硒源对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响

水温(29.0±1.3)℃,将初始体质量(0.41±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾随机分为4组,每组3个重复,饲养在室内循环水养殖系统中,投喂基础饲料(对照组)及在此饲料中分别添加硒含量相等(0.30mg/kg)的亚硒酸钠、酵母硒和蛋氨酸硒的4种饲料,养殖56d,比较了不同硒源对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响。试验结果表明,蛋氨酸硒组对虾的生长性能显著高于对照组和亚硒酸钠组(P0.05)。外源硒可显著影响对虾体蛋白和脂肪含量(P0.05),蛋氨酸硒组对虾机体营养成分显著优于其他组(P0.05)。添加外源硒组对虾的血清总抗氧化能力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。蛋氨酸硒组对虾血清丙二醛含量显著低于其他组(P0.05)。由此得出,饲料添加0.3mg/kg的硒能在一定程度上提高凡纳滨对虾的生长和抗氧化能力,蛋氨酸硒优于酵母硒和亚硒酸钠。     

饲料脂肪水平对凡纳滨对虾生长、肌肉和肝胰腺脂肪酸组成的影响

以脂肪水平为4.64%、6.56%、8.47%、10.39%和12.31%的5组试验饲料,饲喂凡纳滨对虾[初始质量(9.84±0.14)g].水温为23.4～27.0℃,60 d.饲养结果显示,体质量增加及成活率以8.47%脂肪含量组最佳;雄虾肝胰腺中的C18:3n-3,雄虾肌肉脂质中C20:4 n-6、C20:5n-...     

超高压处理对凡纳滨对虾虾仁蛋白质和微观结构的影响

为丰富超高压技术在虾类保鲜与加工中的应用基础理论并实现工业化生产,实验以未处理的凡纳滨对虾虾仁为对照,用超高压(100、300、500 MPa)分别处理虾仁5、10、20、30 min,分析蛋白质含量、组成和热稳定性的变化,观察虾仁肌肉组织的微观结构。结果显示,100 MPa处理使虾仁的肌浆蛋白含量增加,300和500 MPa处理使肌浆蛋白含量显著下降。超高压处理使肌原纤维蛋白含量显著下降,使虾仁蛋白质发生了变性、肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白的热稳定性降低;随着压强的升高和处理时间的延长,虾仁肌原纤维排列变得紧实致密,肌节严重收缩,肌纤维之间空隙变模糊而呈现出絮状结构。研究表明,超高压处理能使对虾蛋白质变性而产生凝胶化,从而有利于人体的消化和吸收,说明超高压可以用于加工即食虾类产品。     

小球藻生长因子对凡纳滨对虾生长及营养成分的影响

为探明饲料添加小球藻生长因子对对虾生长性能、基础体成分和营养成分的影响,以凡纳滨对虾幼虾为试验对象,在基础饲料中分别添加0%、0.5%、1.0%、5.0%、10.0%、15.0%的小球藻生长因子,进行45 d的养殖试验,测定其生长性能、基础体成分和营养成分。试验结果显示,饲料添加小球藻生长因子能够提高凡纳滨对虾的存活率、质量增加率和特定生长率,降低饲料系数。饲料中添加小球藻生长因子能够降低凡纳滨对虾水分、粗脂肪和灰分含量,提高虾体粗蛋白含量,其中1%组凡纳滨对虾水分、粗脂肪、灰分均最低,粗蛋白最高。饲料添加10.0%～15.0%的小球藻生长因子凡纳滨对虾脂肪酸总量、饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著升高。饲料添加小球藻生长因子能够提高凡纳滨对虾多不饱和脂肪酸占比,降低饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸占比,其中1.0%组凡纳滨对虾饱和脂肪酸占比最低。饲料添加不同比例小球藻生长因子(除10.0%组)能显著提高肌肉氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸含量(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,饲料添加一定比例的小球藻生长因子能够提高凡纳滨对虾存活率和生长性能,降低水分、脂肪、灰分比例,提高蛋白比例...     

