鲁北黄胫小车蝗生物学特性及发生规律的初步观察

黄胫小车蝗(Oedaleas infernalis Saussure)是鲁北地区的重要蝗种.2005～2008年通过大田调查与笼内饲养相结合的方法,对黄胫小车蝗的生物学特性及发生规律进行了初步调查研究.结果表明,黄胫小车蝗在鲁北地区1年发生2代,以卵在土中越冬,蝗蝻5龄.初步了解了该虫的年生活史、历期、生活习性及其发生影响因素,进而提出了综合防治策略.     

鲁北花胫绿纹蝗发生规律的初步研究

花胫绿纹蝗[Aiolotopus tamulus(Fabrieius)]是鲁北地区的重要害虫.为明确其发生规律.于2005～2008年通过大田调查与笼内饲养相结合的方法,对该害虫进行了初步调查研究.结果表明,该害虫在鲁北地区1年发生2代.以卵在土中越冬.蝗蝻5龄.同时,对该害虫的年生活史、历期、生活习性、影响因素进行了详述.进而提出了防治策略.     

中华稻蝗测报调查及预测方法

中华稻蝗犤Oxyachinensis(Thunberg)犦是汉中稻区主要害虫之一,但一直没有可以参考的监测预报方法,造成了对该虫的监测资料的积累、汇总及发生趋势的预测预报困难。为此,笔者从1997年起,在总结20世纪80年代以来对中华稻蝗发生规律调查研究结果犤1～3犦及测报实践的基础上,初步制定了中华稻蝗监测调查及预测预报方法,经汉中市各县区植保部门近年的应用和不断完善,反映效果较好,能及时准确地发布预报,指导大田防治。1调查内容和方法1.1越冬卵块密度调查于中华稻蝗终见期后(10月中、下旬)进行。选不同生态条件的区域各2～3个,每区域在田埂沟渠…     

鲁北沿海蝗区蜘蛛类群消长规律与环境条件关系初探

鲁北沿海蝗区是东亚飞蝗的重点发生区.由于蝗区地广人稀,受人干扰较少.是比较稳定的生态系统,较易利用系统内天敌(蜘蛛类群是蝗蝻的主要天敌,对1～3龄蝗蝻有较好的控制作用)对蝗虫进行生态控制.通过对山东省无棣县治蝗站1992～2007年东亚飞蝗的拉网式普查及对捕食蝗蝻的蜘蛛类群进行的初步调查资料,结合无棣县气象局相同时段所观测气象资料中的温度、湿度、降水等进行统计分析,从而初步探讨蜘蛛类群的消长规律.并初步具体分析了蜘蛛类群中优势种--星豹蛛的发生规律与温度的关系,为预测其发生提供依据.     

鲁北地区东亚飞蝗天敌保护利用配套技术

在鲁北蝗区调查发现东亚飞蝗天敌有81种(隶属5个纲14目),对飞蝗的发生起着重要抑制作用.通过研究分析,提出了保护利用天敌的策略,并因地制宜提出3个方面共11项具体措施.     

浅议环境因素对豫北东亚飞蝗发生的影响

东亚飞蝗[Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen)]在豫北地区1年发生2代.通过多年来的综合治理,内涝蝗区基本得到根治.近年来,由于部分蝗区耕作粗放,杂草丛生,有利蝗虫的孳生繁殖.为避免蝗虫趋重发生为害,笔者根据调查情况,结合分析历史资料,就温度、雨水等环境因素对东亚飞蝗发生的影响进行了探索及整理,现介绍如下.希望能对相关地区东亚飞蝗的监测预警和防控提供参考.     

沂蒙山区土蝗种群垂直分布及优势种发生动态调查

作者于1989—1993年进行调查,在219.5万亩范围的2.8万个样点上,采集上蝗成虫3万多头,根据调查资料分析,提出沂蒙山区海拔50—200米湖洼地,200—250米平原,和250—500米山丘3种地带各自的土蝗种类,并提出笨蝗、大垫尖翅蝗、花胫绿纹蝗,短额负蝗、中华稻蝗和长翅黑背蝗为全区常发性伏势种群,并对主要种群的地理分布特点进行了分析。     

山西省中华稻蝗天敌记述

中华稻蝗（Ｏｘｙａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）是山西省稻田蝗虫的优势种。１９８８～１９９３年，我们通过田间调查和室内饲养得知，中华稻蝗各虫态均有天敌侵害，天敌种类计十余种，以食卵（寄生、捕食）者对稻蝗抑制作用明显。天敌种群数量及对中华稻蝗抑制作用因年际间变幅...     

