白头翁汤通过抑制TLR4-ERK1/2信号通路缓解LPS诱导的微血管内皮细胞炎性反应

近年来,中药复方抗炎机制的研究不断深入,白头翁汤复方（Pulsatilla decoction,PD）作为经典的清热解毒中药方剂常用于预防和治疗细菌性腹泻。然而其抗炎机制和靶细胞研究仍然不明确,本课题以大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞（RIMVECs）为模式细胞,旨在研究白头翁汤对LPS诱导的RIMVECs炎症反应的调控作用。利用LPS刺激RIMVECs,通过荧光定量PCR（RT-PCR）、蛋白免疫印迹（Western blot）的方法检测白头翁汤对LPS刺激后RIMVECs的炎性信号通路TLR4-ERK1/2信号通路关键蛋白TLR4、TRAF6、ERK的mRNA及蛋白表达。进一步采用酶联免疫吸附方法（ELISA）检测白头翁汤对LPS刺激后的炎性因子IL-6、IL-8、IL-1β、TNF-α的分泌情况。结果表明：白头翁汤可以显著降低LPS诱导的TLR4、TRAF6、ERK的mRNA水平及蛋白表达并降低了LPS诱导的细胞下游炎性因子的分泌。白头翁汤通过抑制TLR4-ERK1/2信号通路缓解LPS所诱导的RIMVECs炎性反应,发挥抗炎作用。     

黄连水提物对LPS诱导的猪肠道上皮细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α mRNA表达及NF-κB/MAPK信号通路的调控作用

为探讨中药黄连对LPS诱导的猪肠道上皮细胞炎性免疫反应及其信号通路的调控机制,以猪肠道上皮细胞IPEC-J2作为研究对象,MTT法检测不同质量浓度黄连水提物及LPS对猪肠道上皮细胞活性的影响。用0.1,0.5,5.0 g/L黄连水提物预处理猪肠道上皮细胞,再经LPS(5 mg/L)作用1 h后,Real-time PCR法检测促炎性细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-ɑmRNA的表达水平,并用Western blot法检测NF-κB/MAPK信号通道关键蛋白表达情况。结果显示,5 mg/L LPS可诱导猪肠道上皮细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-ɑmRNA的表达水平极显著升高(P<0.01),而经黄连水提物预处理的猪肠道上皮细胞的相关炎性细胞因子的表达水平则出现下降,且与药物质量浓度呈正相关;LPS可有效激活猪肠道上皮细胞NF-κB/MAPK信号通路关键蛋白的磷酸化和表达,而黄连水提物则可有效降低细胞IκB、p-IκB、p65、p-p65、p-p38、JNK等蛋白的表达,达到抑制NF-κB/MAPK信号通路的传导和调控LPS诱导的猪肠道上皮细胞炎性反应的作用。结果表明,黄连水提物可通过抑制NF-κB/MAPK信号通路的活化及其下游促炎性细胞因子的表达,起到调控LPS诱导的猪肠道上皮细胞炎性反应的作用。     

芹菜素对小鼠肺损伤抗炎活性的体外评价

革兰氏阴性菌的细胞壁的成分当中主要是脂多糖(LPS),LPS是引起炎症反应的炎症的主要成分。LPS可以被TLR4信号通路识别并激活下游的NF-κB和MAPKs相关信号通路及接头蛋白,来调控TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6等细胞因子的表达。我们已成功利用脂多糖(LPS)建立了小鼠急性肺损伤模型。本实验通过LPS刺激RAW264.7建立体外细胞炎症模型,检测芹菜素对LPS诱导的细胞因子及相关TLR4信号通路蛋白的影响,初步阐释芹菜素抗炎的机制。     

LPS诱导条件下猪小肠上皮细胞TLR4及其信号通路基因表达变化分析

本试验通过0.1和1μg·mL-1浓度的LPS诱导处理猪小肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2),分别在2、4、6h时利用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测TLR4及其信号通路相关基因(CD14、MyD88、TNF-α、IL-1β和IFN-α)mRNA水平相对表达量,初步探讨猪小肠上皮细胞受到产肠毒素大肠杆菌侵扰发生炎症反应的相关分子反应机理。结果发现,两种浓度的LPS均使得所检测的TLR4及其信号通路相关基因表达量上调,诱导后4~6h的表达量急速上升,且高浓度的LPS诱导处理后各基因表达量上调倍数明显高于低浓度LPS诱导时各基因表达量上调倍数,高浓度的LPS对机体肠道的刺激引起了更为强烈的免疫反应,使正常机体更快地产生炎症反应。由此推测,大肠杆菌侵染猪肠道后将释放LPS,TLR4作为LPS的受体,受LPS诱导其表达量上调,进而引起TLR4信号途径的信号传递,传递过程中由于MyD88的依赖机制,MyD88表达量上调相对稳定,再经过级联免疫放大效应,大量的促炎细胞因子释放,导致炎症及腹泻水肿病的产生。     