低聚木糖对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成和非特异免疫的影响

采用单因子试验设计在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)基础日粮中添加不同浓度的低聚木糖,分别为0(对照组)、0.01%、0.03%、0.05%,共4个处理,每个处理3个重复,饲养56 d,研究了低聚木糖对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、体组成和非特异免疫的影响。结果显示:低聚木糖对对虾末重、增重率和特定生长率均无显著影响(P>0.05),但试验组对虾末重、增重率和特定生长率均高于对照组,试验组饵料系数均较对照组下降,其中0.03%组饵料系数显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验组饲料效率较对照组均有提高,其中0.03%组获得显著提高(P<0.05);血清免疫指标过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、溶菌酶(LSZ)和酚氧化酶(PO)活力试验组均较对照组有所增加,分别提高了1.27%~5.16%(P>0.05)、0.17%~8.93%(P>0.05)、9.24%~12.61%(P>0.05)和4.17%~66.67%(P<0.05),血清蛋白含量增加了9.72%~39.64%(P<0.05);试验组体蛋白含量较对照组升高,其中0.01%组虾体蛋白质含量最高,且显著高于空白组(P<0.05)。在凡纳滨对虾料中添加低聚木糖有促进生长、降低饵料系数和提高饲料效率的趋势,并提高对虾非特异免疫力的趋势,对对虾体组成除蛋白质外没有显著影响。     

壳寡糖对凡纳滨对虾生长和免疫力的影响

为研究壳寡糖（ch itooligosaccharides,COS）对凡纳滨对虾（Litopemaeus vannam ei）生长和非特异性免疫水平的影响,设置了含COS分别为0（对照）、250 mg.kg-1、500 mg.kg-1、750 mg.kg-1和1 000 mg.kg-1的5组试验饲料,进行了4周的饲养试验。结果显示,COS添加量为250 mg.kg-1和500 mg.kg-1时凡纳滨对虾血细胞总数、生长率和成活率显著提高（P〈0.05）,含COS 250 mg.kg-1时对虾血清中的过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）活力显著提高（P〈0.05）,添加量为500 mg.kg-1时酸性磷酸酶（ac id phosphatase,ACP）和溶菌酶（lysozym e,LSZ）活力显著提高（P〈0.05）,添加量为250 mg.kg-1和500 mg.kg-1时总超氧化物歧化酶（total superoxide d ismutase,T-SOD）活力提高不显著（P〉0.05）。由此表明饲料中添加250～500 mg.kg-1COS可使凡纳滨对虾细胞免疫和体液免疫因子总体活力达到较高水平,可显著提高凡纳滨对虾的生长率和成活率。     

益生菌对凡纳滨对虾生长和全虾营养组成的影响

研究了芽孢杆菌制剂（Bacillus sp．,10^9CFU·g^-1）对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei（初始体重0．03g·尾^-1）生长性能、全虾营养成分和氨基酸的影响。7种试验饲料中芽孢杆菌制剂的添加量分别为0,0．5,1．0,1．5,2．0,2．5和3．0g·kg^-1饲料。芽孢杆菌制剂对凡纳滨对虾的成活率没有显著影响。摄食添加益生菌1．0和1．5g·kg^-1饲料的凡纳滨对虾的增重率高并且饲料系数低于对照组,特别是添加量为1．0g·kg^-1时,差异显著;然而,其它添加量并不存在显著性差异。添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾全虾的水分、蛋白质和灰分含量的影响不显著;投喂添加益生菌1．0和1．5g·kg^-1饲料,脂肪含量高于对照组。饲料中添加益生菌可以改变凡纳滨对虾全虾中部分氨基酸的含量。     