青海省和内蒙古草原蝗虫痘病毒自然资源调查

为了解我国草原蝗虫中昆虫痘病毒的自然分布情况,于2018年、2019年和2021年在青海省环青海湖地区和内蒙古自治区太仆寺旗共采集8种优势蝗虫,通过镜检手段、巢式PCR技术以及蔗糖梯度离心法鉴定、检测并提取昆虫痘病毒,并测定其对宿主的致死效果。结果表明,在青海省分布的白纹雏蝗Chorthippus albonemus、狭翅雏蝗Chorthippus dubius和在内蒙古自治区分布的毛足棒角蝗Dasyhippus barbipes、锡林蛛蝗Aeropedellus xilinensis四种蝗虫中检测到昆虫痘病毒,自然感染率在5.19%~34.65%之间;其中在毛足棒角蝗种群中检测到的昆虫痘病毒自然感染率最高,为34.65%;其次是采集自同一地区的锡林蛛蝗,昆虫痘病毒自然感染率为20.00%;青海省分布的狭翅雏蝗和白纹雏蝗种群中昆虫痘病毒自然感染率较低。从毛足棒角蝗中分离出有较高致病性的昆虫痘病毒,饲喂该病毒处理小麦叶片后10 d毛足棒角蝗4龄若虫的存活率低于10.00%,表明该病毒具有开发为蝗虫生物防治制剂的潜力。     

中华稻蝗的防治技术

中华稻蝗的防治技术中华稻蝗是我区水稻的重要害虫之一，一般每平方米有虫２０～３０头，严重的高达８０头以上，暴发年造成损失严重。为确保水稻高产稳产，我们对中华稻蝗发生规律及防治技术进行了研究，所得结果已在生产中发挥了较好的作用。现将情况交流如下。１发生经...     

深绿木霉蛋白质TraT2A诱导兰州百合抗灰霉病的作用

采用生长速率法和活体试验法分别测定了深绿木霉Trichoderma atroviride蛋白质Tra T2A对兰州百合灰霉菌的抑制作用和诱导抗病效果及持效期。结果表明TraT2A高浓度(5×液)具有较高的抑制作用,抑制率为47.44%,低浓度(100×液)具有较高的诱导抗病作用,其诱导效果可达55.89%;TraT2A 100×液处理兰州百合植株3 d后挑战接种灰霉菌,分别于0、1、3和5 d对兰州百合叶片中的PAL、PPO、POD和SOD酶活性及丙二醛、叶绿素含量变化进行了测定。发现TraT2A诱导处理后可提高百合叶片中与抗病性相关的防御酶PAL、PPO、POD、SOD活性和叶绿素含量,降低丙二醛的含量;在接种后1、3和5 d时,4种酶活性和叶绿素含量显著高于对照,丙二醛含量则低于对照,4种酶活性在第5 d时均达到最大值,PAL、PPO、POD和SOD分别是对照的1.47、2.28、1.36和1.49倍;在接种后1、3和5 d时,叶绿素含量分别比对照高10.13、12.05和6.05 mg/g;丙二醛含量仅为对照的0.68、0.40和0.51倍;TraT2A防治百合灰霉病的持效期为7 d,高于阿泰灵和速克灵的持效期。     

Activity of the Antifungal Protein from Aspergillus giganteus Against Botrytis cinerea

ABSTRACT Botrytis blight (gray mold), caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most widely distributed diseases of ornamental plants. In geranium plants, gray mold is responsible for important losses in production. The mold Aspergillus giganteus is known to produce and secrete a basic low-molecular-weight protein, the antifungal protein (AFP). Here, the antifungal properties of the Aspergillus AFP against various B. cinerea isolates obtained from naturally infected geranium plants were investigated. AFP strongly inhibited mycelial growth as well as conidial germination of B. cinerea. Microscopic observations of fungal cultures treated with AFP revealed reduced hyphal elongation and swollen hyphal tips. Washout experiments in which B. cinerea was incubated with AFP for different periods of time and then washed away revealed a fungicidal activity of AFP. Application of AFP on geranium plants protected leaves against Botrytis infection. Cecropin A also was active against this pathogen. An additive effect against the fungus was observed when AFP was combined with cecropin A. These results are discussed in relation to the potential of the afp gene to enhance crop protection against B. cinerea diseases.     

