全混合日粮饲喂肉牛育肥试验研究

为了进一步研究全混合日粮技术对不同品种不同生长周期不同育肥阶段肉牛的增重效果,本试验分别从3个养殖场选择3个本地常见肉牛品种（西门塔尔杂交育肥牛、犏牛和秦川牛）,按照年龄相近,健康无病、体重体况基本一致的原则随机分为3对试验组和对照组,在饲养管理条件一致的情况下,对照组采用精粗分饲技术,试验组采用全混合日粮技术,试验前对照组与试验组间体重差异均不显著（P> 0.05）。通过150d的西门塔尔杂交牛育肥试验,试验组Ⅰ比对照组Ⅰ多增18.4kg,日增重超123.3g,经济效益高606元,差异达到显著水平（P <0.05）。通过100d的犏牛育肥试验,试验组Ⅱ比对照组Ⅱ多增8.9kg,日增重超89g,经济效益高297元,差异达到显著水平（P <0.05）。通过120d的秦川牛育肥试验,试验组Ⅲ比对照组Ⅲ多增10.1kg,日增重超84.5g,经济效益高343元,差异达到显著水平（P <0.05）。试验结果表明,在肉牛育肥中,采用全混合日粮饲喂技术替代传统的精粗分饲技术经济效果会更好。     

全混合日粮饲喂技术在甘州区肉牛规模养殖场的应用研究

[目的]为了掌握全混和日粮饲喂效果。[方法]通过比较全混合日粮饲喂技术和传统的饲喂方法分析两者在降低管理成本方面存在的差异。将3 500头肉牛分成两组,其中3 000头采用全混合日粮饲喂技术进行饲喂,500头采用传统人工饲喂技术进行饲喂,对比期为1个月。[结果]使用全混合日粮饲喂技术比传统的饲喂方法每头牛每个月节约23.3元的管理费用。[结论]全混合日粮饲喂技术能为肉牛规模养殖场节约成本,增加收益。     

育肥肉牛全混合日粮的配制要求

全混合日粮(TMR)是全价饲料中的一种,它将精粗饲料按照动物的营养需要配制成混合饲料,该饲料能够为动物提供均衡的营养。为此,本文介绍了全混合日粮的配制原则:保证育肥肉牛TMR的全价性,改善育肥肉牛TMR的适口性,促进育肥肉牛的生长,提高育肥肉牛的饲料报酬率,保证育肥肉牛处于健康水平;从原料选择、营养参数设置、原料评价、原料加工、混合设备选择、水分控制等方面简述了提高全混合日粮配制质量的技术方案,该技术具有普遍适应性,能为肉牛养殖业提供帮助。     

某奶牛场全混合日粮技术饲喂效果

全混合日粮(TMR)是现代标准化、规模化奶牛场普遍采用的饲喂技术。该技术是依据奶牛各阶段的营养需要,一次性供给奶牛精粗比合适、适口性较好、各部分营养浓度相同的日粮。[目的]为了定量分析TMR技术效果。[方法]采用全混合日粮技术饲喂奶牛。[结果]产奶牛奶量提高了10.8%,干物质、蛋白质、脂肪含量分别提高了1.6%,3.9%和4.6%,每头产奶牛日均增加效益10.7元。[结论]应用全混合日粮饲养技术可以提高产奶量、乳品质以及经济效益。     

肉牛全混合日粮育肥技术推广效果的报告

为解决榆林肉牛生产中存在的突出问题,用当地饲料原料精心设计了一套育肥牛全混合日粮;通过示范推广效果良好,主要生产指标达到当地先进水平。使用全混合日粮及其配套育肥技术与传统育肥法比较,达到相同出栏体重,育肥期缩短94 d,增重提高25.83%,饲料减少1 508.9 kg,单位增重饲料成本降低3.35元,每头出栏肉牛增加收入1 500～2 000元。     

全混合日粮饲养肉牛技术

<正>全混合日粮是根据肉牛的营养配方,将切短的粗饲料与精料补充料以及矿物质、维生素等各种添加剂在饲料搅拌喂料车内充分混合而得到的一种营养平衡的日粮,也称为全价日粮。全混合日粮饲养技术目前已被发达国家普遍采用。     

