内蒙古阴山北麓农牧交错带生态建设中天然草地的利用

根据阴山北麓农牧交错带特有的生境条件和生态脆弱性，通过对区域天然草地牧草返青、生长规律及放牧对草地植被影响的分析，针对目前天然草地利用和退化、沙化现状，提出在今后大规模的生态建设过程中，对天然草地的利用必须因地制宜地走全年舍饲与季节性禁牧互补的途径，探讨了适合本区域实施舍饲休牧的时间和相应的技术措施，为阴山北麓农牧交错带天然草地合理利用和退化草地的复壮提供理论依据。     

浅谈科学发展观与草地生态建设

草地退化是我国天然草地面临的突出问题。我国草地占据了农牧交错带和绿洲-荒漠交错带,对人为活动具有较强的敏感性和生态脆弱性,因此在草地生态建设方面要坚持以人为本,树立全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观,统筹人与自然的和谐发展,充分发挥草地的自然修复能力,建设人工草地,合理的对草地进行开发和利用,完善草地的生态建设,使草地朝着有利于人类生存和发展的方向演变。     

浅谈科学发展观与草地生态建设

草地退化是我国天然草地面临的突出问题。我国草地占据了农牧交错带和绿洲一荒漠交错带，对人为活动具有较强的敏感性和生态脆弱性，因此在草地生态建设方面要坚持以人为本，树立全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观，统筹人与自然的和谐发展，充分发挥草地的自然修复能力，建设人工草地，合理的对草地进行开发和利用，完善草地的生态建设，使草地朝着有利于人类生存和发展的方向演变。     

深化北方农牧交错带结构调整

<正>北方农牧交错区是农田生态系统、草原生态系统交错镶嵌分布,畜牧业和种植业并重的区域,更是发展现代草食畜牧业的天然优势区。但由于人口和资源压力,过度垦殖、超载放牧,我国农牧交错带存在着草地退化、土地沙化等问题,成为当前推进农业结构调整的重点难点。2016年年底,农业部发布了《关于北方农牧交错带农业结构调整的指导意见》,推动该区域加快调整农业结构,打出了农业结构调整系列组合拳中"关键一拳"。     

北方农牧交错带草地使用权改革研究——以甘肃省永昌县马营沟村为例

中国北方农牧交错带的草地退化和沙化面积已占全国草地面积的50%。由于该区域人口多,草地面积相对较小,造成以家庭为单位的草地承包责任制无法开展或开展难度较大,草地公用导致超载过牧、退化严重。为了从草原管理制度层面探讨解决草地公用这一问题,本研究在甘肃省永昌县典型的农牧交错带——马营沟村社区,开展了基于参与式方法的社区草地联户承包制的试验,分析试验前后社区家畜养殖规模、草地生产力、草地载畜量及抽样调查的15户典型农牧户家畜养殖与经济状况的变化。结果表明,社区草地联户承包后超载率平均下降74.27%,农牧民转变了草地管理和使用观念,并改变原有的养殖方式,促进了草地畜牧业的高效发展,提高了家庭收入。这种改革尝试为中国农牧交错带的草地管理积累了经验。     

华北农牧交错带草地畜牧业高效发展技术

项目立项背景华北农牧交错带北起浑善达克沙地南缘 ,南至河北坝上 ,东西为赤峰和集宁之间 ,总面积850万公顷 ,其中耕地100万公顷 ,弃耕地150万公顷 ,天然草地500万公顷。本项目在于充分利用华北农牧交错带的地缘和气候优势 ,土地资源和农牧双重优势 ,应用先进的科学技术成果 ,建成优质高产草料基地 ,解决草畜季节不平衡的矛盾 ,降低家畜对天然草地的压力。改良家畜品种 ,改善放牧管理体系 ,提高草地畜牧业的转化效率 ,实行高效生产 ,改良退化草地 ,重建和恢复草地植被。充分利用饲料工业产品和牧区丰富的家畜资源 ,使农区和牧区两大经济体系…     

草地与农牧交错带生态系统研究启动

由教育部、中国科学院和农业部共同组织申请的国家重点基础研究发展规划“草地与农牧交错带生态系统重建机理及优化生态—生产范式”项目正式启动。 “草地与农牧交错带生态系统重建机理及优化生态—生产范式”项目力图揭示草地生态系统退化机理、农牧复合系统中土壤——植被——大气转换系统的能量、物质与生产力的形成与转化机制、农牧林系统耦合放大功能,重构生态安全的土地利用格局,建立水土资源高效利用的草地与农牧交     

他拉哈草场具有畜牧业发展潜力

草地退化是我国天然草地面临的突出问题。本文根据东北西部农牧交错带-“黄金通道”,杜尔泊特蒙古族自治县他拉哈镇退化草地生态恢复试验研究,坚持“以自然修复为主,人工建设为辅”的方针,通过典型草甸草原退化草地设置试验小区2年试验结果表明,退化草原具有顽强的自然修复能力,辅以人工措施以及直播种草其效果更佳,完善草地生态恢复,实现草地与人类和谐发展。     

