长期施肥下红壤旱地的固碳效率

红壤旱地的有机碳含量普遍较低,通过外源添加有机肥是增加土壤有机碳含量的重要手段。本研究以红壤旱地长期肥料试验为基础,研究了不同施肥处理的土壤有机碳含量和储量的变化规律,并进一步探讨碳投入与玉米产量及土壤碳储量的量化关系。结果表明:施用有机肥可以大幅提升红壤旱地的有机碳含量,氮磷钾+有机肥(NPKM)和有机肥(OM)处理在27年间的增加速率分别为0.08 g/(kg·a)和0.06 g/(kg·a),有机碳储量的增加速率分别为0.24t/(hm~2·a)和0.16 t/(hm~2·a);与不施肥(CK)处理相比,NPKM和OM处理的土壤有机碳含量分别增加了51.5%和42.0%,有机碳储量则分别增加57.1%和45.7%。进一步分析表明,有机碳投入量与土壤有机碳储量变化速率之间存在显著的正相关关系(R~2=0.971 5,P0.001),且线性拟合方程(y=–0.158+0.086x)表明,双季玉米种植下红壤旱地的固碳效率为8.6%,当有机碳投入量为1.84 t/(hm~2·a)时,红壤旱地的有机碳储量保持平衡。因此,施用有机肥是提高红壤旱地有机碳储量的有效途径,固碳效率和土壤有机碳平衡点则可以有效指导红壤旱地有机肥的管理措施。     

长期施肥红壤性稻田和旱地土壤有机碳积累差异

  【目的】  提高土壤有机碳水平对提升农田生产力有重要意义。基于长期定位施肥试验,比较施肥影响下相同成土母质发育的红壤性稻田和旱地土壤的总有机碳 (TOC) 及其组分的积累差异,以深入理解红壤有机碳的固持及稳定机制。  【方法】  稻田和旱地长期施肥试验分别始于1981和1986年,包含CK (不施肥对照)、NPK (施氮磷钾化肥) 和NPKM (有机无机肥配施) 3个处理,在2017年晚稻和晚玉米收获后,采集两个试验上述处理的耕层 (0—20 cm) 土样,通过硫酸水解法分离土壤活性与惰性有机碳,测定并计算土壤中TOC及其组分的含量及储量,并利用Jenny模型拟合试验期间耕层土壤TOC含量的变化动态,估算土壤固碳潜力。  【结果】  与CK相比,长期施肥可提高稻田和旱地土壤各有机碳组分的含量,且NPKM处理的效果优于NPK处理。相比于稻田土壤,施肥对旱地土壤各有机碳组分含量的提升更加明显。NPK和NPKM处理下,旱地土壤活性有机碳组分Ⅰ、活性有机碳组分Ⅱ、惰性有机碳含量的增幅分别是稻田土壤的2.7、2.7、5.8倍和2.0、1.4和2.5倍。不论施肥与否,稻田土壤TOC的固存量和固存潜力均显著高于旱地土壤。施肥促进土壤固碳,在稻田和旱地土壤上,NPKM处理的TOC固存量分别是NPK处理的1.7和25.5倍,TOC固存潜力则分别是NPK处理的1.4和5.8倍。长期不同施肥均显著提高稻田和旱地土壤年均碳投入量,线性拟合方程表明,随碳投入量增加,土壤活性有机碳储量的累积对稻田、旱地土壤TOC储量累积的贡献率分别达64.7%、44.6%。不同处理间稻田与旱地土壤活性有机碳 (包括活性有机碳组分Ⅰ与活性有机碳组分Ⅱ) 含量的差异可解释其TOC含量差异的52.9%～60.0%。  【结论】  与施氮磷钾化肥相比,有机无机肥配施可更好的促进土壤固碳,且在旱地土壤上的促进作用比在稻田土壤上更为明显。与稻田土壤相比,旱地土壤各有机碳组分含量的变化对长期施肥的响应更敏感,且在施氮磷钾化肥条件下表现更为明显。红壤性稻田和旱地土壤TOC积累的主要贡献组分分别为活性有机碳和惰性有机碳。红壤植稻虽有利于有机碳固持,但红壤性稻田土壤的活性碳占比较高,可能易因不当管理而发生损失。     

长期不同施肥措施下黑土有机碳的固存效应

利用开始于1979年的黑土长期定位试验,研究长期不同施肥措施下土壤有机碳含量演变特征、固碳效应及外源碳输入对土壤固碳的贡献。结果表明:长期单施化肥土壤有机碳含量较试验前下降了11.6%~16.1%,有机肥与化肥配施土壤有机碳含量呈上升趋势,常量有机肥化肥配施(MNP、MNPK)土壤有机碳含量分别上升了6.5%和8.4%,二倍量有机肥化肥配施(M2N2、M2N2P2)土壤有机碳含量分别上升了7.7%和11.6%。不施肥和施化肥土壤有机碳储量呈现亏缺,亏缺量在3.5~6.1t/hm2。有机肥与化肥配施土壤有机碳储量表现为盈余,M2N2P2处理盈余量最高,达到1.9t/hm2。年均有机碳投入量与土壤固碳速率呈显著的线性正相关,表明黑土仍具有一定的固碳潜力。黑土碳投入的转化效率为34.1%,若要维持黑土有机碳库平衡,则每年至少投入1.416t/hm2有机碳。可见,在黑土区增加土壤碳投入(有机肥)仍然是最有效的土壤固碳措施。     

