牛病毒性腹泻病毒在野生动物中的感染

牛病毒性腹泻病是危害养牛业的一个非常重要的疾病,给养牛业造成较大的经济损失。引起该疾病的病毒除感染牛外,还可以感染野生动物。本文就牛病毒性腹泻病毒感染野生动物的临床表现和病毒分离、血清学变化、基因型变化以及病毒在牛宿主与非牛宿主之间的传播等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

野生动物疾病现状

１９９７年１０月，国际兽疫组织（ＯＩＥ）在巴黎举行会议，就世界范围内野生动物疾病发生情况进行了评估。报告将目前发生的野生动物疾病分为三类。１野生动物特有疾病有些疾病可以传染给人，包括：从菲律宾恒河猴和红疣猴中分离出伊博拉病毒。南美特立尼达岛吼猴感染黄...     

中药子宫灌注剂治疗奶牛不孕症

正近年来,国内关于中药子宫灌注剂的研究不断深入,其在防治奶牛卵巢疾病、子宫内膜炎等繁殖障碍疾病中所发挥的作用愈加突出与显著。使用中药子宫灌注剂防治奶牛繁殖疾病,一方面可以使药剂直接作用于奶牛子宫部位,对损伤组织进行抗菌消炎和修复,另一方面可以经过子宫局部吸收后作用于奶牛全身,进而起到良好的防护效果。本文着重介绍一个中药子宫灌注剂治疗奶牛不孕症的组方,希望能够对奶牛不孕症的治疗以及新型中药子宫灌注剂的研究带来一些有     

后海穴埋线治疗圈养野生动物腹泻

顽固性腹泻一直以来是圈养野生动物的一种常见病,一般情况下发生此类疾病时,天津市动物园基本采用口服或注射的方式进行治疗。但是由于野生动物应激性较强,通常不能连续捕捉治疗,经常导致一些治疗被迫终断,从而导致对一些野生动物的治疗不能达到理想效果。2008年至今,天津市动物园对12只患有顽固性腹泻的野生动物采取后海穴埋线的方法进行治疗,效果较好。     

后海穴埋线治疗圈养野生动物腹泻

<正>顽固性腹泻一直以来是圈养野生动物的一种常见病,一般情况下发生此类疾病时,天津市动物园基本采用口服或注射的方式进行治疗。但是由于野生动物应激性较强,通常不能连续捕捉治疗,经常导致一些治疗被迫终断,从而导致对一些野生动物的治疗不能达到理想效果。2008年至今,天津市动物园对12只患有顽固性腹泻的野生动物采取后海穴埋线的方法进行治疗,效果较好。     

一例母猪子宫内膜炎的诊治

母猪子宫内膜炎是猪场常见的一种母猪生殖器官疾病,通常表现为体温升高、食欲减少、拱背努责、作排尿姿势、阴道排出的分泌物腥臭难闻、少乳或无乳等,往往给猪场造成重大经济损失,严重影响着养殖业的发展.轻症的子宫内膜炎,经冲洗、宫内灌注投药后一般就能治愈;当感染严重而引起败血症时,应在实施局部治疗的同时,进行全身治疗.     

圈养野生动物疾病及发病原因分析

圈养野生动物的过程中难免会遇到各种困难和问题,而在这之中最受人关注的正是野生动物疾病问题.由于不同种类的野生动物其患病的症状以及发病原因都各不相同,所以作为圈养野生动物工作人员,应首先从野生动物疾病的发病原因入手,准确的确定病症类型并给予治疗.本文对圈养野生动物的疾病系统以及发病原因做出了分析,以北京动物园为实例分析了野生动物发病最多的系统、最主要的发病原因以及概率最大的发病月份,并提出了几项减少野生动物发病的措施.     

