乌兰布和沙漠东北缘人工梭梭林防风效能分析

[目的]测定乌兰布和沙漠东北缘不同林龄各坡位的风速,揭示梭梭林防风效能随林龄的变化规律以及与梭梭空间构型的关系。[方法]以乌兰布和沙漠东北缘种植3,5和8a的人工梭梭林为研究对象,通过测定林内及CK不同坡位距地表10,20,50,100,200cm高度处风速,对比不同年限梭梭林的防风效能。[结果]随着林龄的增加,梭梭林对近地表风速减弱作用增强;同一坡位下,3a梭梭林防风效能主要作用在0—100cm高度内,防风效能为48.19%,100—200cm高度内风速迅速恢复。5,8a梭梭林对0—200cm高度范围均有很好的防护作用,防风效能分别为69.72%,71.93%,二者间减弱效果差异不明显。相关分析显示梭梭林空间构型与防风效能显著相关,梭梭盖度、高度、冠幅与防风效能的相关性分别达到0.935,0.930,0.942。[结论]3a梭梭林迎风坡底、背风坡的防风效能优于迎风坡中、迎风坡顶,5,8a梭梭林与之相反。     

河北省坝上地区牧场防护林的防风效能研究

[目的]揭示河北省坝上地区御道口牧场防护林林带的防风效能,为牧场防护林建设提供理论依据。[方法]以樟子松防护林林带为研究对象,运用空间多点观测法观测。[结果]当旷野风速为3.84m/s时,在林后1(H为林带平均高度)H处,风速最小,同时防风效能最大,但随着水平距离的增加风速在逐渐升高而防风效能呈逐渐下降趋势。旷野风速越大,林带防风效能增大,有效防护距离变大。当旷野风速为5~6级时,在林内,1H,5H处的防风效能最好,防风效能范围为67.97%~94.27%。不同垂直高度上防风效能的变化趋势由大到小为:30,50,150,300cm,风速的分布规律变化趋势与防风效能正好相反,由大到小为:300,150,50,30cm。[结论]牧场防护林林带后的1~10H区域是林带的最佳保护区和作用范围,其中林后1H的防风效能最好,但会随着风速和垂直高度的变化而有一定的差异。     

乌兰布和沙漠流动沙丘纱网沙障防风效能研究

为了选择适宜规格的纱网沙障进行流动沙地治理,在乌兰布和沙漠流动沙丘设置2 m×2 m,4 m×4 m,6 m×6 m网格或2 m,4 m,6 m带宽的带状纱网沙障,采用美国HOBO全自动风速风向仪测定其风速变化,并分析了地表粗糙度、相对风速和防风效能。结果表明:2 m×2 m网格纱网沙障地表粗糙度随着风速增加而呈现出线性降低的规律;纱网沙障主要是降低近地表30 cm以下高度的风速,并提高近地表粗糙度;随着风速增加,纱网沙障防风效能变化总体呈现出降低的趋势。在流动沙丘设置2 m×2 m,4 m×4 m网格或2 m,4 m带状纱网沙障可有效降低近地表风速、增加地表粗糙度,总体防风效能较好。     

西北防护林防风效应研究

风沙灾害是中国西北地区普遍存在自然灾害之一.为探查西北防护林的防风效能.,选取甘肃民勤和宁夏盐池2个典型的风沙灾害区,采用样地调查、统计分析、回归模型等方法,对农田片状林不同距地高度和不同疏透度在有效距离内的防风效能进行观测与分析,并对防风固沙林对地表粗糙度的影响进行了研究.结果表明,在防护林树冠以下有效防风距离内,随距地高度的增加防风效能逐渐增加;防护林的疏透度与其防风效能晕极显著负相关,相关系数达-0.941;防风固沙林随其郁闭度的增加,地面粗糙度逐渐增大,并给出防护林郁闭度和地面粗糙度之间的函数关系式.并且对产生这些结果的因为进行了初步的讨论.     

埋土防寒区葡萄冬剪后挂枝的防风效果

为了改善葡萄传统栽培方式冬春季地表裸露导致的风蚀状况,该文研究了"爬地龙"栽培模式下,葡萄冬剪后枝条悬挂在铁丝上形成风障的防风阻沙效果。结果表明:此防护措施的透光疏透度值75.6%分布在0.48~0.68,均值0.58,确定为通风结构;分析风速与防护长度的关系,得到1 m高度处风速在途经风障时变化过程:遇风障减弱、集流加速、迅速减弱、恢复和背风侧消减;在风障中距迎风侧边缘34 m处风速达到最低值,较旷野风速值减小84.20%,防风效能达80.72%;从背风侧风障边缘到距离边缘34 m处,均属于相对有效防护距离以内,防风效能均值达40.94%;该研究中葡萄园的输沙量沿高度分布遵循幂函数,输沙量均集中在近地面。挂枝的距地表5~150 cm高度的总输沙量比对照高39.0%。该研究可为中国葡萄埋土防寒区的防风阻沙工作提供参考。     

