浙中红壤有效硼水平及油菜硼素营养

１８个供试土壤平均有效硼含量为０．５３ｍｇ／ｋｇ。油菜ＮＰＫＢ处理平均产量为１８７２．３ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,ＮＰＫ区（无硼）相对产量为６６．１％,施硼油菜平均增产６１１．４ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,增产率达４８．５％,生产百千克油菜籽需硼量为５．０７ｇ,土壤供硼率为６２．７％。硼肥的当季平均利用率为４．３％,土壤有效硼含量与无硼区油菜籽相对产量呈极显著相关,ｒ＝０．５９９１,ｎ＝１８;与油菜施硼增产量之间达极显     

不同施硼量对油菜叶片中不同形态硼含量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同施硼量对不同生育期不同部位叶片中水溶性硼和全硼含量的影响,并对以水溶性硼代替全硼作为植株营养诊断的方法进行了初步探讨。当施硼量达到5 1kg/hm2,油菜苗期、抽薹期的生物产量以及子粒产量均下降,但叶片中的全硼和水溶性硼含量仍随施硼量的增加而增加。不同生育期和不同部位叶片的全硼含量虽然与施硼量有较好的相关性,但是不同处理之间的差异,特别是过量差异过小,很难用于营养诊断。水溶性硼含量与施硼量也有较好的相关性,而且苗期未完全展开叶片和完全展开叶片的水溶性硼含量可以较敏感地反应油菜的硼营养差异,因此,可以用作硼的营养诊断方法,但是水溶性硼的诊断临界指标需要进一步的研究。     

不同施硼量对油菜叶片中不同形态硼含量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同施硼量对不同生育期不同部位叶片中水溶性硼和全硼含量的影响，并对以水溶性硼代替全硼作为植株营养诊断的方法进行了初步探讨。当施硼量达到5．1 kg／11m^2，油菜苗期、抽薹期的生物产量以及子粒产量均下降，但叶片中的全硼和水溶性硼含量仍随施硼量的增加而增加。不同生育期和不同部位叶片的全硼含量虽然与施硼量有较好的相关性，但是不同处理之间的差异，特别是过量差异过小，很难用于营养诊断。水溶性硼含量与施硼量也有较好的相关性，而且苗期未完全展开叶片和完全展开叶片的水溶性硼含量可以较敏感地反应油菜的硼营养差异，因此，可以用作硼的营养诊断方法，但是水溶性硼的诊断临界指标需要进一步的研究。     

农用地膜残留对土壤氮素运移及烤烟根系生长的影响

为了揭示不同残膜量对土壤硝态氮和铵态氮运移及烤烟根系生长的影响,设置 0（CK）、450 kg·hm^-2（T1）、900 kg·hm^-2（T2）以及1 350 kg·hm^-2（T3）四个残膜梯度,进行土柱淋溶试验和盆栽试验,测定土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量以及烤烟根长、根表面积、根体积、平均根系直径、根尖数和干物质累积量等指标。结果表明,地膜残留对土壤养分运动产生阻滞作用,硝态氮和铵态氮的迁移明显减弱;随着残膜量的增加,烤烟根长、根表面积、根体积等根系形态参数逐渐降低,根系生长受到抑制。当残膜量高于900 kg·hm^-2时,对烤烟根部和地上部生长产生明显影响。因此,地膜残留会明显阻碍土壤养分的运移并制约烤烟的生长发育。     

水分胁迫下土壤下层水分和硼对苔期油菜的作用

采用分层隔水盆栽试验 ,研究不同土壤状况下 ,表层土壤干旱 ,下层土壤湿润条件下 ,下层土壤中的水分和养分对油菜营养生理的影响 ,结果表明 ,土壤上下层干旱使油菜生长严重受抑 ,而下层湿润且硼含量充分的土壤上栽培的油菜可获得生长所需的水分和硼 ,从而改善其营养状况 ,增加其生物量 .土壤湿润情况下 ,油菜对土壤硼的利用效率增强 ,而土壤中硼各组分对油菜的有效性也有显著变化     

水硼互作对油菜的营养效应

在水培条件下 ,利用PEG-6000诱导水分胁迫 ,研究水硼互作对油菜幼苗的营养效应。试验结果表明 ,干旱使油菜全N量增加 ,蛋白N/全N比值下降 ,B浓度下降。油菜保护酶系统中的POD、CAT、SOD活性均下降 ,MDA含量增加 ,根系膜透性也显著增加。此外 ,渗透物质如Ca2+,脯氨酸 ,可溶性糖等在叶片中的含量均大幅度提高。试验结果还表明 ,缺硼环境为油菜抗旱提供了一个适应过程 ,而且硼素营养在一定程度上还可缓解干旱胁迫对油菜造成的伤害     

