云南马龙县山地封育草地凋落物分解与氮释放的研究

以云南马龙县退化山地草地为研究对象,对封育2年草地的凋落物、土壤水分、凋落物含水率,以及氮素释放进行了研究.结果表明.围栏封育草地凋落物分解速率显著高于未封育草地凋落物分解速率(P<0.05),封育区凋落物增加.起到了一定的保温作用,即可以加速凋落物的分解.同时也减少冬季低温对山地草地的伤害;草地凋落物的干物质分解速率与土壤含水率、凋落物含水率呈显著正相关(r=0.949,P<0.05),封育增加了土壤的含水率,促进了凋落物的分解.总氮的含量与凋落物分解速率成正相关(r=0.995,P<0.05).氨素是调节草地凋落物分解速率的一个重要因素.     

Analysis of Speed Characteristics on 1000 m Trot Training Race in Yili Horse

In order to provide some reference on scientific training and determination of horse trot training race, experiment was conducted on analysis of speed characteristic of Yili horse trot training race. The grade of 7 Yili horses 1000 m trot training race and the speed per 50 m were measured, which was used as a research object and sample, by statistical analysis, correlation analysis, the difference of the linear regression method for quantitative analysis. It was resulted that between subsection speed (2 to 18) and average speed were significantly or extremely significantly correlated (P<0.05;P<0.01), the 9^th subsection speed had the highest relevancy; 6 high correlation subsection speeds were choosed for regression analysis, equation:Y=4.039X₉+2.256X₈－2.653X₁₆－1.361X₅－3.739X₁₃+2.529X₁₉－0.728. The experiment preliminary proved the difference among every subsection speed of 1000 m speed training race and the correlation between subsection speed and average speed, establishing a regression equation of subsection speed and average speed.     

放牧强度对羊草草地植被再生性能的影响

通过小区控制放牧试验,研究了放牧强度对松嫩平原羊草草地再生性能的影响.结果表明,再生期间和放牧强度对羊草草地的再生草量和再生速率的影响均达到了显著水平(P<0.05);地上生物量、再生草量和再生速率存在着明显的季节性,都呈"单峰型"变化,其峰值出现在7-8月,相对再生速率随季节变化呈直线下降趋势.在适度放牧强度(P4)下,再生草量和再生速率都最大,这说明一定程度的放牧能够促进牧草再生;根据牧草相对再生速率随放牧强度增大的变化曲线,可以确定本试验条件下适于牧草生长的最适放牧强度为8～12只/100 m2.     

箭舌豌豆与多花黑麦草混播群落氮素动态研究

在盆栽条件下，对箭舌豌豆＋多花黑麦草不同生育期地上和地下部分生物量，氮素含量，氮素积累速率及箭舌豌豆生物固氮速率，固氮量以及氮在土壤－植物根系－植物地上器官之间的转移动态进行了研究，结果表明：在混播群落中，生长发育前期阶段以箭舌豌豆占绝对优势，后期则黑麦草生长加快，植物地上部氮素积累速率为双峰型，地下根系则为单峰型。混播中箭舌豌豆的固氮速率呈单峰型。     

Individual speed dependency of forelimb lameness in trotting horses

Using a system for motion analysis, linear correlation of speed and forelimb lameness was measured in 16 horses trotting on a treadmill at a minimum of three different trotting speeds. Forelimb lameness was determined as asymmetry of vertical head motion during left and right forelimb stance.In seven horses with a moderate forelimb lameness (head motion asymmetry >40%), lameness increased significantly with trotting speed. In a further seven horses with mild or subclinical forelimb lameness (head motion asymmetry <40%) and in two horses with a moderate forelimb lameness, no significant correlation between speed and motion asymmetry was found.The results indicate that moderate forelimb lameness measured as head motion asymmetry depends on the speed at which the measurements are taken. If head motion asymmetry is measured at two trotting speeds, it can be standardized to any speed within the trotting speed range.     

