新疆不同植被NDVI的变化及其与气候因子的关系

使用归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI)和气象数据研究了全球气候变化背景下,1982-2003年新疆10种植被类型NDVI时间动态变化及其与气候因子的关系。研究区植被生长季NDVI以0.58%的年平均增长率显著增加,并且春、夏、秋三季的总体及各种植被类型NDVI都显著增加(P<0.01);通过对生长季NDVI和气候因子的相关分析,发现有5种植被类型与降水量呈显著正相关,主要是阔叶林、荒漠、草原、草丛和草甸;与温度显著相关的植被类型为针叶林、灌木、高寒沼泽和高山植被;农田生长季NDVI与降水和温度均不显著相关。通过研究各个季节不同植被类型NDVI与气候因子关系表明,春季植被NDVI与温度关系密切,夏季植被NDVI与降水呈显著正相关关系,秋季NDVI的增加是温度和降水量共同作用的结果。     

三江源区近30年植被生长动态变化特征分析

三江源区为长江、黄河、澜沧江提供了丰富的水资源,其地表植被状况与我国水安全和生态安全密切相关。由于所使用的数据时间序列长度有限,以往研究缺乏近30年整体视角的连续时间序列研究,也很少分析多时段变化趋势的持续性。为此,本文利用最新发布的1982-2012年的GIMMS NDVI3g数据集,采用多个嵌套时间序列的分析方法,在多个空间尺度上,研究了近30年来三江源区各季节植被活动的变化趋势和过程。研究表明,1)三江源区生长季和各季节NDVI在近30年均呈增强趋势,春季植被变化具有明显的阶段性,1998年前后NDVI分别呈显著增加、减少趋势。2)生长季、春季和夏季NDVI的增加随时段延长而趋缓,尤其是春季减缓迅速甚至停滞,而秋季植被活动持续增强。3)尽管区域尺度生长季、春季和夏季NDVI变化趋缓,但在像元尺度显著变化的区域范围却多呈增加趋势。4)不同植被类型显著变化的季节、时段存在差异。针叶林和灌丛NDVI主要在春季前几个时段增加显著,荒漠、草甸的增加主要集中在春季、夏季前几个时段。5)各季节NDVI在14个时段增加趋势持续性的差异,引起各季节对生长季植被活动变化贡献的变化。总的趋势是,前几个时段,春季NDVI变化较为剧烈,夏季NDVI的贡献最大,而随时段延长,逐渐过渡到秋季NDVI变化幅度、变化量最大,夏季次之。     

内黄县气温和降水变化特征及对农业生产的影响分析

利用内黄县气象观测站1961～2005年气象观测资料,分析了近45a气温、降水变化特征及对农业的影响。结果表明:年平均气温呈明显的波动上升趋势;春季平均气温大致呈波浪式上升趋势;夏季平均气温总体呈缓慢下降趋势;秋季是四季中气温演变最平缓的一个季节;冬季气温变化是四季中气温变化最大的季节,气温呈曲线明显上升趋势。年平均降水量变化趋势不明显,年际波动大;春季降水量总体呈下降趋势,仅在80年代有小幅度的上升;夏季降水量除80年代异常减少外,总体也呈下降趋势;秋季降水量则表现为两头多,中间少;冬季降水量在近几年呈上升趋势。温度、降水的变化对农业生产有利也有弊。     

近15年呼伦贝尔沙质草原植被覆盖变化对气候因子的响应

采用2000-2015年呼伦贝尔沙质草原区MODIS NDVI数据,反演该区植被覆盖状况,结合同期6个气象站点的温度和降水量数据,采用线性回归分析、相关与偏相关分析等数理统计方法,探讨植被覆盖变化对气候因子的年际、季节响应特征。结果表明：呼伦贝尔沙质草原植被覆盖较好区域主要集中在陈巴尔虎旗的东北部、鄂温克旗的中东部以及新巴尔虎左旗的东南部区域;近15年间的研究区植被覆盖状况呈逐年波动改善趋势,尤其是2010年后的植被覆盖呈明显改善趋势;2000-2009年间的年均温呈小幅波动的平稳提升趋势,降水则呈不显著降低趋势;而自2010年后,二者的变化趋势正好相反,年均降水量呈显著增加趋势;夏季气温呈不显著降低、降水则呈显著波动增加的年际变化趋势均有利于植被生长;降水是植被覆盖状况最主要的影响因子,气温对植被覆盖的影响也较大。     