对缺硼反应没的油菜品种根系生长特性研究

在营养液培养、根箱土培和组织培养条件下,研究了不同油菜品种根系生长变化动态。结果表明,缺硼明显降低根系长度,尤其抑制根尖伸长,且与品种间缺硼敏感性密切相关,即对敏感品种的抑制程度高于不敏感品种。     

不同硼效率棉花品种根系参数和伤流液组分的差异

溶液培养条件下研究硼对不同硼效率棉花品种根系参数、伤流量及伤流液组分的影响。结果表明,缺硼抑制棉花根系生长,根重、根体积、根长、活跃吸收面积、总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积占总吸收面积的比例以及伤流量均显著降低,高效品种降低幅度比低效品种小;缺硼还使高效品种根系比表面积升高,而低效品种无显著变化。缺硼显著影响不同棉花品种伤流液各组分含量,与低效品种相比,高效品种伤流液中有较多的NO3-、K+、无机磷、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸。说明缺硼条件下高效品种根系比低效品种具有更强的吸收、代谢活力,可能是其硼效率较高的主要原因之一。     

对缺硼反应不同的油菜品种根系生长特性研究

在营养液培养、根箱土培和组织培养条件下 ,研究了不同油菜品种根系生长变化动态。结果表明 ,缺硼明显降低根系长度 ,尤其抑制根尖伸长 ,且与品种间缺硼敏感性密切相关 ,即对敏感品种的抑制程度高于不敏感品种。营养液培养条件下缺硼 5天 ,敏感品种根系生长严重受阻 ,根尖解剖结构破坏 ,根冠脱落 ,根尖膨大 ,细胞畸形且排列紊乱 ;而不敏感品种受害程度相对较轻 ,根冠完整 ,根尖稍膨大。表明油菜缺硼基因型差异首先表现在根尖形成和伸长生长上     

硼污染土壤中硼释放特征及无机离子对其释放的影响

采用连续液流法研究了硼污染土壤中硼的释放动力学过程,并采用振荡平衡法就无机离子对硼释放的影响进行了研究。结果表明,（1）供试土壤硼的累计释放量随时间的延长而增大,累计释放量与全硼含量相关性不显著,而与土壤有效硼含量呈显著正相关。（2）准二级动力学方程是描述土壤硼释放动力学过程的最佳方程。（3）供试土壤各时段硼平均释放速率的自然对数与时间呈极显著的线性相关性,随时间延长反应速率不断下降。释放速率有阶段性特点,可分为快速反应阶段、中速反应和慢速反应三个阶段,释放的硼90％以上来自前两个阶段。（4）无机离子对供试土壤中硼表现出不同的释放能力,对释放量影响的大小顺序依次为：Cl^-〉SO4^2-〉CO3^2-,Na^＋〉Ca^2＋。     

Identification of Phosphorous Efficient Germplasm in Oilseed Rape

ABSTRACT

Plant species and genotypes within one species may significantly differ in phosphorus (P) uptake and utilization when they suffer from P starvation. The objective of this research was to screen P-efficient germplasm of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and analyze the possible mechanism responsible for P efficiency by two-steps screening experiments and validation of P efficiency. Phosphorus efficiency coefficient at seedling stage, namely, ratio of shoot dry weight under low P to that under adequate P (PECS) of 194 oilseed rape cultivars varied from 0.050 to 0.62 and was significantly related with shoot dry weight under low P level (r = 0.859??, P < 0.01). Oilseed rape cultivar ‘Eyou Changjia’ presented the highest P efficiency coefficient in each growth stage and had the highest seed yield at low P, whereas oilseed rape cultivar ‘B104-2’ was the most sensitive to low P stress among the 12 candidate cultivars obtained from the two-steps screening experiments. Under low P condition in validation experiments of soil and solution cultures, ‘Eyou Changjia’ could produce much more dry matter and acquire more P than ‘B104-2.’ Moreover, P efficient coefficient obtained from the pot experiment was comparable to those from the field experiment. This might be attributed to high P uptake efficiency for ‘Eyou Changjia’ when it suffered from low-P stress. Comparison of results from the hydroponics with those from the pot and field experiments led to the conclusion that the P uptake efficiency in the hydroponics is highly related to that in soil culture conditions. These results show that there are large genotypic differences in response to phosphorus deficiency in oilseed rape germplasm (Brassica napus L.) and ‘Eyou Changjia’ is P-efficient and ‘B104-2’ is P-inefficient. By comparing these results further, the mechanism responsible for P efficiency was suggested to be mainly due to high P uptake efficiency by forming larger root system, and improving the ability of mobilizing and acquiring soil P in P-efficient oilseed rape under the condition of P starvation.     