全混合日粮压块饲料育肥肉牛试验研究

分别采用玉米秸秆、稻草秸秆与精料设计全混合日粮,配制压缩块状饲料进行肉牛育肥及屠宰测定试验,研究秸秆与精料分开的传统饲养模式与压块饲料饲喂肉牛对肉牛育肥效果的影响。结果,分别饲喂玉米、稻草秸秆与精料全混合日粮压块饲料的两试验组(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)育肥牛平均日增重分别为1259．26±161．11 g和1259．26±82．82 g,而对照组分别采用传统的精粗料分开不补喂/补喂蛋白补充料育肥牛平均日增重分别为506．17±228．48 g和318．93±119．80 g,各试验组与对照组牛之间平均日增重差异均达到极显著水平(P＜0．01);试验组Ⅰ和Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ(对照)间平均日增重均无明显差异(P＞0．05),表明以玉米秸秆或稻草秸秆与精料补充料等复合配制而成的全混日粮压块饲料,育肥肉牛效果较秸秆与精料分开的传统饲养模式饲喂内牛育肥效果更为好。     

全混合日粮营养水平对肉牛育肥效果的影响

采用完全随机单位组设计方法,设计并开展试验,评价TMR营养水平对肉牛增重效果、产肉性能和经济效益的影响,结果表明:提高TMR营养水平可以提高肉牛日增重8.79%、采食速度、降低采食量0.65%;可以改善屠宰性能,提高肉牛屠宰率0.47%、净肉率1.28%、胴体产肉率1.46%及优质切块肉的比重;可以提高饲料报酬;两种经济效益分别提高159.53元、385.79元。综合以上结果得出,提高TMR营养水平可以提高肉牛增重效果、产肉性能及经济效益。     

西门塔尔牛全混合日粮饲喂效果对比试验

全混合日粮是一种将粗料、精料、矿物、维生素和其他添加剂等搅拌均匀,能够充分满足肉牛营养需要的技术。为了验证全混合日粮的应用效果,以西门塔尔牛架子牛为试验动物,进行了传统饲喂方式与全混合日粮饲喂的效果比较。结果表明混合日粮饲喂的效果明显,表明全混合日粮饲喂技术值得推广。     

奶牛全混合日粮饲喂技术

TMR技术是根据奶牛不同泌乳阶段的营养需要，把粗饲料、精饲料和各种添加剂按照适当的比例进行充分混合成营养相对平衡的日粮进行饲喂的饲养技术。该技术可以针对大小奶牛群在恰当的阶段，都能够采食适量的平衡的营养，达到最高的产量、最佳的繁殖率和最大的利润，它具有如下优点：①TMR饲养技术便于控制粗粮的营养水平，提高干物质采食量；②可有效地防止消化系统机能紊乱；③有利开发和利用当地尚未利用的饲料资源；④可进行大规模工厂化     

Comparison of supplementary concentrate levels with grass silage, separate or total mixed ration feeding, and duration of finishing in beef steers

Winter finishing of beef cattle is expensive so feed costs per kg carcass gain must be minimised. The objectives of this study with finishing beef steers were (1) to determine the production responses to varying levels of supplementary concentrates with grass silage, (2) to compare the effects of feeding silage and concentrates separately or as a total mixed ration (TMR), and (3) to compare short (S) and long (L) finishing periods. A total of 117 finishing steers were blocked on weight and assigned to 13 groups of 9 animals each comprising a pre-experimental slaughter group and 12 finishing groups arranged in a 6 (feeding treatments) × 2 (durations of finishing) factorial experiment. The 6 feeding treatments were: (1) silage only offered ad libitum (SO), (2) SO plus a low level of concentrates offered separately (LS), (3) SO plus a low level of concentrates offered as a TMR (LM), (4) SO plus a high level of concentrates offered separately (HS), (5) SO plus a high level of concentrates offered as a TMR (HM), and (6) concentrates ad libitum plus restricted silage (AL). Target low and high concentrate levels were proportionately 0.375 and 0.750 of daily dry matter (DM) intake, respectively. S and L finishing periods were 105 and 175 days, respectively. Silage DM intake decreased (P < 0.001) and total DM intake increased (P < 0.001) with increasing concentrate level. Maximum DM intake occurred at the high concentrate level but maximum net energy intake occurred on ad libitum concentrates. Live weight gains for SO, LS, LM, HS, HM and AL were 212, 900, 929, 1111, 1089 and 1207 (S.E. 46.2) g/day, respectively. Corresponding carcass weight gains were 119, 506, 540, 662, 633 and 746 (S.E. 25.4) g/day. Kill-out proportion, carcass conformation score and all measures of fatness increased significantly with increasing concentrate level. Feeding a TMR increased silage intake at the low concentrate level but otherwise had no effect on overall animal performance or carcass traits. Extending the finishing period reduced (P < 0.001) daily live weight gain, but the associated reduction in carcass weight gain was not statistically significant. It is concluded that the response to supplementary concentrates decreased with increasing level, there was no animal production advantage to a TMR over separate feeding of the dietary constituents, and extending the duration of the finishing period reduced mean daily live weight gain and increased fatness.     