利用RNAi分析松材线虫ncr基因功能

由松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)侵染引起的松材线虫病是松属植物的重要病害之一,其繁殖和传播速度快,防治困难。RNAi技术是目前研究植物寄生线虫基因功能的重要手段。本文利用农杆菌介导灰葡萄孢菌表达松材线虫ncr基因的dsRNA(PDH-RH-NCR),并连续多代喂饲松材线虫使ncr基因表达稳定下调后分析其表型。结果表明,在转有PDH-RH-NCR的灰葡萄孢菌上连续培养10代的松材线虫,ncr基因表达量显著下调13倍。ncr基因表达下调后,线虫发育缓慢,繁殖力也显著降低;处理4 d后发育成成虫的百分率为61.75%,显著低于PDH-RH-s GFP(89.75%)和空载体(88.75%)处理;而9 d的繁殖量则较PDH-RH-s GFP和空载体处理分别少2 314和2 347条。松材线虫ncr基因表达下调后,4龄幼虫平均寿命(20.9 d)和体内脂肪量(1.340 nmol)则显著高于PDH-RH-s GFP(15.5 d,0.336 nmol)和空载体(15.2 d,0.323 nmol)处理。通过喂饲法RNAi发现松材线虫ncr基因可能与松材线虫的发育速度、繁殖量、寿命、脂肪积累等表型相关。     

A Laboratory Simulation for Vectoring of Trichosporon pullulans by Conidia of Botrytis cinerea

ABSTRACT A mechanism that could contribute to the suppression of Botrytis cinerea during pathogen sporulation was examined in this study. Yeasts capable of binding to B. cinerea were formulated with a cellulose carrier and applied to sporulating colonies of the pathogen. The particles from this yeast/cellulose product attached to B. cinerea conidia in the sporulating colony. Inoculum from treated colonies was harvested and applied to tomato stem tissue to test for subsequent pathogenicity. Disease development from inoculum obtained from cultures that had been treated with Trichosporon pullulans was significantly retarded (P = 0.0001) compared with cellulose-only controls. However, between 5 and 11% of conidia applied were attached to yeast cells. The removal of conidia not attached to yeast resulted in inoculum composed of >90% of conidia attached to yeast, and from this inoculum, disease development was significantly retarded (P < 0.05). When inoculum from treated B. cinerea colonies was applied to nutrient limiting agar and then incubated, the B. cinerea conidia germinated, and yeast cells infested the new hyphal growth. Constraints of the formulation of the yeast used in this study, and the implications of this vectoring approach for the suppression of B. cinerea during pathogen sporulation are discussed.     

Use of Selenate-Resistant Strains as Markers for the Spread and Survival of Botrytis cinerea Under Greenhouse Conditions

ABSTRACT Botrytis cinerea marked strains combining traits of fungicide resistance or sensitivity (carbendazim, iprodione) with resistance to selenate were created and assessed for use in studying the dispersal of B. cinerea and its survival inside plant tissue under greenhouse conditions. Marked strains differed in their ability to cause lesions and to disperse in the greenhouse. A strain that was the most aggressive in infecting plants was also the most successful in spreading across the greenhouse. Following 7 to 14 days of exposure to marked inoculum, about 90% of plants showed quiescent B. cinerea infection with no significant difference between hosts or seasons. However, in a warm season, most of the plants were infected with wild-type B. cinerea, whereas most of the winter-recovered B. cinerea strains were of the marked phenotype, showing the importance of local inoculum from within the glasshouse in winter. The air of the greenhouse contained the same population of marked B. cinerea in warm and in cold periods, whereas the total population was significantly higher in summer. In the warm season, mycelium of B. cinerea inside plant debris lost viability within 3 to 4 months, whereas it stayed viable for 4 months in the winter (December to March) and started to lose viability in April.     

Possible Role of Colonization and Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Differential Ability of Three Ulocladium atrum Strains to Control Botrytis cinerea on Necrotic Strawberry Leaves

ABSTRACT Ulocladium atrum (strain 385) consistently reduced Botrytis cinerea sporulation on necrotic fragments of strawberry leaves. On these tissues, two strains of U. atrum (isolates 18558 and 18559) showed lower antagonistic activities than the reference strain 385. Colonization of strawberry leaflets by the three U. atrum strains appeared similar in the absence of B. cinerea, whether quantified by chitin or immunological assays. The second method (based on anti-U. atrum antibodies) revealed that strawberry leaflet colonization by U. atrum 385 was better than by the other U. atrum strains in the presence of B. cinerea. An immunoassay using anti-B. cinerea antibodies revealed that the colonization of B. cinerea in tissues was lower in the presence of U. atrum 385 than with the two other U. atrum strains. The enzymatic activities produced by U. atrum 385 during the colonization phases of necrotic tissues were compared to B. cinerea and U. atrum strains 18558 and 18559. U. atrum 385 had the highest lipase, pectate lyase, and cellobiase activities while B. cinerea had the highest endo-beta-1,4-glucanase activity. The study of lytic activities hydrolyzing the fungal cell wall revealed higher beta-1,3-glucanase activity with U. atrum 385, which was stimulated by B. cinerea on necrotic strawberry leaflets. These results suggest that plant and fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes produced by U. atrum 385 may play a complementary role in the competitive colonization of dead strawberry leaves against B. cinerea.     