四种糖作为碳源对凡纳滨对虾生长、肠道消化酶及肠道菌群的影响

为研究4种常见的糖源对凡纳滨对虾生长、肠道消化酶及肠道菌群的影响,选取初始体质量为(0.36±0.02) g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,从多种糖类中选择常见的4种糖(葡萄糖、果糖、淀粉、蔗糖)作为糖源配制饲料,实验共计4个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复40尾虾,养殖周期为56 d,每种糖源的添加量为20%。结果显示,(1)凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率和蛋白质效率均存在显著性差异,淀粉组显著高于其他3组,但各组间的肝体比和含肉率无显著差异。全虾体成分,蔗糖组的粗脂肪显著低于其他3组,葡萄糖组的灰分显著高于其他3组,粗蛋白与水分各组间无显著差异。(2)各组间对虾肠道的脂肪酶活性,淀粉组与蔗糖组显著高于葡萄糖组及果糖组,胃蛋白酶活性方面,淀粉组显著高于其他3组。(3)各组间凡纳滨对虾肠道的OTU、Ace指数及Chao指数无显著差异,Shannon指数淀粉组及蔗糖组显著高于葡萄糖组,Simpson指数淀粉组显著低于蔗糖组,而蔗糖组又显著低于葡萄糖组。门水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)与放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的相对丰度差异显著,但疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)相对丰度各组间无明显差异;在纲水平上,各处理组间的对虾肠道菌群的差异性较显著,淀粉组对虾肠道中黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteriia)、γ变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)及噬纤维菌纲(Cytophagia)是明显高于蔗糖组与葡萄糖组。研究表明,凡纳滨对虾对淀粉和蔗糖的吸收利用优于葡萄糖和果糖,同时,淀粉和蔗糖对凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群多样性存在一定的影响,淀粉和蔗糖为凡纳滨对虾饲料中的适宜糖源。     

UVA补光时间对凡纳滨对虾肌肉主要营养成分影响研究

紫外光A波段(Ultraviolet A, UVA)是自然光的重要组成部分,具有一定的生态功能。本研究选取450尾体重为(9.56±0.10) g的凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)以光周期为12L︰12D的全光谱LED灯[光强(1.00±0.02) W/m2]作为背景光源,在不同UVA [光强(1.00±0.02) W/m2]补光时间(0 h, T0 h; 2 h, T2 h; 4 h, T4 h; 8 h, T8 h; 12 h, T12 h)下进行为期28 d的养殖实验。结果显示,在不同UVA补光时长下,对虾肌肉中水分和粗灰分含量无显著差异,T2 h和T4 h组的粗脂肪含量显著增加,T2 h组的粗蛋白显著高于T4 h组外的其他组(P<0.05),T8 h和T12 h组的粗脂肪显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),但两组间差异不显著;T2 h和T4 h组氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量和赖氨酸含量均显著高于其他组(P<0.05);凡纳滨对虾饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量为27.85%~40.70%,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量为10.63%~16.31%,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量为38.81%~49.61%,其在T2 h和T4 h组显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),且在两组间无显著差异。综上所述,2~4 h的UVA补光时间能够改善凡纳滨对虾肌肉的营养成分。     

盐度和营养对凡纳滨对虾蜕壳和生长的影响

采用实验生态学方法以初始体质量为(2.01±0.02) g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,投喂不同蛋白水平饲料,实验周期30 d,研究了盐度和饲料蛋白水平对凡纳滨对虾蜕壳和生长的影响。实验采用5×3析因设计,盐度梯度设置为6、12、18、24、30五个水平,饲料蛋白水平梯度设置为30%、36%、42%三个水平。结果表明:(1) 对虾蜕壳相对增重率呈现出随盐度上升而降低的变化趋势,以盐度为6时蜕壳相对增重率为最高。盐度和饲料蛋白水平及其交互作用对实验对虾蜕壳相对增重率影响差异显著(P＜0.05);对虾的特定生长率随盐度升高而上升,盐度和饲料蛋白水平对特定生长率影响差异显著(P＜0.05),其交互作用对特定生长率影响差异不显著。(2) 实验对虾的蜕壳频率,在低盐度水平下随盐度的增加而显著增加(P＜0.05),盐度18时蜕壳频率达到最高,之后随盐度的升高蜕壳频率下降,差异不显著。各盐度水平下,以中等蛋白质水平饲料组(36%)对虾蜕壳频率较高。方差分析表明,盐度和饲料蛋白水平对蜕壳频率影响差异显著(P＜0.05),其交互作用对蜕壳频率影响差异不显著。(3) 对虾蜕壳间期随盐度升高呈先延长后缩短的变化趋势。盐度对对虾蜕壳间期影响差异显著(P＜0.05),饲料蛋白水平单因子以及它和盐度的交互作用对对虾蜕壳间期影响不显著。     