牛A型巴氏杆菌高、低毒力株LPS激活RAW264.7细胞TLR4信号通路的比较分析

本研究旨在比较牛A型多杀性巴氏杆菌高毒力株(PmCQ2)和低毒力株(PmCQ6)脂多糖(LPS)对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7内TLR4信号通路的影响。选用体外培养RAW264.7细胞,经LPS刺激后检测细胞内TLR4信号激活及对TNF-α和IL-12p40表达的影响;并利用Western blot检测LPS对IκBα磷酸化及NF-κBp65活化的影响。结果显示,高毒力株LPS_PmCQ2和低毒力株LPS_PmCQ6分别刺激RAW264.7细胞后,均能显著提高TLR4的表达,并诱导细胞因子TNF-α和IL-12p40的分泌表达;LPS_PmCQ2和LPS_PmCQ6均能诱导IκBα磷酸化,促进NF-κBp65核转位,但二者没有显著差异(P>0.05)。本研究表明牛A型多杀性巴氏杆菌高、低毒力株LPS均能参与TLR4介导的小鼠巨噬细胞免疫应答,且二者对TLR4介导的IκBα-NF-κB信号通路的作用无显著差异,暗示牛A型多杀性巴氏杆菌对小鼠巨噬细胞的毒力与LPS无明显相关性,可能由其他毒力因子决定。     

褪黑素调节LPS诱导奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎性因子的表达及其机制

为探索褪黑素降低奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎性损伤的作用机制,分别用不同浓度的脂多糖(LPS)诱导奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(MAC-T)产生炎症反应,采用MTT法确定LPS的最佳致炎剂量,建立体外MAC-T炎症模型;采用ELISA检测褪黑素对LPS诱导MAC-T分泌TNF-α和IL-6、IL-8的影响;采用荧光定量PCR检测褪黑素对LPS诱导MAC-T Toll样受体信号通路关键因子,TLR4、NF-κB p50、NF-κB p65 mRNA表达量的影响。结果显示,5 mg/L LPS是诱导MAC-T炎症模型的最佳剂量,可极显著提高MAC-T培养液上清中TNF-α和IL-6、IL-8的含量(P0.05),而50μmol/L褪黑素可显著下调LPS诱导的MAC-T炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6、IL-8的蛋白表达(P0.05)。同时,TLR4/NF-κB信号通路关键因子NF-κB p50 mRNA的表达量也显著下调。表明褪黑素可能通过调节TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,影响LPS诱导的MAC-T炎症损伤反应。     

LPS诱导的奶牛子宫内膜细胞TLR4信号传导通路研究概况

子宫内膜炎是奶牛产后细菌感染子宫而引起的产科疾病,严重影响奶牛业的健康发展。革兰阴性细菌中的大肠埃希菌是引起奶牛子宫内膜炎的主要致病菌,细菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)是革兰阴性细菌细胞壁的重要组成成分,也是近年研究奶牛子宫内膜炎发病机制的重要诱导物。论文综述了LPS、Toll样受体(toll-like receptors,TLRs)及炎性因子,初步剖析了LPS诱导的炎症反应信号传导通路TLR4信号通路,为奶牛子宫内膜炎的研究提供参考。     

人参多糖对脂多糖刺激小鼠巨噬细胞的免疫调控作用

本试验旨在研究脂多糖(LPS)刺激条件下人参多糖(GPS)对小鼠单核巨噬细胞形态及免疫功能的调节作用.采用LPS刺激小鼠巨噬细胞(RAW264.7),通过测量不同浓度(1、0.5、0.1 mg/mL)GPS对细胞形态、生物酶活性、促炎症因子分泌及TLR4/NF-κB信号通路mRNA表达量的影响来研究不同浓度的GPS对L...     