野生动物结核感染、检测与控制

结核病是一种人畜共患的疾病,现在全世界范围内造成成年人死亡居于首位。虽然结核分枝杆菌是人的最主要的感染原,但是由牛结核分枝杆菌引起的感染占一部分。牛型结核杆菌是牛及其他哺乳野生动物的病原菌,亦能使人致病。结核不仅对野生动物种群本身有直接的影响,而且又可以作为家畜的传染宿主而对家畜生产带来巨大的经济影响。况且如果它们成为人类感染的源头,那么野生动物的结核可能对人类的健康影响有重要的意义。本文关注于在感染的野生动物对家畜患有结核风险的评估、检测及防治,以期为预防、控制牛结核提供一些有效的措施。1野生动物结…     

旋角羚急性胰腺炎病理学观察

在野生动物疾病的诊治过程中,未经治疗突发死亡现象经常发生,因此,正确的死后诊断意义重大,但由于野生动物病理学诊断技术的匮乏,现阶段还缺少此类病例专业的病理诊断资料。以北京动物园圈养旋角羚死亡样本为例,通过病理学技术,对其进行病理学观察与诊断,得出死因为急性胰腺炎。此病例的完成,为今后相关野生动物疾病的病理学诊断提供了参考依据。     

仔猪伪狂犬病的诊治

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂犬病病毒感染引起的多种家畜和野生动物感染的一种高度接触性传染性疾病。临床上以体温显著升高,出现神经症状,消化系统疾病为主。     

Regional intravenous gentamicin administration for treatment of postoperative tarso-metatarsal infection in a dog--a case report

The regional intravenous antibiotic administration has been used to achieve high local concentrations of antibiotics into the extremities. The goal of this case report was to describe a known, but not often used technique of local administration of antibiotics for treatment of acute soft tissue, joint or bone infection in a dog, which suffered from chronic renal failure. In a seven years old Great Dane tarso-metatarsal arthrodesis was performed and three days after surgery infection was obvious. Gentamicin-sensitive E. co i was found by antibiogram. A tourniquet was tightened on the affected limb and gentamicin was administered in a dosage of 0,5 mg/kg every twelve hours via an intravenous catheter placed in the saphenous vein. The therapy lasted for ten days and wound healing was progressive. Regional intravenous gentamicin administration was very effective in treating distal extremity infection.     

Adaptations of subpalpebral lavage systems used for llamas (Lama glama) and a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina).

Subpalpebral lavage systems (SPLSs) were adapted for use in zoo llamas (Lama glama) and a wild harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) during therapy for severe ulcerative keratitis or corneal perforation. One llama presented with a melting corneal ulcer caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which necessitated frequent application of a topical ophthalmic antibiotic. The lavage system was used routinely during the day and was connected to a balloon infusion system at night to allow for continuous medication administration. The ulcer healed soon after therapy was extended to include overnight treatment with the infusion system. A SPLS system was also combined with a balloon infusor during postoperative treatment of a second llama that had sustained a corneal perforation. Both llamas tolerated the infusor/lavage systems well and regained vision. One llama had minor conjunctival irritation from the SPLS that resolved quickly without treatment. Bilateral SPLS were placed in a wild harbor seal for treatment of severe ulcerative keratitis associated with Candida albicans infection. The seal tolerated the lavage systems well throughout 14 wk of their use in an aquatic environment with other seals. Partial detachment of the lavage systems from the skin of the seal occurred a few times during treatment and was easily corrected. Severe keratitis resolved with administration of antimicrobials through the lavage systems, and the seal was returned to the wild. The use of SPLSs alone or in ombination with balloon infusion systems warrants consideration for exotic, wild, and aquatic animals that cannot tolerate repetitive manual applications of topical ophthalmic medication.     

圈养珍稀野生动物肠道寄生虫感染情况及其形态观察

对陕西省野生动物驯养繁育技术中心的3种圈养珍稀野生动物进行了肠道寄生虫感染情况、种类及形态的调查。采用生理盐水涂片及碘液染色法,对3种52只(头)野生动物的粪便进行检查,并对检出的寄生虫进行数码显微摄片,结果共检出肠道寄生虫17种。红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)、孔雀(Pavo muticus)、野猪(Sus scrofa)寄生虫总感染率分别为84.2%、77.8%、80%,以芽囊原虫(Blastocystis sp.)、赖利绦虫(Raillietina sp.)、蛔虫(Ascaridia sp.)、艾美耳属球虫(Eimeriasp.)感染较为突出。     