沙蓬防风阻沙效能初步研究

选取了延庆县官厅湖畔的沙蓬试验地为研究对象,对沙蓬试验地的粗糙度、防风效能、输沙量、起沙风速及单株沙蓬的阻截沙范围进行的系统的观测和研究。结果表明,沙蓬试验地的粗糙度为6.17 cm,比迎风面空旷沙地高出5.37 cm;其防风效能在30 cm和50 cm高度处较好,分别为24.13%和17.07%,当高度达到200 cm时,已几乎没有防风效能;当风速达到7.1 m/s时,沙蓬试验地仍未见起沙现象;20 m in时段内平均风速为5.8 m/s时,沙蓬试验地的积沙量仅为0.62 g;单株沙蓬的阻截沙范围为1.37 m2。     

上海市郊林带的防风效应分析

用夏季台风影响期间上海市东南沿海南汇海塘边林带防风观测资料和冬季冷空气影响时北面嘉定浏岛林带防风观测资料分析上海市郊林带的防风效应。结果表明：无论是夏季台风还是冬季冷空气影响时，林带的防风效应是非常明显的。台风影响期间，离林带越近，减风效应越大，随高度增加，减风效果减小；而远离林带处的减风率较小，随高度升高，减风效果增大；而且林带的减风效应还与风速有关，风速越小减风效果越明显。冬季由于受两条交叉林带的影响，两个测点的防风效应基本一致。试验结果可为上海市郊林带布局提供参考。     

河北坝上农田防护林防风效能及类型配置研究——以河北省康保县为例

通过野外试验观测,对比分析了不同种类和林网结构农田防护林的防风效能,在此基础上提出了区域防护林优化配置建议。结果表明:综合防风效应和有效防护距离因素分析,对乔木农田防护林的综合防风效应进行评价:疏透型农田防护林 > 通风型农田防护林 > 紧密型农田防护林护林;在垂直方向上,三种疏透度的乔木农田防护林在不同高度上大体遵循随高度的增加防风效能逐渐下降的趋势。乔灌混交林、灌木防护林平均防风效能:榆树+柠条的乔灌混交林带21.5% > 灌木防护林带20.5%,风速降低20%的有效防护距离分别出现在林后25H和12H。防护林建设方面乔灌木混交林应为首选;灌木防护林可布设在沙漠化严重的坡耕地或风口地带的农田;乔木防护林不是最佳的选择。     

乌兰布和荒漠绿洲过渡带白刺灌丛沙堆防风效应风洞模拟

灌丛沙堆作为荒漠绿洲过渡带广泛存在的生物地貌类型,其在不同演化阶段和植被盖度下的风速分布及防风效应对土壤风蚀灾害控制具有重要意义。为揭示灌丛沙堆演化阶段及植被盖度对周围风场结构特征及防风效应指标的影响规律,该研究以乌兰布和沙漠荒漠绿洲过渡带单个和两个白刺（Nitraria tangutorum）灌丛沙堆为对象,利用风洞模拟试验测定其在4个不同演化阶段（雏形阶段、发育阶段、稳定阶段、活化阶段）和3种不同植被盖度（0、40%及70%）工况下竖直和水平面的风速分布,探讨演化阶段及植被盖度对相对速率、防风效能等防风效应指标的影响。研究发现,不同演化阶段的白刺灌丛沙堆在0～0.8H（H为灌丛沙堆高度）高度范围内、距沙堆中心-H～5H水平范围内风速有显著变化;对比坡前减速区、上方加速区、两侧急流区和后方减速区的风速变化发现,白刺灌丛沙堆在后方减速区的风速变化最为显著,处于稳定阶段的灌丛沙堆在植被盖度为70%时的风速最大可减少90%;不同演化阶段中,稳定阶段灌丛沙堆对风速的削减更为显著,防风效能较大,而处于雏形阶段的灌丛沙堆的防风能力相对较弱;在两个平行于风向排列的灌丛沙堆的相互影响下,沙堆之间丘间低地的防风效能比单个灌丛沙堆有所提高,且第二个灌丛沙堆下游区域的防风效能略小于两个灌丛沙堆间的丘间低地;各演化阶段单个和两个灌丛沙堆周围的防风效能均随植被盖度增大而增大。该研究结果可为乌兰布和荒漠绿洲过渡带土壤风蚀防治提供参考。     