百里香酚对脂多糖诱导的子宫内膜上皮细胞炎性反应的抑制作用研究

为探究百里香酚治疗子宫内膜炎的抗炎活性,利用脂多糖(LPS)诱导山羊子宫内膜上皮细胞(gEECs)建立炎性模型,以百里香酚进行干预。采用NO试剂盒和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)分别检测百里香酚对LPS诱导的NO和细胞因子分泌的影响;利用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测百里香酚对LPS诱导的IL-1β、TLR4和NF-κB基因转录的影响。结果显示:不同剂量的百里香酚(100、50、25μg·mL~(-1))能不同程度地抑制LPS诱导的炎性模型细胞TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、NO和PGE2的分泌,亦可降低炎性模型细胞IL-1β、TLR4和NF-κB的基因转录水平(P0.01)。结果表明,百里香酚可抑制LPS诱导gEECs炎性模型的细胞因子表达水平,具有显著的抗炎活性,其作用机制可能与抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路相关。     

脂多糖对小鼠子宫内膜Toll样受体4介导的炎性信号通路的影响

革兰阴性菌感染可引起子宫内膜炎,机体的Toll样受体4(TLR4)可接受革兰阴性菌的细胞壁主要成分脂多糖(LPS)的刺激引发一系列炎症反应。为了研究LPS对TLR4介导的炎性信号通路的影响,本试验以小鼠为模型,分别用不同浓度的LPS对小鼠进行在体子宫灌注和处理体外培养的子宫内膜上皮细胞系。组织学观察显示,灌注不同浓度LPS后子宫内膜组织中炎性细胞增多。通过RT-PCR对各组中TLR4和核转录因子κB(NF-κB)、IL-6的mRNA表达水平进行检测,发现LPS刺激能够增强TLR4和NF-κB、IL-6 mRNA表达,影响TLR4介导的炎性信号通路。     

Neutrophil recruitment in endotoxin-induced murine mastitis is strictly dependent on mammary alveolar macrophages

Mastitis, inflammation of the mammary tissue, is a common disease in dairy animals and mammary pathogenic Escherichia coli (MPEC) is a leading cause of the disease. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an important virulence factor of MPEC and inoculation of the mammary glands with bacterial LPS is sufficient to induce an inflammatory response. We previously showed using adoptive transfer of normal macrophages into the mammary gland of TLR4-deficient C3H/HeJ mice that LPS/TLR4 signaling on mammary alveolar macrophages is sufficient to elicit neutrophil recruitment into the alveolar space. Here we show that TLR4-normal C3H/HeN mice, depleted of alveolar macrophages, were completely refractory to LPS intramammary challenge. These results indicate that alveolar macrophages are both sufficient and essential for neutrophil recruitment elicited by LPS/TLR4 signaling in the mammary gland. Using TNFα gene-knockout mice and adoptive transfer of wild-type macrophages, we show here that TNFα produced by mammary alveolar macrophages in response to LPS/TLR4 signaling is an essential mediator eliciting blood neutrophil recruitment into the milk spaces. Furthermore, using the IL8 receptor or IL1 receptor gene-knockout mice we observed abrogated recruitment of neutrophils into the mammary gland and their entrapment on the basal side of the alveolar epithelium in response to intramammary LPS challenge. Adoptive transfer of wild-type neutrophils to IL1 receptor knockout mice, just before LPS challenge, restored normal neutrophil recruitment into the milk spaces. We conclude that neutrophil recruitment to the milk spaces is: (i) mediated through TNFα, which is produced by alveolar macrophages in response to LPS/TLR4 signaling and (ii) is dependent on IL8 and IL1β signaling and regulated by iNOS-derived NO.     