全混合日粮对奶牛产乳性能的影响

试验选用了12头奶牛,根据产奶量、泌乳天数和胎次相近的原则分为试验组和对照组,研究全混合日粮对奶牛产乳性能的影响。试验结果表明,试验组4％标准乳产量比对照组提高1 24kg,差异显著(P<0．05),乳脂率及乳脂、乳糖和乳固形物含量也分别比对照组显著提高11．60％、17．50％、13．21％和9．86％(P<0.05)。     

全混合日粮营养水平对热应激肉牛生长性能、瘤胃形态学及肉质的影响

文章旨在评估热应激条件下通过调整全混合日粮营养水平来改善肉牛生长性能、瘤胃形态学及肉品质.试验将6月龄大、平均体重为(85.08±2.31)kg的64头荷斯坦肉牛随机分为2组,每组8个重复,每组32头.从6月龄开始试验,两组肉牛分别饲喂粗蛋白质水平为16.0％和12.0％的全混合日粮,持续到15月龄.整个试验期间外界环...     

The effect of protein-feeding strategy during lactation on performance of primiparous dairy cows fed total mixed ration

Fifty primiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows were used in 2×2 factorial study. The factors were the protein-feeding strategy: constant (cCP) or variable (vCP) protein content in concentrate during lactation and the use of a commercial health product from 2 weeks pre- to 8 weeks postpartum. On treatment cCP, the CP content of the concentrate was 180 g/kg in dry matter (DM) throughout the lactation, and on vCP treatment, the CP content was 210, 180 and 150 g/kg DM during lactation days 0-100, 101-200 and 201-305, respectively. The concentrate blends included barley, oats, rapeseed meal, molassed sugar beet pulp and minerals and vitamins. Grass silage and ensiled wet sugar beet pulp (100 g/kg DM in TMR) were used as forage. The forage-to-concentrate ratio in TMR was 55:45 on both treatments. The experimental period was 305 days of the first lactation.The average daily milk yield (cCP: 26.3 kg/day vs. vCP: 27.5 kg/day) was higher (P<0.05) when feeding concentrate with decreasing protein content, but the effect was not seen in an energy-corrected milk (cCP: 28.1 kg/day vs. vCP: 29.0 kg/day). Milk composition was not affected by the protein-feeding strategy. Protein-feeding strategy had no effect on DM intake (cCP: 18.5 kg/day vs. vCP: 18.9 kg/day). The efficiency of CP utilization (milk protein/CP intake) was higher (0.327 vs. 0.301; P<0.05) on vCP treatment during the last 100 days of lactation, but during the first 200 days of lactation, no significant difference was found. The average efficiency of CP utilization throughout the lactation was 0.32 with no difference between treatments. The protein-feeding strategy had no effect on the development of body condition scores of the cows. In mid-lactation, the cows on cCP treatment gained more weight than the cows on vCP treatment. The health product had no significant effect on production or feed intake. The results suggest that only small benefits can be obtained from feeding TMR to primiparous cows differing in CP content at various stages of lactation.     