康庄地区人工植被防风阻沙与土壤改良效益分析

通过对延庆县康庄地区3种人工植被（林带、片林、杏园）不同部位的风速、积沙量、积沙形态特征以及林地土壤养分的观测与分析,比较了不同植被类型防风、阻沙效益及土壤改良效益的差异;研究结果表明：在迎风面1H～10H范围内片林的防风效能最大为25.6%;在林内距迎风面1H～7H范围内杏园防风效能最大为70.0%;在背风面1H～20H范围内防护林带防风效能最大为32.3%。其阻沙量从小到大序列为：林带、片林、杏园;在植被的作用下其积沙形态呈现不同的分布规律。三种植被的土壤改良效果明显,杏园改良效益最佳。     

沙漠公路不同固沙措施防风固沙效益和成本比较研究

对腾格里和库布齐沙漠公路不同固沙措施的防风固沙作用和运行成笨进行综合比较,结果表明,受沙障材料、设置规格、使用寿命的影响,不同沙障的防风固沙作用不同;沙障的防护作用随着沙障的破损而减弱;人工植被的防护作用随着建植时间的延长而增长。从运行成本分析,沙柳和柴草沙障成本低,土工材料和土壤凝结剂沙障运行成本较高,人工植被运行成本最高,实践中宜因地制宜采取不同的固沙措施。     

不同形状沙袋沙障稳定性及防风效益

沙袋沙障为一种新型沙障,同时具备防风阻沙、抑制风蚀的功能。区别于其他沙袋沙障,试验采用的沙袋外层包装为涤棉布。为了解不同形状沙袋沙障对近地表气流的影响,并探寻具有较好防护效果的沙障形状,研究通过对正半圆形、倒半圆形和一字形沙袋沙障的移动距离、周围地表蚀积程度及近地表风速进行测定,对比研究了3种形状沙袋沙障自身稳定性及其防风效益差异。结果表明:3种形状沙袋沙障相比,正半圆形沙袋沙障最稳定,倒半圆形最差。沙袋整体移动距离大小顺序为倒半圆形一字形正半圆形,分别为33.02cm,16.90cm和14.00cm。不同形状蚀积深度相比,正半圆形的4个区域蚀积程度均为最小,在背风侧区域、迎风侧区域、左翼区域、右翼区域内风蚀深度分别比未设置沙障区减小了102.07%,86.17%,25.93%,66.56%。3种形状沙袋沙障防风效能相比,正半圆形沙袋沙障最大,倒半圆形比正半圆形低10.16%。3种形状沙袋沙障中正半圆形周围风速等值线密度要明显大于一字形和倒半圆形,在不同位置上,风速等值线密度大小顺序为背风侧0~20cm迎风侧0~20cm背风侧20~100cm;在不同高度上,沙袋对风速影响最大范围约在30cm以下,在此之上,对风速影响逐渐变小。     

和田地区绿洲外围农田防护林带的防护效益

在和田地区新垦农地外围的流动沙地种植新疆杨乔木+沙拐枣灌木复合防护林,通过布设风速风向观测仪、沙尘通量梯度仪、温湿度和辐射等测定仪于林带前后,研究防护林网的防护效益,为营建绿洲外围防护林和合理开发利用荒漠区的土地资源提供理论依据。结果表明,防护林带的防风效能随着高度的增加而减弱,大于起沙风速(6m/s)时,新疆杨林带、沙拐枣林带在0.5m处的防风效能分别为67.2%和94.5%,在3m处的防风效能分别为31.3%和33.7%。随着风速的增大,沙拐枣林带和新疆杨林带的防风效能均减弱,新疆杨林带的减弱更为明显。防护林带有效地降低了地表风速,减轻地表风蚀。林带内的输沙量仅为外围的10%左右。此外,林带内的太阳辐射强度下降,温度降低,湿度显著增加。由此可见,防护林可以有效地起到防风固沙,改善区域小气候的作用。     

甘肃省土地沙化敏感性及生态空间网络优化

[目的] 从宏观视角探究甘肃省沙化土地的生态修复策略,为区域的生态空间网络构建及优化提供基础。[方法] 将土地沙化敏感性指标与生态网络相结合,通过度中心性和介数中心性分析,筛选敏感性较高地区的节点并对其增边优化,最后通过增边前后鲁棒性的对比,验证优化结果。[结果] ①甘肃省土地沙化敏感性呈现由西北逐渐向东南依次降低的空间格局,西北地区土地沙化情况严重。②甘肃省东南地区生态源地与廊道密集而西北地区的源地和廊道稀少,表明西北地区生态网络连通性差,生态本底有待加强。③增边优化后的生态网络节点鲁棒性和连接鲁棒性有明显的提升,网络边的鲁棒性略有提升但不明显。[结论] 通过增边优化策略可以提高甘肃省生态空间网络的稳定性,并提高生态自我恢复能力,但模拟出的生态修复路径可能由于地理条件限制,无法进行适宜的改造或建设廊道的实际成本很大,应结合实际情况具体考虑。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.