Effect of dietary cornstarch levels on growth performance, digestibility and microscopic structure in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei reared in brackish water

The ability of Litopenaeus vannamei (initial mean weight: 0.96 ± 0.02 g) to utilize different levels of cornstarch was examined in terms of growth indices, body composition, digestibility and microscopic structure of the hepatopancreas. Six isonitrogenous semipurified diets were fed to satiation to shrimp for 8 weeks in triplicate tanks (30 shrimps per tank) connected to a natural brackish water (6–8 g L^?1) recirculating system. Diets contained different levels of cornstarch (100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 g kg^?1) as the source of carbohydrate and were balanced using cellulose. Weight gain (WG), survival rate and feed conversion rate (FCR) were considerably affected by cornstarch levels of diets. The highest WG (453.6 g kg^?1) and best FCR was observed in shrimp fed the 150 g kg^?1 (cornstarch level) diet and was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those fed diets containing 250–350 g kg^?1 cornstarch. However, the survival rate reached maximum in shrimp fed the 100 g kg^?1 diet (96.7), some 30% higher than the lowest rate, which was found in shrimp fed the 250 g kg^?1 diet. Body lipid tended to be higher in shrimp fed diets with higher cornstarch levels. The apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude fat increased with increasing levels of cornstarch and, hence, decreasing levels of cellulose. In addition, histological study on shrimp fed 10–350 g kg^?1 diets exhibited histological changes. The overall conclusion was that the optimum cornstarch level may be set at 100–200 g kg^?1 when the diets contain 380 g kg^?1 protein.     

饲料蛋白水平对不同规格凡纳滨对虾蛋白质表观消化率和消化酶活性的影响

研究了7个蛋白质水平（32%、34%、36%、38%、40%、42%和44%）饲料对3个规格（Ⅰ：0.6-4.0 g;Ⅱ：4.0-10.0 g;Ⅲ：10.0-18.0 g）的凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）蛋白质表观消化率、肝胰脏蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性的影响。规格Ⅰ对虾投喂36%的饲料组具有最大蛋白质表观消化率（85.61%）,规格Ⅱ和规格Ⅲ均在40%饲料组达到最大蛋白质表观消化率（分别为84.19%和84.67%）且显著高于其他组。规格Ⅰ40%饲料组具有最高的蛋白酶活力（26.67 U·mg-1）且显著高于44%饲料组,32%饲料组淀粉酶活力显著高于其他组,38%-44%饲料组淀粉酶活性无显著性差异;规格Ⅱ36%饲料组具有最高的蛋白酶活力（25.84 U·mg-1）,但各组之间差异不显著,32%-38%饲料组的淀粉酶活力显著高于40%-44%饲料组;规格Ⅲ44%饲料组蛋白酶活力显著高于32%饲料组,42%、44%饲料组淀粉酶活力均显著高于32%饲料组。     

Effects of dietary phytase supplementation on growth performance and apparent digestibility coefficients of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