我国北方农牧交错带的草地植被类型、特征及其生态问题

我国北方农牧交错带地处湿润气候与干旱气候、农业区与牧业区的过渡地带,草地植被类型和生态景观极具特殊性。其总面积65.46万km2,其中天然草地面积3165.1万hm2,占土地总面积的48.35%。其天然草地植被主要包括疏林草地、灌丛草地和草本植被草地三大类,面积分别为100.29万hm2、721.11万hm2和2343.7万hm2,各占该区天然草地植被总面积的3.17%、22.78%和74.05%。由于长期受到人为强烈干扰,植被退化、沙化严重,生产力急剧下降,成为我国北方生态问题最严重的地区之一。其草地植被的恢复重建应重点注意植被类型的选择、合理的种植密度与适宜的封育期限和放牧利用强度,同时加强对传统畜牧业的改造,大力发展季节畜牧业和减轻草地放牧压力,消除草地退化沙化的根源。     

内蒙古农牧交错带土地利用对土壤性质的影响

为研究农牧交错带土地利用方式对土壤特性的影响,于2007年7月选择位于内蒙古东部农牧交错带太仆寺旗的3种土地利用类型,野外采集土样并进行分析。结果表明:在0~30 cm土层中,土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量、速效钾含量均表现为草地>榆树林地>农田;土壤水溶性有机碳含量表现为草地最高,农田次之,林地最小;土壤速效磷含量变化与上述趋势不同,为农田>草地>榆树林地。土地利用方式对土壤质地也有影响,与农田土壤和林地土壤相比较,草地土壤的粘粒含量最高,砂砾含量最低。本研究表明在研究区域天然草地具有较好的土壤养分保持能力,是最适合的土地利用类型,可为改善生态环境和当地的可持续发展提供依据。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。     

Efficacy of parvaquone in the treatment of naturally occurring theileriosis in cattle in Iraq

Summary Parvaquone was tested in cattle infected withTheileria annulata when they were presented at clinics in the vicinity of Baghdad. Out of over 200 cases presented with suspected theileriosis between July 1984 and July 1985, the drug was used in 45 cases where theileriosis was confirmed by microscopic examination of blood and lymph node biopsy smears. Twenty seven of the cases were considered mild and 18 cases severe. Weights of the cattle were estimated and parvaquone was administered by intramuscular injection at a nominal dose of 20 mg/kg. A single treatment with parvaquone was used in 25 cases and 20 cases were treated twice but there was no correlation between severity of disease and the number of treatments given. Twelve cases (27%) also received antibacterial therapy. All cases were in exotic cattle or cattle born from exotic (imported) cattle and 64% of the cases were in cattle under six months of age. Temperatures dropped immediately after treatment and the majority were normal (below 39.5°C) by two to three days after the first treatment. Of the 45 cases treated 43 recovered. This compares very favourably with a previously reported mortality of 66% in untreated imported cattle in Iraq.

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Eficacia Del Parvaquone En El Tratamiento De La Theilerosis Natural En Ganado En Iraq

Resumen Se trató ganado infectado conTheileria annulata en forma natural con parvaquone, en clínicas veterinarias localizadas en la vecindad de Baghdad. De 200 casos admitidos con sospecha de theileriosis, entre julio 1984 y julio 1985, la droga se usó en 45 casos confirmados mediante el examen microscópico de frotis de sangre y biopsias de ganglios linfáticos. Veintisiete de los casos se consideraron moderados y 18 casos severos. Se estimaron los pesos de los animales enfermos, suministrandoles parvaquone vía intramuscular en dosis nominales de 20 mg/kg (rango 16–35 mg/kg). Se utilizó un solo tratamiento con parvaquone en 25 casos clínicos, mediante la aplicación de una sola inyección y se aplicaron dos inyecciones en 20 casos (doble tratamiento), sin que se encontrara correlación alguna entre la severidad de la enfermedad, recuperación y número de tratamientos. Doce casos (27%) recibieron también algún tratamiento antibacteriano. Todos los casos de theileriosis se presentaron en ganado exótico o nacido de ganado exótico (importado) y 64% de los casos ocurrieron en ganado bajo los seis meses de edad. La temperatura bajó inmediatamente después del tratamiento, normalizándose dos o tres días después de tratamiento (bajo 39.5°C). De los 45 casos tratados 43 se recuperaron. Se informa una mortalidad previa de 60% en ganado importado no tratado contra theileriosis en Iraq.

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Efficacite De La Parvaquone Pour Le Traitement De La Theileriose Naturelle Des Bovins En Irak

Résumé La parvaquone a été essayée pour le traitement de bovins infectés parTheileria annulata lorsqu'ils étaient présentés aux cliniques des environs de Bagdad. Sur plus de 200 cas présentés pour suspicion de theilériose entre juillet 1984 et juillet 1985, le médicament a été utilisé dans 45 cas où la theilériose était confirmée par l'examen microscopique du sang et de biopsies de ganglions lymphatiques, 27 cas étaient considérés comme des atteintes modérées et 18 comme des cas graves. Les poids des animaux étaient estimés à l'oeil et la parvaquone administrée par voie intra-musculaire à la dose normale de 20 mg/kg (soit 16 à 35 mg/kg). Un traitement unique à la parvaquone a été pratiqué dans 25 cas et il a du être renouvelé dans 20 cas mais il n'y avait pas corrélation entre la gravité des symptômes et le nombre de traitements requis. Dans 12 cas (27%) une thérapie antibactérienne a également été mise en oeuvre. Tous les malades étaient des animaux importés ou issus d'animaux importés et dans 64% des cas les animaux étaient âgés de moins de 6 mois. Les températures ont chuté immédiatement après le traitement et, pour la plupart, étaient normales (moins de 39°5) deux à trois jours après le traitement—sur 45 animaux traités, 43 ont guéri. Ces résultats apparaissent très favorables par rapport à la mortalité de 66% rapportée antérieurement et affectant les bovins non traités en Irak.