孕酮对LPS诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞表达TNF-α、IL-1β、TLR4、CD14和MD2的影响

先分离培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,经差速贴壁法纯化后,随机分为6组：空白对照组、0.5mg/L脂多糖（LPS）组、10-6 mol/L孕酮（P4）组、LPS＋10-5 mol/L P4组、LPS＋10-6 mol/L P4组、LPS＋10-7 mol/L P4组。各组在处理12、24h分别提取上清液,ELISA法测TNF-α和IL-1β的含量;各组在处理24h分别提取细胞总RNA,用RT-PCR法测TLR4、CD14、MD2mRNA的表达。结果显示,处理12、24h,0.5mg/L LPS组TNF-α和IL-1β的含量均极显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）;10-6 mol/L P4组与对照组差异不显著（P〉0.05）;LPS＋10-5 mol/L P4组极显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）;LPS＋10-6 mol/L P4组显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;而LPS＋10-7 mol/L P4组TNF-α的表达差异不显著（P〉0.05）,IL-1β的表达差异显著（P〈0.05）。说明P4可降低LPS刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNF-α和IL-1β的分泌,且呈剂量依赖关系。LPS单独处理,TLR4和CD14mRNA的表达极显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）;10-6 mol/L P4单独处理与对照组无显著差异（P〉0.05）;分别添加1-5、10-6、10-7 mol/L P4组均极显著降低LPS诱导TLR4和CD14mRNA的表达（P〈0.01）,而MD2mRNA的表达差异不显著（P〉0.05）。说明P4可极显著降低LPS刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TLR4和CD14mRNA表达,但对MD2mRNA表达影响不显著。结果显示,P4能抑制LPS刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNF-α和IL-1β的分泌,此过程与细胞TLR4和CD14表达下降相关,而与MD2的表达无关。     

Induction of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in avian macrophages inhibits infectious laryngotracheitis virus replication in a nitric oxide dependent way

LPS is one of the pathogen associated molecular patterns that activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway eliciting antiviral host responses in mammals although information on such responses in avian species is scarce. Our objectives were to characterize the LPS induced innate responses particularly the expression of LPS receptors (TLR4, CD14) in avian macrophages and observe whether TLR4 mediated induction of NO can elicit antiviral response against infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) replication. We found that LPS was capable of inducing the expression of TLR4, CD14 and NO production but not the type 1 interferons in an avian macrophage cell line, MQ-NCSU. We also showed that TLR4 mediated NO production can lead to antiviral response against ILTV replication when MQ-NCSU cells were treated with LPS and the resultant supernatant was then transferred to ILTV replicating cells to assess antiviral activity. Antiviral activity of NO was blocked by a selective inhibitor, S-methylisothiourea sulfhate that inhibits inducible NO synthase. This observation confirms that the antiviral activity is positively correlated with NO production. The data show that LPS can be a potential innate immune stimulant that can be used against ILTV infection in chickens that require further evaluation in vivo.     

Differential expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase is associated with differential Toll-like receptor-4 expression in chicken macrophages from different genetic backgrounds.

The purpose of this study was to examine iNOS gene expression and activity in macrophages from different chicken genetic lines against various bacterial LPS. Furthermore, the possible involvement of surface LPS receptors as candidates for differential iNOS gene induction in these genetic lines of chicken was also examined. Sephadex-elicited abdominal macrophages (1 x 10(6)) as well as iNOS hyper-responder macrophages from a transformed chicken macrophage cell line, MQ-NCSU, were exposed to 5 microg/ml LPS from E. coli, Shigella flexneri, Serratia marcensces, and Salmonella typhimurium. Nitrite levels were quantitated in the culture supernatant fractions of macrophages after 24h by the Griess method. The results showed that macrophages from K-strain (B(15)B(15)) (range from two separate trials: 31-89 microM) and MQ-NCSU (22-81 microM) were high responders whereas macrophages from both GB1 (B(13)B(13)) (15-38 microM) and GB2 (B(6)B(6)) (7-15 microM) chickens were low responders against all LPSs used. Northern blot analysis revealed that K-strain macrophages expressed higher intensity of 4.5Kb iNOS mRNA (iNOS/beta-actin ratio) than macrophages from GB2 regardless of the LPS source. To elucidate possible molecular mechanism(s) involved in iNOS gene expression in these two strains of chickens, the constitutive expression of LPS-related macrophage cell surface receptors, CD14, Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), was examined via flow cytometry using anti-human CD14, TLR2 and TLR4 antibodies. CD14 surface expression and intensity was not different between macrophages from K-strain or GB2 chickens. In contrast, while the overall percentage of TLR4-positive macrophages was the same (K-strain, trial 1=92%, trial 2=62%; GB2, trial 1=91%, trial 2=64%), the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), an indicator of receptor number, was significantly higher (P=0.05) in K-strain macrophages (MFI: trial 1=145; trial 2=131) than GB2 macrophages (MFI: trial 1=101; trial 2=98). Furthermore, TLR2 (a previously thought candidate as LPS signaling molecule) positive cell numbers were higher in K-strain than the GB2 macrophages in one of the two trials with no difference in the intensity of TLR2 expression in either trial. These findings suggest that the observed differences in iNOS expression and activity among the K-strain (hyper-responder) and GB2 (hypo-responder) chickens are, at least in part, due to differential expression of TLR4 (an LPS signaling molecule), leading to more intense LPS-mediated activation of K-macrophages.     