2000-2014年浑善达克沙地植被覆盖变化研究

基于2000-2014年间植被生长季(4-10月)的MODIS NDVI数据反演浑善达克沙地地区植被覆盖变化,结合2000-2013年该地区周边11个气象站点的气温和降水数据,分别从年际变化和月变化角度分析该地区植被覆盖变化对气候变化的响应。研究表明,浑善达克沙地植被NDVI,不论是植被生长季平均值,还是其各月份值都呈上升趋势。研究区植被覆盖度的显著增加是气候和人为因素综合作用的结果, 一定程度上反映了生态恢复重建措施的有效性,但其植被NDVI年际变化趋势与降水量的关系更密切,其相关系数达到0.75,是驱动植被覆盖年际波动的最直接因素。在空间分布上,研究区的南部、中部和北部边缘区域的植被覆盖增加趋势较明显,而中部和西部部分区域未发生明显的趋势性变化。从月变化来看,4月草地植被变化受气温变化影响较明显;5-8月与前一月降水变化关系密切,说明植被生长对降水变化具有一定的滞后性。从沙地类型植被覆盖年际变化趋势看,所有类型都呈增加态势,增加态势最大的类型是移动沙地,最小的是固定沙地。     

新疆2000-2012年NDVI、降水和RUE的时空特征

本研究分析了新疆2000-2012年每年的6-9月归一化植被指数(NDVI)、降水量和植被降水利用率(RUE)空间分布特征和年际变化趋势。结果显示,1)月平均降水量和月平均NDVI空间分布均呈西北向东南递减的特征,13年间年降水量和年NDVI均呈现北疆递减、南疆递增的特征,但年降水量年际变化范围更明显;2)月平均降水量和月平均RUE空间分布对比不明显,年RUE与年降水量的年际变化呈相反趋势;3)不同土地类型中降水量和NDVI呈显著正相关(r0.3,P0.05),降水条件对植被空间分布影响明显,不同土地类型中降水和RUE呈显著负相关(r-0.22,P0.05),夏季过量降水对植被光合作用的抑制作用是其主要影响因素。     

1982-2013年新疆不同植被生长时空变化

基于逐像元一元线性回归模型,应用MODIS NDVI数据对AVHRR-GIMMS NDVI 数据进行时间序列拓展,建立了1982-2013年间长时间序列生长季最大NDVI数据集,分析了新疆不同分区的生长季植被NDVI变化及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明,1)北疆平原地区、南疆平原地区和南疆山地地区的植被NDVI变化呈显著增长趋势,北疆山地地区的植被呈下降趋势。2)水分条件和最低气温是影响新疆植被生长的重要因素,但不同分区的影响程度不同。北疆平原地区植被受水分条件影响较大,其中最低气温对农田植被影响较大;南疆平原地区植被受气温和降水的双重作用;山地地区植被受水分条件影响较大。3)从不同植被类型来看,水分条件对草地的影响最大,其次是林地,农田植被受水分条件的限制较小,与灌溉有着直接关系。4)增温增湿的气候条件有利于植被生长;北疆山地地区植被退化趋势受气候变化、火灾、平原草地围栏保护后放牧压力向山地转移等综合因素的影响。     

