对,与前同法观察高温处理雄虫对梨小食心虫雌虫繁殖的影响。【结果】38℃处理对梨小食心虫有很高的致死率,处理48 h后雌虫的死亡率为91.67%,雄虫的死亡率为95%。短期高温处理雌虫对梨小食心虫产卵前期的影响不显著,但处理雄虫对梨小食心虫产卵前期有显著影响,产卵期随处理温度的升高呈缩短趋势,26℃条件下梨小食心虫雌虫的产卵期最长,为12 d;35℃处理雄虫的产卵期最短,为6.67 d;短期高温处理雌、雄虫对梨小食心虫的单雌产卵量均有显著的影响,26℃条件下,单雌产卵量为74.83粒,显著高于其他温度处理;26℃条件下梨小食心虫的卵孵化率最高,为98.89%,35℃雄虫处理的孵化率最低,为28.89%;雌雄虫的寿命均随着处理温度的升高而缩短,26℃条件下雌雄虫的寿命最长,雌虫寿命为14.64 d,雄虫寿命为14.35 d,二者均显著长于32℃和35℃处理。【结论】短期高温处理对梨小食心虫成虫的存活、繁殖与寿命均有显著的影响,其中38℃高温处理48 h,雌雄虫几乎不能存活;35℃高温处理48 h,存活率虽然受影响不大,但繁殖力急剧下降。短期高温为梨小食心虫的防治提供一条新的途径,尤其是在果树大棚内通过短期提高棚内温度来防治梨小食心虫在理论上是可行的。     

防治美洲斑潜蝇新农药试验示范小结

美洲斑潜蝇属双翅目害虫,最适生长发育的环境温度为20-30℃、相对湿度80％～85％,保护地蔬菜5月上旬～6月中旬、8月中旬-10月下旬为发生危害盛期,可危害茄果瓜类、豆类等多种蔬菜品种。成虫、幼虫均可危害,特别是幼虫潜叶造成不规则白色虫道,破坏叶绿素,影响光合作用,对蔬菜作物生长产生极大危害。为筛选出防治该虫的高效低毒低残留农药,我们特引进防治美洲斑潜蝇新农药开展示范试验,为生产应用提供技术数据。     

菇房环境对平菇眼菌蚊生长发育的影响

自然温度及人工控湿条件下的研究结果表明 ,平菇眼菌蚊 (Lycoriellapleuroti)卵、幼虫、蛹的发育起点温度分别为 11 9± 0 2 9℃ ,8 1± 0 5 7℃和 9 3± 1 2 4℃ ,有效积温分别为 2 6 4、 14 5 1和 4 2 1日度。在 14 9～2 5 5℃条件下 ,随温度升高各虫态发育历期缩短 ,幼虫脱皮次数减少 ,成虫产卵量下降。卵在低于 93%的相对湿度下不能孵化 ,幼虫和蛹在低于 85 %的相对湿度下不能存活。幼虫平均寿命 (L)与相对湿度 (RH)间有如下关系 :L =-1 3 4 19 0 0 42 2 7RH。棉籽壳培养料、子实体中以菌柄最适合该虫的生长发育 ,其虫口数量因栽培形式、培养料层次不同而有差异。     

温湿度胁迫对瓜实蝇存活和繁殖特性的影响

以瓜实蝇为研究对象,采用生物测定法,通过研究成虫、蛹、卵在不同温度和湿度胁迫下,成虫存活率及寿命、产卵量、卵孵化率、羽化率等生物学特性的变化,以期明确温湿度胁迫对该虫存活和繁殖特性的影响。结果表明:成虫在39~43℃下处理1 h,其存活率均随温度的升高而降低,41.5~42.5℃是成虫的致死敏感高温区;35℃或41℃下处理0.5~10.0 d,存活率均随处理时间的延长而降低;成虫在31~41℃下驯化1 h后,在43℃高温下的存活率随驯化温度的升高先增后减;在43℃处理2 h或4℃处理3 d后,成虫寿命及单雌产卵量均显著降低;蛹在33~47℃下处理4 h,羽化率随温度的升高而降低;卵在41~43℃下分别处理15、30、45 min,卵孵化率均随处理时间延长而显著降低。蛹的羽化率随沙土含水量升高而降低;湿度胁迫不同日龄蛹的羽化率差异显著;蛹在沙土含水量0%下处理1~9 d,羽化率随胁迫时间延长而下降;25℃下,成虫在RH 0%或RH 100%下处理10~130 h,存活率随处理时间的延长而降低;干旱胁迫下,羽化率随高温或低温处理时间的延长而显著降低。以上研究表明,温、湿度胁迫对瓜实蝇存活和繁殖有显著抑制作用,抑制效果与温、湿度持续时间及胁迫时各虫态龄期密切相关。     