A growth trial and a digestibility trial were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of phytase supplemented to practical shrimp feeds. The 5 weeks growth trial evaluated the effects of phytase supplementation in replete phosphorus (P) diets on the performances and compositions of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. No significant differences were observed in final biomass, final mean weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein retention and survival across all the treatments. Shrimp reared on the P deficient diet had significantly higher P retention and lower whole body P levels as compared to shrimp fed the other diets. Copper content in the whole shrimp body was significantly increased in the treatment supplemented with 1,000 IU kg^?1 feed phytase. The digestibility trial was conducted to study the combined effects of phytase supplementation levels and diet type (plant‐based versus fishmeal‐based) on apparent digestibility coefficients of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. There were no effects of diet type so the data was combined. Phytase incorporation at both 500 and 2,000 IU kg^?1 significantly improved protein digestibility, whereas P digestibility was enhanced when 2,000 IU kg^?1 phytase was supplemented to the diet. Apparent digestibility coefficients of alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine and valine were significantly increased when fed diets contained 500 and 2,000 IU kg^?1 phytase supplementation. Results of this work demonstrate that under the conditions of the study growth was not enhanced by phytase supplementation in P replete diets. However, nutrient retention for Cu and digestibility of P, protein and a number of amino acids were enhanced.     

Influence of dietary protein levels on growth,digestibility, digestive enzyme activity and stress tolerance in white‐leg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931), reared in high‐density tank trials

The effects of dietary protein (DP) levels on the growth, digestibility, digestive enzyme activity and stress tolerance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) were investigated in high‐density (375 m^–3) tank trials. Shrimps (6.2 ± 0.2 g) were fed diets with five different protein levels (31%, 35%, 39%, 43% and 47%) for 60 days. The results showed that variations in DP significantly (P<0.05) influenced the growth performance, digestibility, enzyme activity and their ability to tolerate stress. Weight gain showed a linear increase in relation to crude protein (CP) up to 43% and showed a slight decrease with a further increase to 47%. Feed conversion ratio was observed to be the lowest in CP 43%: 2.53. A higher protein efficiency ratio was observed with the low‐protein diet CP31 (1.07); however, it was not significantly different from the rest of the dietary treatments. Protein digestibility was the highest (75.71%) in CP47 and the lowest (71.94%) in CP31. Protease activity ranged between 63.7 and 70.2 (U Protein^–1), and showed a positive correlation with the DP levels. Shrimp fed CP43 well tolerated a sudden decline in salinity and survived for 548.3 min in fresh water. Observations from this study indicate that a DP level around 43% could be optimum for L. vannamei in high‐density culture systems in the absence of natural productivity.     

Effect of dietary probiotics on apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), lipid, phosphorus (P), essential amino acids (EAA), non‐essential amino acids (NEAA) and fatty acids were determined for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A probiotic (Bacillus sp.) was used at 0% (diet 1), 0.5% (diet 2), 1.0% (diet 3), 3.0% (diet 4) and 5.0% (diet 5) inclusion rates in experiment diets. Apparent digestibility coefficients was determined using 0.01% Y₂O₃ as an indicator. A total of 300 shrimp (initial mean body weight 11.5±0.6 g) were randomly stocked into fifteen 500‐L outdoor concrete tanks. Faeces were collected from three replicate groups of shrimp three times a day. The ADCs of five diets were: DM, 66.1–69.6%; CP, 80.4–84.7%; lipid, 82.2–84.9%; P, 25.4–28.5%; EAA, 82.0–85.4%; NEAA, 81.5–85.1%; saturated fatty acids (SFA), 79.6–82.4%; monounsaturates (MUFA), 81.6–84.2% and polyunsaturates (PUFA)+highly unsaturates (HUFA), 83.4–86.6%. Apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, lipid, P, amino acids and fatty acids in diet 1 were significantly lower than in other diets (P<0.05). Apparent digestibility coefficient of P in diets increased as probiotic increased. Apparent digestibility coefficient of lipid in diet 3 was the highest, but the difference was not significant among diets. In general, ADCs of most amino acids and fatty acids were over 80% in all diets, and PUFA+HUFA>MUFA>SFA. The results showed that ADCs of diets supplemented with 10, 30 and 50 g probiotic kg^?1 basal diet were higher than in other diets except lipid, and the difference was significant.     

Comparison of growth and reproduction performance of broodstock Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in oceanic and brackish water

This study provides a preliminary evaluation of feasibility of brackish water breeding. Shrimps were initially cultured at brackish water. Shrimps were reared at different stages (5, 6, 7 and 8 months, respectively), and 300 female shrimps were selected from each stage for growth at an enhanced salinity of 30 ppt. When the shrimps were sexually mature, the reproductive characteristics (mating rate, egg number and nauplii number) of the broodstock shrimps, quality of nauplii (malformation rate of nauplii) and quality of postlarvae (survival rate and desalination stress) were tested to evaluate of the effects of brackish water (10 ppt) on these shrimps. Oceanic water (30 ppt) for rearing shrimps was used as control group. Histopathological analysis of gonads and hepatopancreases from oceanic and brackish water shrimp was performed. The results showed that shrimps cultured for a maximum of 8 months in brackish water remained sexually mature. There were no significant differences regarding the quality of shrimps in the oceanic water and brackish water. However, the brackish water cultured shrimps were easily adapted to salinity changes. Our results demonstrate the good feasibility of the present scheme, in which the broodstock shrimps were cultured at a salinity of 10 ppt.     

Effects of different levels of dietary protein on the growth performance,nutrient utilization,digestive enzymes and physiological status of white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles reared in inland saline water

A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to illustrate the effect of dietary protein levels on the growth and physio‐metabolic responses of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei reared in inland saline water (ISW). Six isoenergetic (15 MJ/kg) and isolipidic (60 g/kg) diets with graded level of crude protein viz., 240 (T240), 260 (T260), 280 (T280), 300 (T300), 320 (T320) and 340 (T340) g/kg diet were formulated. Significantly higher (p < .05) weight gain (%), specific growth rate, with lower food conversion ratio were found in T320 and T340 groups. The protein utilizing efficiency and whole‐body protein content were significantly higher (p < .05) in the T320 group. Trypsin activity increased with the increasing dietary CP level but amylase activity decreased with the increasing dietary CP level. Transaminase enzymes, haemolymph protein and haemocyanin were elevated in T320 and T340 groups. The lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activities were significantly higher (p < .05) in the T240 group. Shrimp of T240 group had the lowest (p < .05) glycogen and total haemocyte count with highest (p < .05) haemolymph glucose and antioxidant enzymes activities than the other groups. Based on the results, feeding 320 g CP/kg is found to be optimum for supporting maximum growth and health status of L. vannamei reared in ISW at 8 g/L salinity. The finding of the present study will help in developing a low‐cost feed for L. vannamei reared in ISW.     

Prediction of culture performance of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei by in vitro (pH-stat) degree of feed protein hydrolysis with species-specific enzymes