气候变化背景下张家口地区干旱化趋势

本研究利用1959–2017年逐月的降水和平均气温数据,计算了张家口地区干旱化定量指标,分析了该地区年均、四季、植被生长期及非植被生长期的干湿状况。结果表明:1)年均降水量和温度均呈显著上升趋势,干旱化趋势加重;2)植被生长期和非植被生长期降水量和温度呈上升趋势,但趋势不显著,植被生长期干旱化趋势加重,非植被生长期干旱化趋势减缓;3)春季和秋季降水量上升趋势不显著,温度显著上升,干旱化趋势加重,而夏季和冬季降水量显著上升,夏季温度显著上升,冬季温度上升不显著,干旱化趋势减缓;4)年均、四季、植被生长期和非植被生长期的降水量、温度、干旱化序列均无明显突变;5)冬季降水量、温度的变化对干旱化趋势影响最大;6)尽管研究区降水量在不同研究时段均呈上升趋势,但是同时段的温度也呈上升趋势,温度升高导致蒸发量增加,完全抵销了降水量增加,以致干旱化程度加剧;由于不同研究时段降水和温度的变化程度不同,干旱化程度在不同研究时段表现也不同。     

基于GIMMS NDVI 3g.v1的近34年青海省植被生长季NDVI时空变化特征

在气候变化和人类活动的综合影响下,青海省生态环境发生了明显变化。在此背景下,以GIMMS NDVI 3g.v1为数据源,采用Sen+Mann-Kendal方法研究青海省1982-2015年植被覆盖区域NDVI时空变化,将趋势分析和R/S(rescaled range analysis)分析叠加,研究植被生长季NDVI变化的持续性特征,并揭示植被对气候变化及人类活动的响应规律。结果表明:1)近34年青海省植被NDVI整体呈从西北到东南的增加趋势;且变异系数显示,波动性较大地区集中在柴达木盆地周边和青南牧区西北部等植被NDVI较低的区域,波动性较小地区集中在祁连山东部、东部农业区和青南牧区东南部等植被NDVI较高的区域。2)近34年青海省植被NDVI整体呈增加趋势,增长率为0.38%·10a~(-1);且NDVI变化具有明显的阶段性,存在1994年和2000年两个突变点。3)近34年青海省植被改善区域(75.4%)远大于退化区域(24.6%),其中显著改善面积占植被覆盖区域面积的40.9%,退化区随时间变化在空间上表现出明显的转移现象。4)Hurst指数表明,青海省植被变化反持续性较强,趋势分析与Hurst指数叠加得出,由退化转为改善的区域占植被覆盖区面积的13.7%,由改善转为退化的区域占植被覆盖区面积的44.3%,另41.5%的区域无法确定未来变化趋势。5)青海省植被生长季NDVI受气候变化和人类活动的双重影响,且不同植被类型对气候变化的响应存在较大差异。     

2001—2016年内蒙古植被物候变化及其对生产力的影响

基于2001-2016年的中分辨率成像光谱仪（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS）归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）数据,本研究采用累计NDVI的Logistic曲线曲率极值法识别内蒙古植被返青期、枯黄期、生长季长度及其变化趋势,并分析植被物候变化对生产力的影响。结果表明：森林生态区和荒漠生态区的返青期比中部草原生态区要早,其平均值分别为第120,119和128天;森林和荒漠生态区的枯黄期比草原生态区要晚,平均值分别为第275,276和269天;受返青期和枯黄期的影响,森林和荒漠生态区植被生长季长度比草原生态区要长,分别为155,157和141天。在16年间研究区植被生产力以增加为主,其中森林和荒漠生态区的植被生产力呈显著增加的趋势;返青期和枯黄期提前趋势的面积略大于推迟趋势的面积,但大多地区的趋势并不显著;草原生态区生长季长度以缩短为主,而森林和荒漠生态区的生长季长度以延长为主。物候参数与NDVI之间的相关分析表明,返青期的提前和枯黄期的推迟（即生长季的延长）并不一定增加所有生态系统的植被年生产力。季节尺度分析表明：返青期的提前/推迟将增加/降低春季植被生产力,而枯黄期提前/推迟将降低/增加秋季植被生产力。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein