乙草胺原药及其杂质GC-MS分析研究

乙草胺的含量分析多采用气相色谱法。乙草胺中杂质的分析测定未见报道。本文采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对乙草胺原药进行分离鉴定，得到乙草胺及其6个杂质质谱图．分析并总结乙草胺质谱裂解规律及6个杂质的质谱特征，从而有助于乙草胺的质量、残留分析，有利于控制乙草胺原药中的杂质，提高产品质量。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定水-沉积物系统中13种拟除虫菊酯类农药

建立了水-沉积物系统中13种拟除虫菊酯类农药的残留分析方法.样品采用固相萃取和加压流体萃取法分别作为水和沉积物的前处理方法,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)在选择离子扫描模式下进行检测,内标法定量.结果表明,13种拟除虫菊酯类农药在一定浓度范围内线性关系良好(R2≥0.995);水中添加水平在0.50～50μg/L范围...     

卫生杀虫剂的新进展

自从40年代有机氯杀虫剂滴滴涕问世以来，它在防治卫生害虫、保障人类健康方面立I；了汗马功劳，多年来曾是卫生杀虫剂吨位最大的农药中评1。但由于滴滴涕的高残出，卫生害虫又对其产生抗药性，大多数国家已经禁用。为了寻求替代药剂，各国开展了大量研究，取得了重要成果目前用于防治卫生害虫的药剂有拟除虫菊酯类、昆虫生长谢节剂、引诱剂和驱进剂、有机磷类、氮么甲酸酯类和有机氯类等。五拟除虫菊酯类拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂，对害虫高效广谱、击倒快、＊渠小；很快在防治卫生害虫上大显身手。目前已批准登记的用于防治卫生’或虫的主要品…     

除虫菊素的杀虫特性与作用机理

除虫菊素属于植物源杀虫剂，通过作用于害虫的神经系统而达到对害虫的快速击倒作用，具有高效，广谱，低毒，对害虫有拒食和驱避作用，杀虫效果受温度影响等特性。     

2,4-滴丁酯原药及其杂质GC-MS分析研究

本文采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对2,4-滴丁酯原药进行分离鉴定．得到2,4-滴丁酯及其10个杂质质谱图,分析这些质谱图,推断出各自的结构;并总结2,4-滴丁酯质谱裂解规律及10个杂质的质谱特征,指导2,4-滴粪化合物常规分析和残留分析。本文还对某企业的2,4-滴丁酯原药的杂质进行了定量分析,实验结果证明,行业标准中所限制的游离酚质量分数符合要求。     

氯氰菊酯对主要仓库害虫的毒力测定

我国在七十年代前期,开始对稀丙菊稚、胺菊酯和苄呋菊酯等品种进行研究及药效试验。近年来,胺菊酯、杀灭菊酯、氯菊酯等都已投入生产与供应,氯氰菊酯也进入了中试。可见我国拟除虫菊酯类农药的发展速度之快。 国内有关拟除虫菊酯类农药用于粮食仓库害虫方面的应用文章不多,氯氰菊酯对于仓库害虫的杀虫效力如何?为此展开氯氰菊酯防治主要仓库害虫的毒力试验,目的想取代过去长期使用的六六六等有机氯杀虫剂。在室内取得较好的效果,现小结如下:     

十年来我国拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的发展及其展望

长期以来,天然除虫菊素是防治害虫的一种理想杀虫剂,具有高效、击倒快、低毒、低残留等优点。但是由于除虫菊花的生产受到土地、气候、栽培条件和劳动力的限制,供应量不大。 四十年代后期,第一个合成拟除虫菊酯丙烯菊酯问世,为拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的发展开辟了广阔的前景。随着,有许多新的拟除虫菊酯品种不断试制成功,但它们对光的不稳定性限制了应用。 七十年代初,英国M.Elliott合成了二氯苯醚菊酯、氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯,以及日本N.ohno合成了戊酸氰醚酯,它们既保持了天然除虫菊素的特点,同时有更高的药效,对光稳定,适用于防治农业害虫,     

质谱法在食品样本农药残留分析中的应用进展

质谱法(Mass spectrometry,MS)是当前农药残留分析中的主导检测技术。对气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)、气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)、液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)和飞行时间质谱法(time-of-flight mass spectrometry,TOF-MS)在食品样本农药残留分析中的应用进行了综述,重点对质谱技术在国内外多残留分析方法研究中的应用进展进行了总结和归纳,简要比较了质谱分析时常用的几种样品前处理技术的优缺点及其适用性,展望了质谱法在农药残留分析研究领域的发展前景。     

几种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对尼氏钝绥螨的毒力测定

拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂,在我国已逐渐大量应用于农、林、卫生等害虫的防治。据莫禹诗等报道,拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂用于防治柑桔潜叶蛾与卷叶蛾类效果显著。目前在广东、四川等省,已广泛应用捕食螨来防治柑桔红蜘蛛。如何使化学防治和生物防治协调起来,是柑桔害虫防治的一个重要问题。本研究的目的是要明了几种常用的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对柑桔红蜘蛛重要天敌——尼氏钝绥螨Amblyseius nicholsi Ehara er Lee的毒力,为柑桔害虫协调防治提供依据。     

天然除虫菊的开发及应用

天然除虫菊素对害虫有着击倒快、使用浓度低、杀虫广谱、害虫不产生抗性、对温血动物及人畜低毒、低残留等诸多优点 ,但由于其在光照及空气下不稳定 (易分解 )和资源的短缺 ,其发展逐步陷入低迷状态。自２０世纪２０年代Ｅｌｌｉｏｔｔ．Ｍ博士合成第一个拟除虫菊酯以来 ,３０年代就有大量拟除虫菊酯类化合物面世 ,成为继有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯后的另一大类新农药。拟除虫菊类农药 (主要是杀虫剂 )比起天然除虫菊素有着光稳性优点。但经长期的使用发现害虫对这类农药易产生抗性。由于在自然条件下比较稳定 ,对农产品、环境中的残留问题…     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.