Development of a polyclonal antibody-based immunoassay for the early detection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in rapeseed petals

A serological test has been developed that allows the early detection of infection of young petals by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , an important pathogen of rapeseed. Two steps were required to obtain an antiserum sufficiently specific for S. sclerotiorum. Soluble mycelial extracts of S. sclerotiorum were used to produce the first generation polyclonal antiserum. This was not specific for S. sclerotiorum in double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) and allowed the screening of cross-reacting fungal species such as Botrytis cinerea , a pathogen commonly present on rapeseed petals. Using a polyclonal anti- B. cinerea serum enabled the absorption, by serial cycles, of S. sclerotiorum antigens common to B. cinerea. Residual antigens were then used as immunogens for the production of two second generation antisera (S1 and S2) which were then tested by DAS-ELISA. Cross-reactions with B. cinerea decreased with purification cycles of the immunogen whereas Cross-reactions with some unrelated fungi slightly increased. S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea were distinguishable using antiserum S2.     

Postharvest Biological Control of Botrytis cinerea on Kiwifruit by Volatiles of [Isabella] Grapes

ABSTRACT The potential of volatile substances emitted by 'Isabella' grapes (Vitis labrusca) to control gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) on 'Hayward' kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) was studied. The closed Mariotte system was used as a bioassay method to analyze quantitatively the biological action of these volatiles on B. cinerea growth. In vivo experiments compared the effects of volatiles from 'Isabella' grapes versus volatiles from 'Roditis' grapes (V. vinifera) and a B. cinerea control on the growth and disease development of B. cinerea on kiwifruit. The effect of the volatiles on the growth of B. cinerea was tested at various temperatures and times of inoculation after the wounding of kiwifruit, as well as using various weights and developmental stages of the grapes. The 'Isabella' volatiles limited the incidence of infection by reducing both the inoculum density and the activity of the pathogen. The weight and developmental stage of the grapes were important in the degree of inhibitory action of the 'Isabella' volatiles. The inhibitory action was more pronounced at 21 degrees C irrespective of the inoculation time after wounding. The study shows the potential for successful biological control of B. cinerea on kiwifruit by volatiles from 'Isabella' grapes.     

The Use of a Radioimmunosorbent Assay for Botrytis cinerea1

A radioimmunosorbent assay was developed for Botrytis cinerea which can be used to detect as little as 100 ng of Botrytis mycelium (dry weight). Of 22 fungi tested in the assay, all significant reaction was restricted to members of the Sclerotiniaceae. No reaction was obtained with representative isolates of Aspergillus, Alternaria or Peiticillium. Other Botrytis species gave the most reaction relative to B. cinerea. and related genera such as Monilinia and Sclerotinia yielded small reactions. The assay can be used to detect fi. cinerea infection of grape berries when as little as 0.1 % of homogenate from infected fruit is mixed with homogenate from sound fruit to simulate a minor infection. The assay of free run juice from various lots of grapes was highly correlated with visual assessments of infection in the field. Pursuant to various theories concerning bloom time infection, the assay was used to analyse the B. cinerea content of immature berry tips and floral debris; however, no evidence of such colonization was obtained.     

N-(2,4,5-三氯苯基)-2-氧代环己烷基磺酰胺对灰葡萄孢的抑制作用

研究了新型环烷基磺酰胺类化合物N-(2,4,5-三氯苯基)-2-氧代环己烷基磺酰胺(简称化合物108)对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长、孢子形成和萌发以及菌核产生等不同生育阶段的抑制作用及其对菌丝致病力和形态结构的影响。结果表明:化合物108对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长和孢子形成及孢子萌发具有明显的抑制作用,其EC50值分别为6.90、4.70和4.11μg/mL;菌核形成受到明显抑制,当药剂质量浓度达20μg/mL时,无菌核产生。经化合物108处理后的灰葡萄孢菌丝致病力下降,40μg/mL处理的菌丝致病力显著低于对照。超微结构观察结果表明,化合物108能导致灰葡萄孢菌丝萎缩、塌陷和变形,菌体细胞壁增厚、皱缩及分层。