Effect of Root Zone Temperature on Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) Response to Boron

Abstract

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is sensitive to low boron (B) supply, and its growth response to B may be influenced by soil temperature. To test the relationship between B and temperature, oilseed rape (cv. Hyola 42) seedlings were grown at 10°C (low) root zone temperature (RZT) with B supply from deficient to adequate B levels until growth of low B plants just began to slow down. Half of the pots were then transferred to 20°C (warm) RZT for 11 days before they were moved back to 10°C RZT for the final 4 days. Both plant dry mass and B uptake increased after plants were exposed to warm RZT. However, plant B deficiency was exacerbated by warm RZT in low B plants because of increased relative growth rate and shoot–root ratio without a commensurate increase in B uptake rate. It is concluded that RZT above the critical threshold for chilling injury in oilseed rape can nevertheless affect the incidence of B deficiency by altering shoot–root ratio and hence the balance between shoot B demand and B uptake.     

油菜光合生产模拟模型

Photosynthetic production is a major determinant of final yield in crop plants. A simulation model was developed for canopy photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) based on the ecophysiological processes and using a three-layer radiation balance scheme for calculating the radiation interception and absorption by the layers of flowers, pods, and leaves within the canopy. Gaussian integration method was used to calculate photosynthesis of the pod and leaf layers, and the daily total canopy photosynthesis was determined by the sum of photosynthesis from the two layers of green organs. The effects of physiological age, temperature, nitrogen, and water deficit on maximum photosynthetic rate were quantified. Maintenance and growth respiration were estimated to determine net photosynthetic production. Partition index of the shoot in relation to physiological development time was used to calculate shoot dry matter from plant biomass and shoot biomass loss because of freezing was quantified by temperature effectiveness. Testing of the model for dynamic dry matter accumulation through field experiments of different genotypes, sowing dates, and nitrogen levels showed good fit between the observed and simulated data, with an average root mean square error of 10.9% for shoot dry matter. Thus, the present model appears to be reliable for the prediction of photosynthetic production in oilseed rape.     

Root‐growth characteristics contributing to genotypic variation in nitrogen efficiency of oilseed rape

A 3‐year field experiment was carried out to determine the significance of root‐growth characteristics contributing to N‐uptake efficiency of two oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars differing in N efficiency. Two N treatments were applied, and the core and minirhizotron techniques were used to study root‐length density and number of living roots, respectively. Fertilizer‐N supply increased shoot dry matter, grain yield, total N uptake, and total soil N_min contents particularly in the top soil. Although significant differences occurred in all parameters between years, the interactions between years and cultivars were mostly not significant. Compared to cv. Capitol, the N‐efficient cv. Apex was characterized by a higher grain yield at N0 and a higher N uptake during reproductive growth. This genotype also had a higher root‐length density and more living fine roots particularly in the topsoil layer. Root growth of this genotype was especially high from beginning of shooting to beginning of flowering, while shoot growth and N uptake during vegetative growth were comparatively low. Our results suggest that N‐efficient cultivars can be characterized by a high investment in root growth during the vegetative stage with a comparatively slow shoot growth and N‐uptake rate until beginning of flowering, which, however, continues during reproductive growth. High root production only during reproductive growth seems to be less effective to achieve high N efficiency, because this may lead to a shortage of assimilates for seed filling. High root‐length density at vegetative stages may thus be advantageous for N uptake and reproductive growth and could be a useful morphological character for the selection and breeding of N‐efficient cultivars.     