梅花鹿鹿茸生长速度与睾酮、雌二醇关系的研究

为了进一步阐明鹿茸生长发育机制,以５ 头雄梅花鹿为材料,测定从脱盘到停止生长期间的鹿茸生长速度,血清睾酮,雌二醇含量,并对其进行分析。结果表明,鹿茸从脱盘到生长停止约为１２０ ｄ 。在此期间,所测各值变化显著（ Ｐ＜ ００１） ,在前７５ ｄ ,鹿茸生长速度迅速上升并达高峰,睾酮含量处于平稳期（ Ｐ＞ ００５） ,雌二醇含量在脱盘后１５ ｄ 出现高峰,到７５ ｄ 降到最低,该期应属鹿茸生长期。７５ ｄ 以后,鹿茸生长速度迅速下降,睾酮和雌二醇含量快速上升,该期应属骨化期。此期生长速度与睾酮,雌二醇含量呈负相关（ｒ ＝ ０ ．９） 。     

The Influence of Speed and Height at the Withers on the Kinematics of Sound Horses at the Hand-Led Trot

The influence of speed and height at the withers on some biokinematic stride parameters (linear, temporal and angular) was measured in 15 Spanish Thoroughbreds (Andalusian Purebred) trotted hand-led along a track; analysis was made of the correlation between speed and height at the withers and of some biokinematic parameters of equine locomotion. Both height at the withers and speed were positively and significantly correlated to the linear parameters examined. Temporal parameters did not reveal a significant correlation with the height at the withers. The correlations with the angular parameters were variable, often being significant for both height at withers and speed, although in most cases the coefficient was relatively low, probably owing to the narrow ranges of speed and height at the withers and their low variability. It was concluded that horses at the hand-led trot tend to have low variability in speed during successive trials, although the speed at which they move does have a significant influence on both linear and temporal stride parameters, and also on several angular parameters, while height at the withers has a major effect on linear parameters but less on angular parameters, and does not affect the temporal parameters.     

国内外苜蓿品种主要性状间的灰色关联度分析

为分析苜蓿Medicago sativa主要性状间关系,在连续3年使用常规方法调查与测定国内外数种苜蓿品种主要性状基础上,采用灰色关联度分析方法,对17个苜蓿品种主要性状进行了分析,试验结果表明,在苜蓿主要农艺性状中,对单株产量影响最大的是株高,其次是生长速度、枝条直径,最小的是枝条密度。在苜蓿品质性状与农艺性状间的相互关系上,对品质性状影响较大的农艺性状有生长速度、枝条直径、枝条密度。因此,在高产育种中,应选择植株高大、生长速度较快的类型,在以品质性状为育种目标时,注重对生长速度、枝条直径、枝条密度几个性状的选择与改良。     

The effects of treadmill inclination and speed on the activity of two hindlimb muscles in the trotting horse

Electromyographic activity (EMG) was used to determine how hindlimb muscle activation patterns vary with speed and incline in the horse. EMG was recorded using surface electrodes over the gluteus medius and tensor fasciae latae muscles during treadmill locomotion at trot for different combinations of speed (3.5 to 6 m/s) and inclination (0, 3 and 6%). Raw EMG signals were processed to determine stride duration, activity onset and end, and integrated EMG (IEMG). Stride and stance phase duration decreased linearly with increasing speed. Stride duration was not influenced by the slope. Onset and end of muscle activity came significantly earlier in the stride cycle when speed increased and later when inclination changed from 0 to 6%. The relative duration of the burst (percentage of stride duration) increased as running speed increased, but tended to decrease with increasing slope. The IEMG of the muscles increased with increasing speed and slope, the largest increase being observed in the tensorfasciae latae. It is concluded that both increases in speed and inclination lead to an increase in the integrated electromyographic activity and hence to a higher workload of the 2 hindlimb muscles investigated.     

外来物种红花醡浆草的化感作用研究

化感作用在生物入侵过程中具有重要的意义,但是还没有人对外来物种红花醡浆草的化感作用做过研究。本试验采用人工气候箱培养,初步研究了红花醡浆草对9种植物的化感作用。结果显示,红花醡浆草叶片提取液对9种受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长均有化感作用,不同浓度的提取液对植物的化感作用强度不同,低浓度时较弱,高浓度时较强。对种子发芽率、发芽速率、发芽速度指数、根长、苗高、鲜重和干重均有不同程度的影响,其中发芽速率、发芽速度指数和干重最为敏感,可更好的衡量化感作用的大小。不同植物对红花醡浆草化感作用的敏感程度不同,白三叶、红三叶、马蹄金和高羊茅最为敏感,而紫花苜蓿最不敏感。     