蘑菇瘿蚊在漳州地区发生和为害初探

通过培养观察，蘑菇瘿蚊幼虫的适宜温度为16-18℃，相对湿度为80％～90％。在菌丝和子实体上主要进行无性繁殖，6-8d繁殖1次，每条老熟幼虫可产生6-17条小幼虫；蛹对环境具有较强的抗逆性，在气温35～36℃，相对湿度50％～60％条件下，可存活48d。对漳州三个蘑菇主产区蘑菇瘿蚊发生情况调查：子实体感染率10．6％～18．8％，菇房污染率33．3％～42．9％，主要以成虫在蘑菇菌丝阶段进入菇房产卵繁殖，蘑菇生长期以老熟幼虫无性繁殖的幼虫为害菌丝和子实体。蘑菇休闲期蘑菇瘿蚊以蛹的虫态存活，主要栖息地为蘑菇培养废料堆积地、菇房周边垃圾粪土及菇房内残留废料。     

室内饲养草地贪夜蛾生物学特性初步研究

为了探索草地贪夜蛾在冀中南的生物学特性,从田间采集草地贪夜蛾卵块,在室内温度24～27℃,相对湿度50％～75％条件下模拟冀中南农田生态环境,对其进行人工饲养.观察记录了草地贪夜蛾从卵到成虫羽化各虫态的形态特征和生活习性的变化以及相应历期,初步明确了在相同生活环境条件下,幼虫生长发育进度不整齐,不同虫龄成活率不同,1龄和2龄时存活率为100％,6龄时存活率为78.33％;且雌蛾发育比雄蛾早1～2 d,草地贪夜蛾在冀中南完成1个世代约需32 d.本研究具有较强的地域性和明确的针对性,为冀中南的草地贪夜蛾监测预警和科学防治提供了理论基础.     

黄褐金龟子的发生规律与防治

黄褐金龟子的幼虫(蛴螬),食性较杂,主要为害果树的根系、根颈部,使大树衰弱,动树枯死。该虫还能为害花生、地瓜,大豆等作物。 成虫:椭圆形,比较肥胖,全体黄褐色。雄成虫体长15～17mm,非常活泼。雌成虫18～24mm,不活泼。 卵:椭圆形,初产乳白色,近孵化时黄白色,长2～4mm。     

澳洲坚果新害虫——脊胸露尾甲生物学习性观察

在云南省西双版纳澳洲坚果种植区发现为害澳洲坚果的新害虫——脊胸露尾甲,为准确掌握其生物学习性,在室内以澳洲坚果果仁为食料饲养该虫,观察各虫态形态、成虫交配习性、产卵习性,测定卵孵化率及各虫态存活率。结果表明,脊胸露尾甲发育经历卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫4个虫态,其中幼虫分为3个龄期,随着龄期增长,幼虫体长、体宽和头壳宽度逐渐增加。成虫羽化后不会立即交配,交配前期(4.65±0.04) d,交配时长不等,初次交配时长(13.78±0.29) min,雄成虫存在争夺交配权行为。雌成虫产卵前期(8.65±0.03) d,初次产卵量(1.94±0.06)粒,一天中15:00—18:00产卵量/h最高;雌成虫对产卵位置具有选择性,背光面着卵率极显著高于向光面。卵孵化率随着相对湿度增加而不断提高。常规饲养条件下,卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、蛹的存活率分别为(86.50±0.69)%、(83.31±2.99)%、(94.85±0.71)%、(97.09±1.46)%、(98.77±1.23)%。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.