Rapid in vitro methods for measuring digestibility may be useful in analysing aqua feeds if the extent and limits of their application are clearly defined. The pH‐stat protein digestibility routine with shrimp hepatopancreas enzymes was previously related to apparent protein digestibility with juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing different protein ingredients. The potential of the method to predict culture performance of shrimp fed six commercial feeds (T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8) with 350 g kg^?1 declared crude‐protein content was assessed. The consistency of results obtained using hepatopancreas enzyme extracts from either pond or clear water‐raised shrimp was further verified in terms of reproducibility and possible diet history effects upon in vitro outputs. Shrimps were previously acclimated and then maintained over 56 days (initial mean weight 3.28 g) on each diet in 500‐L tanks at 114 ind m^?2, clear water closed system with continuous renewal and mechanical filtering (50 μm), with four replicates per treatment. Feeds were offered four times daily (six days a week) delivered in trays at feeding rates ranging from 4.0% to 7.0% of stocked shrimp biomass. Feed was accessible to shrimp 4 h daily for 1‐h feeding period after which uneaten feed was recovered. Growth and survival were determined every 14 days from a sample of 16 individuals per tank. Water quality was monitored daily (pH, temperature and salinity) and managed by water back flushing filter cleaning every 7–10 days. Feeds were analysed for crude protein, gross energy, amino acids and pepsin digestibility. In vitro pH‐stat degree of protein hydrolysis (DH%) was determined for each feed using hepatopancreas enzyme extracts from experimental (clear water) or pond‐raised shrimp. Feeds resulted in significant differences in shrimp performance (P < 0.05) as seen by the differences in growth rates (0.56–0.98 g week^?1), final weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Shrimp performance and in vitro DH% with pond‐raised shrimp enzymes showed significant correlation (P < 0.05) for yield (R² = 0.72), growth rates (R² = 0.72–0.80) and FCR (R² = ?0.67). Other feed attributes (protein : energy ratio, amino acids, true protein, non‐protein nitrogen contents and in vitro pepsin digestibility) showed none or limited correlation with shrimp culture performance. Additional correlations were found between growth rates and methionine (R² = 0.73), FCR and histidine (R² = ?0.60), and DH% and methionine or methionine+cystine feed contents (R² = 0.67–0.92). pH‐stat assays with shrimp enzymes generated reproducible DH% results with either pond (CV ≤ 6.5%) or clear water (CV ≤ 8.5%) hepatopancreas enzyme sources. Moreover, correlations between shrimp growth rates and feed DH% were significant regardless of the enzyme origin (pond or clear water‐raised shrimp) and showed consistent R² values. Results suggest the feasibility of using standardized hepatopancreas enzyme extracts for in vitro protein digestibility.     

Influence of different dietary carbohydrate sources on the growth and intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei at low salinity

Because of the increasing market potential of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and limited availability of coastal areas for production, culture of L. vannamei at low salinity is a growing trend throughout the world. Dietary manipulation could improve the growth performance of L. vannamei at low salinity. This study reared L. vannamei with glucose, sucrose and corn starch as dietary carbohydrate sources, respectively, at a low salinity. The results indicated that the sucrose and glucose feeding groups showed better growth performance. An Illumina‐based sequencing method was used to examine the intestinal bacterial composition and the results indicated that Proteobacteria were the most prevalent members, but abundance of Actinobacteria decreased while Firmicutes increased in the corn starch‐fed group. Furthermore, bacteria related to complex carbohydrate degradation were in lower abundance, whereas the abundance of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria increased in corn starch‐fed group than the other two groups, suggesting that the diet imposes selective pressure on the intestinal microbiota. Complex carbohydrates were not the ideal energy sources for L. vannamei at low salinity because the host has higher energy demand in the stressful conditions while the complex carbohydrate degradation efficiency of the gut microbiota in L. vannamei is limited.     

低盐度条件下的凡纳滨对虾幼虾亮氨酸营养需求

为了探讨低盐度(0.6～0.8 g/L)条件下初始体质量为(0.38±0.004)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾的亮氨酸需求量,以鱼粉、花生麸和L-晶体氨基酸为蛋白源配制含粗蛋白400 g/kg的6种等氮饲料,标记为L7～L12组,各组亮氨酸水平分别为15.95、17.95、19.95、21.95、23.95和25.95 g/kg(饲料干物质).每组3个重复,每个重复30尾虾,进行56 d生长实验.结果表明,凡纳滨对虾幼虾的增重率随饲料亮氨酸水平的升高而升高,当亮氨酸水平达到23.95 g/kg(L11组)时,增重率达到最高值(1143.11±36.40)％,显著高于L7组(P＜0.05);亮氨酸水平继续提高,增重率变化不显著(P＞0.05).幼虾的蛋白质效率、全虾体蛋白沉积率和血淋巴总蛋白随着饲料亮氨酸水平的升高呈现升高趋势,最高值出现在L11组,并显著高于L7组(P＜0.05).各实验组饵料系数、血淋巴谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性和尿素氮含量则呈现降低的趋势,最低值出现在L11组,且显著低于L7组(P＜0.05).以增重率为指标,根据折线模型可知,低盐度条件下凡纳滨对虾幼虾的亮氨酸最适需要量为24.80 g/kg饲料,即61.99 g/kg饲料蛋白.