羽速基因对莱芜黑鸡早期生长速度和蛋用性能的影响

试验选用1日龄健康雏鸡,根据羽毛生长速度进行快慢羽分群饲养,研究羽速基因对莱芜黑鸡早期生长速度和蛋用性能的影响,结果表明,羽速基因对早期生长速度有一定的影响,初生重、2、4、7、10周末快羽系鸡体重显著高于慢羽,但对蛋用性能方面影响差异不显著。     

采用LAI-2000植物冠层分析仪观察桑树生长变化及测算桑叶产量

利用LAI-2000植物冠层分析仪对田间生长桑树进行生长过程观察及桑叶产量测定,结果显示:桑树收获条桑后的2个月内,当叶面积指数(LAI)<1.0时桑树的生长非常缓慢,当LAI>1.0之后,桑树的生长速度大大加快,直至LAI达到最大值6.0,LAI值越大桑园透光率(D IFN)越小,但两者不呈简单的线性关系;随着桑树的生长,叶片的倾斜角度基本保持36°~45,°绝大多数集中在42°左右。于桑园LAI不同的3个时期测算的桑叶产量与实际产量相比,误差分别为-8.6%、-8.5%和+1.5%,认为采用该分析仪测算桑叶产量具有方便、快速且无损桑树生长的特点。     

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Ultrasound speed in the metacarpal cortex--a survey of 347 thoroughbreds in training.

Transmission ultrasound speed was determined in the third metacarpal bone of 347 Thoroughbred racehorses in training. In addition to direct measurement of apparent ultrasound speed and lateral bone diameter, several derived parameters were estimated (cortical ultrasound speed, corticomedullary ratio and cortical cross-sectional area). Multiple regression equations were developed for each ultrasound measurement using the explanatory variables: sex, age, duration and intensity of training, preparation number and previous shin soreness. The horses (114 females, 82 entire males and 151 geldings ranging in age from 20 to 116 months) had been in continuous training for an average of 10.0 weeks when measurements were made. All measurements except corticomedullary ratio were influenced by the sex of the horse. Geldings had significantly lower ultrasound transmission speed than entire males and females, reflecting a lower bone density. However, the geldings had larger cross-sectional areas (ie bone size). We suggest that the relationship between low ultrasound speed (ie low bone density) and large cross-sectional area maintains the overall mechanical integrity of the metacarpus. This relationship (high ultrasound speed and low cross-sectional area) was also found in each sex group. Ultrasound speed and corticomedullary ratio, but not cross-sectional area, were affected by age. Both duration and intensity of training influenced the ultrasound speed measurements. This study indicated that sex, age and state of training affect ultrasound results, but this explained only about 30% of the variance in the data. Other factors, ie genetic variation in bone density and size, differences in soft tissue thickness and distal limb temperature, presumably account for most of the variance.     

肝用鹅0~10周龄羽毛生长更换规律研究

为了研究鹅羽毛生长、更换规律,羽毛生长速度与体重的相关性及羽毛生长速度之间的相关性,本试验采用完全随机设计,选取1日龄健康肝用型鹅100只,记录0~10周龄的体重和羽毛长度、宽度,并进行相关性分析。结果表明:0~10周龄,肝用型鹅的羽毛生长经历了绒毛生长脱换期和羽毛生长脱换期。颈毛长、肩毛长、肩毛宽、背毛长、背毛宽、主翼羽长、主翼羽宽、副翼羽长、副翼羽宽、主尾羽长、主尾羽宽、胸毛长和腹毛长生长速度分别在第6、2、4、4、6、5、5、5、5、4、3、4、3周达到最大值,并显著或极显著高于其它各周(P<0.05或P<0.01)。主翼羽长、副翼羽长、主尾羽长与体重极显著正相关(P<0.01);肩毛长、肩毛宽、背毛宽、主尾羽宽与体重极显著负相关(P<0.01);副翼羽宽、腹毛长与体重显著负相关(P<0.05)。肩毛、背毛、主翼羽、副翼羽和主尾羽的长与宽的生长速度之间均为极显著正相关(P<0.01);主翼羽长与背毛、副翼羽、主尾羽和胸毛长生长速度之间均为极显著正相关(P<0.01);肩毛长与主翼羽长、副翼羽长生长速度极显著负相关(P<0.01),与胸毛长、腹毛长生长速度极显著正相关(P<0.01);由此可知:0~10周龄,肝用型鹅的羽毛生长经历了绒毛生长脱换、绒毛羽毛共存、羽毛生长3个阶段;羽毛生长先后的顺序为:肩毛、主尾羽、副翼羽、主翼羽、背毛、颈毛;鹅羽毛生长速度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且与体重显著相关。     