裹包全混合日粮瘤胃降解特性的研究

试验选用2头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法研究了裹包贮存、精粗比和水分含量对全混合日粮(TMR)营养成分瘤胃降解特性的影响。结果表明:裹包贮存可显著提高TMR饲料干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的瘤胃消失率和有效降解率(P0.05)。DM和CP的瘤胃消失率及有效降解率随TMR饲料精料水平的提高显著增加(P0.05)。水分含量60%组TMR饲料中CP的有效降解率显著高于40%和50%组(P0.05),40%和50%组间差异不显著(P0.05)。因此,裹包贮存可提高TMR饲料中营养物质瘤胃消失率和有效降解率(P0.05),营养物质的瘤胃消失率和有效降解率随TMR饲料精粗比的增加而增加,水分含量对裹包TMR中不同营养物质的消失率和有效降解率有不同影响。     

Feeding value of total mixed ration silage with spent mushroom substrate

Six wethers were used in a digestibility experiment arranged as replicated 3 × 3 Latin square to evaluate the nutritive value of total mixed ration (TMR) silages that were made from ensiling of TMR containing 0, 6.5 and 13.0% (dry matter basis) of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) for 45 days (treatments denoted as CSMS, LSMS and HSMS, respectively). The amount of SMS replaced the same amount of timothy hay in the respective TMR. All TMR were well preserved as indicated by their low pH, low ammonia‐N and high lactic acid contents. Increasing levels of SMS in the TMR silage quadratically reduced (P < 0.05) nutrient digestibility with the exception of ether extract. The difference of total digestible nutrients and digestible energy contents between LSMS and CSMS TMR silage were less than those between LSMS and HSMS. Increasing concentration of SMS in the ration tended to decrease content of total volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid but increased the ratio of acetate to propionate and pH. The study suggests that a SMS level of 6.5% in the diet DM can be recommended for silage based TMR.     

Effect of feeding forest foliages, rice straw and concentrate-based total mixed ration on nutrient utilization and growth in mithun (Bos frontalis)

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding Borrena hirticulata (BH), Ficus hirta (FH), rice straw (RS) and concentrate-based total mixed ration (TMR) on nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation and growth in mithun. Growing male mithun calves were randomly allotted to 2 feeding groups (6 in each), TMR₁ and TMR₂. The TMRs consisted of RS 300 g kg^− 1, concentrate 400 g kg^− 1 and BH 300 g kg^− 1 (TMR₁) or FH 300 g kg^− 1 (TMR₂) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Both TMRs were fed ad libitum to the animals for 121 d and a digestibility study was conducted during the last 7 d of the experiment. To assess rumen fermentation, rumen fluid was collected at 2 h interval for 24 h. Apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) did not differ significantly between the TMRs. Nevertheless, apparent digestibility of ether extract was found to be significantly (P < 0.01) greater in TMR₂ (0.59) compared to TMR₁ (0.54). Body weight gain (BWG; g d^− 1), DM intake (kg d^− 1), CP intake (g d^− 1) and feed efficiency (kg feed kg^− 1 gain) were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) greater in TMR₁ (548, 5.14, 713 and 9.28) compared to TMR₂ (496, 4.91, 703 and 10.03). An insignificant positive association (r = 0.35) between DM intake and BWG, but a significant (P < 0.01) positive association (r = 0.74) between CP intake and BWG were evident. Rumen pH (5.71 to 7.18) and ammonia-nitrogen (8.0 to 25.0 mg/dl) did not differ significantly between the TMRs, but differed significantly (P < 0.01) at different h post-feeding. In contrast, rumen total volatile fatty acid (42 to 105 mM) and total nitrogen (40.4 to 90.3 mg/dl) differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the TMRs and at different h post-feeding. The study revealed that BH, FH, RS and concentrate-based TMRs may be fed to mithun for satisfactory growth.     

Effects of apple pomace proportion levels on the fermentation quality of total mixed ration silage and its digestibility,preference and ruminal fermentation in beef cows

Four Japanese black beef cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square to evaluate the fermentation quality, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and preference of total mixed ration (TMR) silages prepared with differing proportions of apple pomace (AP). Experimental treatments were the control (no AP added, CAP), 5% (low, LAP), 10% (medium, MAP) and 20% (high, HAP) of TMR dry matter (DM) as AP. All TMR silages were well preserved. Ethanol was produced in silages containing AP and the amount increased with the proportion of AP (P < 0.05). Nutrient digestibility with LAP, MAP and HAP treatment was lower than that with CAP treatment (P < 0.05). The ruminal molar proportion of acetic acid increased (P < 0.05), but the ruminal ammonia‐N concentration decreased (P < 0.05) as the proportion of AP increased. The preference of the animals was highest for HAP, followed by MAP, CAP and LAP. This study demonstrates that decrease in nutrient digestibility might be related to the ethanol produced naturally from AP. Therefore, the proportion of AP in TMR silages should be less than 5% of dietary DM.