不同水稻品种对难溶性磷利用能力的初步研究

采用子母盆栽水平分根试验,研究了水稻耐低磷品种莲塘早3号和低磷敏感品种新三百粒对Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P3种难溶性磷的利用能力。结果表明,与母盆营养液中含正常磷的处理相比,子盆和母盆均不含磷的处理两品种的生物量、根系氧化力下降、MDA含量上升,以难溶性磷为唯一磷源加入子盆石英砂的处理其变化幅度更小,磷含量也比完全缺磷的明显要高,说明根系对难溶性磷的主动活化在起作用;耐低磷品种较高的生物量、磷含量和根系氧化力以及较低的MDA含量表明其活化利用难溶性磷的能力比低磷敏感品种强;不同难溶性磷处理间,各指标的差异与不同形态难溶性磷对水稻有效性的差异有关。另外,缺磷或低磷条件下根冠比增加;磷的有效性越低,其根冠比越高。     

不同硝铵比对油菜生长、生理与产量的影响

【目的】 探究不同形态氮肥及配施比对油菜全生育期 (苗期、花期、收获期) 生长、生理与产量的影响,旨在为油菜生产中氮肥合理施用,促进油菜高产高效栽培提供理论依据。 【方法】 试验以石英砂为基质,以Hoagland营养液为基础进行盆栽试验,供试油菜品种为氮高效型湘油15和氮低效型814。在营养液总氮量相等 (N 15 mmol/L) 的条件下,设5个处理:硝态氮 (NO₃–)/铵态氮 (NH₄+) 摩尔比例分别为100/0 (N1)、75/25 (N2)、50/50 (N3)、25/75 (N4)、0/100 (N5)。于油菜移栽后70 d、130 d、180 d收获全株,用根系扫描仪 EPSON(PER-FECTION C700) 对根进行扫描,用WinRHIZO PRO2009软件进行分析,获得植株总根长、根系总表面积、根系平均直径、根总体积等数据。植株样品分为根、茎、叶、角果 (花),测定生物量和氮含量,籽粒测定生物量、氮含量和油分含量。 【结果】 N1、N2处理的两个氮效率油菜品种在全生育期的干重、根长、根表面积、根体积、氮累积量、籽粒产量、油产量均显著高于其他处理,N1、N2两个处理间差异不显著,N5处理的最差。N2、N3、N4处理苗期叶片的叶绿素含量 (SPAD值) 均显著高于N1、N5处理。不同氮效率品种分析表明:N1、N2、N3、N4处理下氮高效品种湘油15在全生育期的根长、根表面积、根体积、籽粒产量、含油量、油产量显著高于氮低效品种814。氮高效品种湘油15在收获期地上部和根的干重显著高于氮低效品种814,而氮累积量无显著差异。 【结论】 适宜的铵态氮、硝态氮配比 (75%NO₃– + 25%NH₄+) 能够促进油菜生长、增强光合作用、提高产量。较高的根长、根表面积、根体积以及对硝态氮的高效利用是湘油15氮效率高于814的基础与关键。为油菜生产上氮肥合理施用及不同氮效率油菜品种筛选提供理论依据。      

Influence of B-permeated goethite on soil B fraction and its availability to rape seedlings (brassica napus L.)

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of boron (B)-permeated goethite on soil B fractionation and the availability of this B fraction to rape seedlings (Brassica napus L.). For this purpose, goethite and two kinds of B-permeated goethite were synthesized and their processes in soil were simulated. Plant availability of B adsorbed or occluded on goethite was investigated with rape seedling. Results found that both ad-B-goethite and oc-B-goethite significantly increased the water soluble B (WS-B), specifically adsorbed B (SPA-B), B occluded in amorphous iron (Fe) and aluminum (A1) oxides (AMO-B) and crystalline Fe and Al oxides (CRO-B) content in the soil, compared with ordinary goethite. Also the B-permeated goethites improved B content of the rape seedling and therefore enhanced the rape shoot and root dry weight. Correlation analysis demonstrated that water soluble B (WS-B) plays the most important role in rape B uptake and accumulation, moreover the specifically adsorbed B (SPA-B), nonspecifically adsorbed B (NSA-B), amorphous Fe and A1 oxides (AMO-B) was also significant correlated with the B content or B accumulation of the rape.     