Biomechanics in young and adult italian standardbred trotter horses in real racing conditions

This study was undertaken to characterize and establish the kinematic standards of Italian standardbred trotter horses in real racing conditions. Certain parameters, such as the angles of both front and hind fetlock joints, stride length, stride frequency and average speed in youngs and adults are presented, examinated and compared with statistical tests. The angles and stride length were obtained using ONTRACK software over frames extracted from two CANON MV630i digital videocameras. For the stride frequency, a third identical videocamera filmed the horses to count the number of beats per minute. The average speed was calculated by multiplying the stride frequency by the stride length and transforming the result into kilometers per hour. The data reveal that as speed increases, younger horses have more extended fetlock joints than adults. Contrary to this, at the maximum speed (hereafter referred to as sprint speed) the adults increase both their stride frequency and stride length, while young horses increase stride frequency and decrease stride length. We think that the knowledge of these parameters in competition breeds could have potential relevance as they may reveal early indicators of the development of proper and adequate characteristics in young horses of those breeds.     

Analysis of the motility of bull sperm in fresh ejaculates using computer technology]

The activity of spermatozoa was measured in the fresh non-diluted ejaculates of 10 breeding bulls, using the HTM motility analyzer version 7. The average path speed was 83.6 microns.s-1, the average progressive speed was 48.2 microns.s-1 and the average straightness of the movement path was 58%. The spermatozoa were classified and it was found that most frequently they moved at a path speed of 60-80 microns.s-1 (28.2%) and at a progressive speed of 20-40 microns.s-1 (33.2%). The path straightness classes above 40% included evenly distributed numbers of spermatozoa; in classes with a less than 40% straightness the numbers of spermatozoa were much smaller. These data are characteristic of fresh undiluted bull ejaculates, suitable for artificial insemination.     

野生植物婆婆纳的坪用性状

对野生婆婆纳的绿期、盖度、生长速度、分枝数、地上生物量以及人工移栽成活率等的研究发现:婆婆纳具有绿期长,人工移栽成活率高,水平生长速度快等优点,是一种极具发展潜力的草坪资源。     

修剪对高尔夫果岭坪表面光滑度的影响

于１９９７年３月１５日至５月１日，在西安亚建高尔夫球场西半场练习果龄上，运用美国高尔夫协会（ＵＳＧＡ）发明的果岭测速仪，在４种不同留茬高度（１０、８、７、６ｍｍ）下，从东、西、南、北４个方向上测定球速，以此来研究在一定草坪生长期内各种因素对草坪表面光滑程度的影响。认为，修剪高度在６－７ｍｍ高度时，测定球在果岭表面滚动距离与标准比赛要求接近，可满足高尔夫球场正常营业的要求。     

影响苜蓿自然干燥的主要环境因子研究北大核心CSCD

为深入解析影响优质苜蓿干草生产的关键环境因子,为我国北方地区生产优质苜蓿干草提供理论依据和技术支持。通过测定紫花苜蓿不同收获期(不同茬次、不同花期)的干燥速率、叶绿素含量、主要营养成分(粗蛋白,CP;中性洗涤纤维,NDF;酸性洗涤纤维,ADF;相对饲用价值,RFV)等指标筛选苜蓿自然干燥的最佳环境条件,并通过各项指标与环境因子的相关性,明确影响苜蓿自然晾晒的主要环境因子。结果表明:1)苜蓿自然晾晒中,影响苜蓿干燥速率的主要环境因素是:太阳辐射强度、气温、空气湿度和风速;影响苜蓿叶绿素含量的主要环境因素是:太阳辐射强度、气温和风速;影响苜蓿CP、NDF、ADF及RFV等营养指标的主要环境因素是:气温、空气湿度和风速,其中温度、风速对CP的影响极显著,空气湿度对NDF、ADF及RFV的影响极显著。综合衡量,影响苜蓿干燥的主要环境因素是气温、空气湿度、太阳辐射强度以及风速。2)通过对各收获期苜蓿干燥速率、叶绿素含量及主要营养物质含量的综合分析,在与试验地气候条件相似地区,苜蓿自然干燥的最佳环境条件是:温度日均值26.29~27.95℃,空气湿度日均值34.74%~36.71%,太阳辐射强度日均值268.36~422.33 W·m^(-2),风速日均值1.59~1.82 km·h^(-1)。