Adenosine and ATP affect LPS-induced cytokine production in canine macrophage cell line DH82 cells

Macrophages are essential for controlling the majority of infections, and are mediators of natural immunity. During infection, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. Adenosine and ATP released into the extracellular space by immunological stimuli have been shown to regulate various immune functions. More recently, it has been shown adenosine and ATP have a critical role on the physiological negative feedback mechanism for limitation and termination of tissue-specific and systemic inflammatory responses. It was useful and meaningful to gain information about interaction between LPS, which generates the inflammation, and adenosine and ATP, which terminate the inflammation. We evaluate effects of adenosine and ATP on the production of cytokines related to inflammation in canine macrophage cell line DH82 cells. Adenosine and ATP respectively increased the production of IL-10 without affecting the production of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-12 in DH82 cells. In addition, adenosine and ATP prevented the production of LPS-induced IL-6, TNF-α and IL-12 in DH82 cells. In contrast, adenosine and ATP potentiated LPS-induced IL-10 production in DH82 cells. Moreover, adenosine, but not ATP inhibited LPS-induced expression of TLR4 in DH82 cells. These results suggest that conditions related to increased adenosine and/or ATP may play an important role in the inflammatory reactions.     

GPX4失活通过JNK通路缓解LPS诱导巨噬细胞炎症反应

【目的】研究硒蛋白谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidases 4,GPX4)失活如何参与调控脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症反应及其潜在的分子机制。【方法】体外培养RAW264.7巨噬细胞,以DMSO为对照,使用0.1～5.0μmol/L GPX4抑制剂FIN56处理,通过CCK-8法检测细胞活力和Western blotting检测GPX4蛋白表达水平,确定抑制剂最适浓度。将RAW264.7巨噬细胞分为4组：对照组,添加DMSO培养24 h; FIN56(GPX4抑制剂)组,添加0.5μmol/L FIN56培养24 h; DMSO-LPS组,DMSO培养24 h后使用LPS(100 ng/mL)刺激3 h; FIN56-LPS组,FIN56培养24 h后使用LPS刺激3 h。各组细胞经培养后,利用荧光探针2′,7′-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(2′,7′-dichlorodi-hydrofluorescein diacetate, H₂DCFDA)检测细胞内活性氧(reactive...     

脂多糖对胚胎附植期Toll样受体4及相关免疫因子的影响

试验旨在探讨脂多糖（LPS）对绵羊胚胎附植期Toll样受体4（TLR4）及相关免疫因子表达的影响。以构建好的pcDNA3.1-TLR4过表达载体转染绵羊子宫内膜基质细胞,运用Western blotting技术鉴定细胞转染效果,然后用1 μg/L LPS刺激转染后的子宫内膜基质细胞,建立内膜基质细胞炎症模型。将经LPS处理的细胞分别培养12、24、48、72 h,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术和Western blotting法检测内膜基质细胞中TLR4 mRNA及蛋白表达量,以及免疫因子IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA表达水平,并以未经LPS处理的细胞作为对照。结果显示,与对照组相比,LPS促进了免疫因子IL-1β、IL-6的释放量,但随LPS作用时间的延长,细胞中IL-6的表达量逐渐下降,而IL-1β的表达量逐渐升高,使得Th1/Th2偏向不利于妊娠的Th1方向表达;TLR4 mRNA相对表达量在12、24、72 h均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,48 h时极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,且LPS处理后的细胞TLR4蛋白表达量也始终高于对照组。综上所述,pcDNA3.1-TLR4过表达载体成功转入绵羊子宫内膜基质细胞;LPS有效激活了子宫内膜细胞中TLR4信号通路,并促进了下游因子的表达;子宫蜕膜组织中TLR4受体蛋白对胚胎附植早期妊娠微环境的平衡维持也起到了重要作用。