Zinc‐boron interaction effects in oilseed rape

The interaction effect of applied zinc (Zn) and boron (B) on early vegetative growth and uptake of Zn and B by two oilseed rape (canola) (Brassica napus L.) genotypes was investigated in a sand culture experiment under controlled environmental conditions. Two genotypes (Yickadee and Dunkeld) were grown at three Zn levels (0.05, 0.25, and 2.0 mg kg^‐1 soil) and two B levels (0.05 mg kg^‐1 soil and 0.5 mg kg^‐1 soil). Dunkeld produced significantly higher shoot and root dry matter than Yickadee at low Zn and low B supply indicating the superiority of Dunkeld over Yickadee for tolerance to both low Zn and low B supply. Chlorophyll content of fresh leaf tissue was increased significantly by an increase in Zn and B supply. Zinc deficiency enhanced B concentration in younger and older leaves. Boron concentration was higher in older leaves than in the younger leaves irrespective of B deficiency and sufficiency indicating immobility of B in two oilseed rape genotypes tested. Zinc concentration was higher in younger leaves than in the older leaves indicating mobility of Zn. An increased supply of Zn enhanced B uptake under high boron supply only. Zinc uptake in Dunkeld was enhanced significantly with an increased rate of B supply under high Zn supply, while the effect was not significant in Yickadee. Dunkeld proved to be more efficient in Zn and B uptake than Yickadee.     

Response of wheat cultivars to different soil nitrogen and moisture regimes: I. Dry matter partitioning and root growth 1

The balance between root and shoot growth is one of the mechanisms used by plants to adapt to a particular environment. This balance is affected by nutrient supply and water availability. The objective of this study was to understand how nitrogen (N) affects root and shoot growth of three cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under two regimes of soil moisture ('non water stressed’ and ‘stressed’ during stem elongation') in the greenhouse and growth chamber. Data showed that before stem elongation, shoot growth was less sensitive to high soil N levels than root growth. In fact, root growth was inhibited by excessive soil N concentration. The cultivar ‘Nesma’ produced more dry matter, absorbed N more rapidly and avoided the negative effect of high soil N concentrations on root growth. ‘Merchouch 8’ produced less dry matter and tolerated more water stress, and appeared to require less water. Severe water stress masked the effect of N on root and shoot growth, and the negative effect of water stress on growth was more important under high N. Plants which were water stressed during stem elongation could not fully recover when they were rewatered from boot stage to anthesis. Nitrogen application improved shoot but not root growth under this soil moisture situation. This study suggested that shoot and root growth were affected differently by N availability and that high soil N levels enhanced the negative effect of water stress on growth.     

水分和磷对苗期玉米根系形态和磷吸收的耦合效应

水分亏缺和土壤缺磷已经成为玉米(Zea mays L.)生产的主要限制性因素,但水分和磷如何调节玉米根系形态和磷吸收尚不完全清楚。本研究采用盆栽土培试验,设置4个水分梯度[田间持水量的35%(W1)、55%(W2)、75%(W3)和100%(W4)]和2个磷处理[高磷:205 mg(P)·kg~(-1);低磷:11 mg(P)·kg~(-1)],探究水分和磷对苗期玉米根系生长和磷吸收的耦合效应。结果表明:(1)不管土壤磷供应如何,玉米苗干重、根干重、总根长和根表面积随水分供应强度的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,土壤有效磷含量也表现出相似的变化趋势,根质量比和平均根直径随水分供应强度的增加呈现下降的趋势,植株磷含量和磷累积量随水分供应强度的增加呈现稳定增加的趋势;(2)水分亏缺(W1)和过量供应(W4)均不利于玉米根系生长和干物质累积,水分亏缺(W1)抑制玉米对土壤磷素的获取,水分过量供应(W4)引起土壤磷素的奢侈吸收(W4),轻度的水分胁迫(W2)能够促进玉米根系的生长和干物质累积,减少对土壤磷的奢侈吸收,充足的水分供应(W3)能够促进玉米根系的生长、干物质累积和土壤磷素的吸收;(3)磷供应显著增加了玉米苗干重、根干重(W4除外)、总根长、根表面积、植株磷含量(W4除外)和磷累积量,但降低了玉米的根质量比。(4)两因素方差分析结果表明,水分对苗干重、根干重、根质量比、总根长、根表面积、平均根直径、植株磷含量、植株磷累积量和土壤有效磷含量的相对贡献分别为45.94%、36.71%、67.95%、59.63%、58.34%、81.86%、24.75%、35.66%和3.00%,磷对这些参数的相对贡献分别为34.78%、21.19%、14.84%、9.22%、9.21%、1.56%、35.54%、49.75%和94.40%,可见水分是控制玉米根系形态和干物质累积的关键因子,磷是控制玉米地上磷吸收和土壤有效磷含量的关键因子。总体来说,低磷条件下玉米根系对土壤磷的获取偏向于以根形态为主导的适应策略,高磷条件下玉米根系对土壤磷的获取偏向于以根生理吸收为主导的适应策略。水分和磷之间较好的耦合能够促进玉米根系生长、干物质累积,减少对土壤磷素的奢侈吸收。