岳阳市野生动物寄生虫感染情况调查

运用反复水洗沉淀法检测了114副野生动物内脏（野生蛇63副、野生兔32副和獾猪19副）的寄生虫感染情况,共发现线虫1950条,绦虫2条,线虫平均感染率为64.91%（74/114）,绦虫平均感染率为1.75%（1/114）;野生蛇、野生兔和獾猪的线虫感染率分别为：60.32%（38/63）、75.0%（24/32）和63.16%（12/19）。可见,岳阳市市场野生蛇、野生兔和獾猪的寄生虫感染情况较为严重,其中主要以线虫感染为主。本次对岳阳市野生动物寄生虫的种类、感染情况及其危害的调查,为岳阳市自然保护区野生动物保护和人类公共卫生健康提供理论依据。     

World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans

The etiological agents of human trichinellosis show virtually worldwide distribution in domestic and/or wild animals, with the exception of Antarctica, where the presence of the parasite has not been reported. This global distribution of Trichinella and varying cultural eating habits represent the main factors favouring human infections in industrialised and non-industrialised countries. Human trichinellosis has been documented in 55 (27.8%) countries around the world. In several of these countries, however, trichinellosis affects only ethnic minorities and tourists because the native inhabitants do not consume uncooked meat or meat of some animal species. Trichinella sp. infection has been documented in domestic animals (mainly pigs) and in wildlife of 43 (21.9%) and 66 (33.3%) countries, respectively. Of the 198 countries of the world, approximately 40 (20%) are small islands far from the major continents, or city-states where Trichinella sp. cannot circulate among animals for lack of local fauna (both domestic and wild). Finally, information on the occurrence of Trichinella sp. infection in domestic and/or wildlife is still lacking for 92 countries.     

Studies on the virulence of two field isolates of the classical Swine Fever virus genotype 2.3 rostock in wild boars of different age groups

The virulence of two isolates of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) was studied in experimentally infected wild boars of different ages. The isolates, originating from wild boars shot in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (isolate '1829-NVP') and in Rhineland-Palatinate (isolate '11722-WIL'), belong to the genetic subgroup 2.3 Rostock. Clinical picture, transient viraemia, virus excretion and gross lesions at necropsy as well as a failure of virus detection at the end of the experiment revealed that this virus subtype was only moderately virulent. Whereas one subadult wild boar and both 7-week-old wild boar piglets infected intranasally became sick and died, only one of three 8-week-old animals which survived after contact infection remained CSFV positive until the end of the experiment [34 days post infection (dpi)], although neutralizing antibodies were present. This underlines the role of young boars in CSF epidemics. The isolate '11722-WIL' was shed by an infected adult wild boar and was transmitted to susceptible piglets. Interestingly, all animals which became sick and died also were found to be infected with a secondary pathogen. Therefore, we assume that after infection with moderately virulent CSFV simultaneous infections with other pathogens may be important for the clinical course and the outcome of the disease as well as for a spread of the virus in field.     

Identification of mycobacterial infections in wild boars in Northern Sardinia, Italy

During a six-month period a region of Northern Sardinia was monitored to check the presence of mycobacterial infections in wild boars. Forty-eight serum and 229 biopsy samples were collected from different animals and examined by both traditional diagnostic techniques (culture, bacterioscopic and molecular tests) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The latter was used to determine the antibody response against both methylated and nonmethylated Heparin-Binding Haemagglutinin (HBHA) protein. Nine mycobacterial strains were isolated: three M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map), three M. avium, one M. interjectum and two M. scrofulaceum strains. By PCR, only one animal was positive for M. bovis, whereas 10 animals were positive for Map. Out of the 48 sera tested, 19 showed a good humoral response to methylated HBHA and 17 to nonmethylated HBHA. Our data provide new information on the prevalence of mycobacterial infection among wild boars in Northern Sardinia and suggest that a more effective program should be developed to monitor mycobacterial infections in the wild animal population.     

Multi-drug-resistant Enterococcus spp. as a cause of non-responsive septic synovitis in three horses

Abstract

CASE HISTORY: Three Thoroughbred horses, a 6-week-old filly (Case 1), a 15-year-old broodmare (Case 2) and a yearling filly (Case 3), sustained synovial sepsis secondary to trauma.

CLINICAL FINDINGS: Case 1 presented with a heel bulb laceration communicating with the distal interphalangeal joint. Arthroscopic lavage was performed and treatment commenced using systemic and local broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs. A pure growth of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus gallinarum was cultured from samples of synovium and joint fluid. Antimicrobial treatment was changed according to the susceptibility results. Response to treatment was poor and despite repeat arthroscopic lavage and intra-osseous regional perfusion of antimicrobials the filly was subject to euthanasia 24 days after the initial injury. Post-mortem examination confirmed septic synovitis, cartilage degeneration and osteomyelitis.

Case 2 sustained a full thickness wound to the carpus which was sharply debrided and closed. The wound dehisced with effusion within the tendon sheath. Drainage was established and treatment included systemic broad spectrum antimicrobials, topical lavage with povodine-iodine and manuka honey infusion. A mixed infection including MDR Enterococcus faecalis was cultured from the synovial fluid. Antebrachiocarpal joint effusion developed 21 days after initial injury and joint sepsis was confirmed. Arthroscopic lavage and tendon sheath debridement were performed, followed by treatment with systemic and local antimicrobials. The mare improved and was discharged. Three months later lameness recurred and corticosteroids were administered intra-articularly. The mare became non-weight bearing lame and was subject to euthanasia. Post-mortem examination confirmed joint sepsis of the antebrachiocarpal and intercarpal joint.

Case 3 presented with a complete articular open fracture of the tibial crest. Under general anaesthesia the fracture was stabilised and the wounds debrided and closed. Systemic broad-spectrum antimicrobials were administered. Six days later the wound dehisced and a bone fragment was removed. Three weeks post-surgery the wound deteriorated with a purulent discharge. Culture of the discharge revealed a mixed bacterial infection, including a MDR Enterococcus faecalis. Femoropatellar joint involvement was confirmed, and treatment included joint lavage, local and systemic antibiosis, and manuka honey instilled into the wound. The filly initially improved, and then deteriorated such that euthanasia was performed.

DIAGNOSIS: All three cases had synovial sepsis with MDR Enterococcus spp.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increased awareness of MDR pathogens in equine wound infections is essential. Prompt diagnostic testing, appropriate therapy, infection control strategies and on-going monitoring and management are vital to limit the clinical impact of these organisms.     

Vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal and enterococcal infections in 15 horses

We retrospectively reviewed the cases of 15 foals and adult horses in which vancomycin was used, alone or in combination with an aminoglycoside, to treat methicillin-resistant staphylococcal and enterococcal infections. Signalment, presenting complaint, history (including history of treatment for the current complaint), results of bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, treatment, and outcome were reviewed. The average vancomycin dosage was 7.5 mg/kg q8h, administered by intravenous infusion over 30 min. The infection resolved in all 7 horses with soft tissue infections and in 6 of the 8 horses with infections involving a bone or a joint, or both. No adverse effects of vancomycin therapy were noted. Although the number of cases is small, our findings suggest that vancomycin, alone or in combination with an aminoglycoside, is safe and effective for the treatment of resistant staphylococcal and enterococcal infections in horses and foals. However, owing to the importance of staphylococci and enterococci in human medicine and the problems with emerging resistance, we recommend that the use of vancomycin in horses be limited to cases in which culture and susceptibility results clearly indicate that this agent is likely to be effective and in which there is no reasonable alternative.     

A survey of the transmission of infectious diseases/infections between wild and domestic ungulates in Europe

ABSTRACT: The domestic animals/wildlife interface is becoming a global issue of growing interest. However, despite studies on wildlife diseases being in expansion, the epidemiological role of wild animals in the transmission of infectious diseases remains unclear most of the time. Multiple diseases affecting livestock have already been identified in wildlife, especially in wild ungulates. The first objective of this paper was to establish a list of infections already reported in European wild ungulates. For each disease/infection, three additional materials develop examples already published, specifying the epidemiological role of the species as assigned by the authors. Furthermore, risk factors associated with interactions between wild and domestic animals and regarding emerging infectious diseases are summarized. Finally, the wildlife surveillance measures implemented in different European countries are presented. New research areas are proposed in order to provide efficient tools to prevent the transmission of diseases between wild ungulates and livestock.