长期施肥红壤矿物颗粒结合有机碳储量及其固定速率

采用物理分组方法分析了长期不同施肥模式下红壤耕层（0—20cm）不同大小矿物颗粒结合态有机碳储量差异及其固定速率。结果表明,与不施肥相比,长期施肥均显著增加了耕层土壤砂粒、粗粉粒、细粉粒及粗黏粒结合有机碳的储量,且以配施有机肥（M、NPKM和1．5NPKM）效果最显著,固碳速率分别达到0．13-0．24、0．19-0．23、0．05-0．16及0．12～0．36Mg·hm^-2．a^-1;施化肥（NPK、NP、N）和秸秆还田（NPKS）有利于增加细黏粒有机碳储量,且固碳速率高于配施有机肥,分别达到0．08～0．13和0．11Mg·hm^-2·a^-1。17a有机肥配施有利于增加固存于粗粉粒（30．5％）和粗黏粒（30．7％）中的有机碳;而秸秆还田（NPKS）和化肥施用下,有利于增加固存于粗粉粒（32．9％）和细黏粒（42．9％）中的有机碳,说明无论化肥配施还是有机无机配施,红壤粗粉粒是固定新增有机碳的主要组分,而长期配施有机肥是提升红壤各级颗粒有机碳库的较好施肥模式。     

长期施肥下红壤有机碳及其颗粒组分对不同施肥模式的响应

采集不同施肥24年的红壤,采用物理分组的方法,观测了长期不同施肥下红壤有机碳及其组分变化,并结合历史资料分析了不同施肥模式对红壤有机碳及其颗粒组分的影响。结果表明,化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）处理下红壤总有机碳含量（10.33 g/kg）,砂粒（2000～53 m）、细粉粒（5～2 m）和粘粒（2 m）组分中的有机碳含量显著高于其他处理。与不施肥（CK）相比,施用化肥（NPK、2NPK）和有机肥（NPKM、M）显著地提高了红壤有机碳在砂粒和粘粒中的分配比例,而降低了其在粗粉粒和细粉粒的分配比例。施化肥（NPK、2NPK）、单施有机肥（M）、化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）处理,土壤有机碳的平均固定速率分别为0.05 t/(hm2?a)、0.18 t/(hm2?a)、0.26 t/(hm2?a)。相关分析表明,不同施肥模式下红壤有机碳的固定量与碳投入量之间存在着极显著的线性相关关系（R2=0.909, P0.01）,土壤的固碳效率为8.1%;随着碳投入的增加,粗粉粒和细粉粒有机碳储量逐渐下降,而砂粒和粘粒中碳储量逐渐增加,并且粘粒增加速率要远远高于砂粒。以上结果说明,红壤中有机碳还没有达到饱和,还具有一定的固碳潜力,增加的有机碳主要固持在粘粒中,粘粒是红壤有机碳的主要固持组分。     

不同施肥处理对设施土壤团聚体内颗粒有机碳含量的影响

以 19 年的设施蔬菜栽培长期定位试验土壤为材料,采用团聚体和土壤有机 C 物理分组方法,研究了长期不同施肥处理对团聚体内颗粒有机 C(POM C)含量变化的影响.结果表明,长期施肥使＜53 μm 团聚体向微团聚体和大团聚体转化,有利于 POM C 的富集.长期施用有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理的土壤大团聚体内微团聚体之间的粗 POM 和单施无机肥处理的粗 POM 平均 C 含量要比不施肥处理高 6.97 倍和 4.8 倍.施肥对细 POM C 含量的影响没有明显规律,但土壤细 POM C 的含量远远大于粗 POM C.长期施用有机肥料或配施无机肥(除 AN 处理外)还提高了大团聚体包裹的微团聚体内(intra-mM)的和游离微团聚体内的(free intra-m)POM C 含量,而无机肥的施用却导致了二者 C 含量下降 22.5% ～ 21.1%.     

长期不同施肥方式下土壤有机碳的垂直分布及碳储量

为了研究施肥对土壤有机碳含量的影响,在湖北省农业科学院南湖实验站进行了25年不同施肥方式的长期定位试验。研究结果表明:与对照相比,除单施氮肥与单施有机肥外,其他施肥方式均提高了0～20cm土壤有机碳含量与碳储量;与对照及单施化肥相比,有机肥配施化肥均提高了0～20cm及0～100cm土壤有机碳含量与碳储量。单施化肥与单施有机肥对各土层土壤有机碳含量影响较小,且土壤有机碳累积少;而化肥配施有机肥提高了0～20cm与20～40cm土壤有机碳含量与碳储量。除对照及氮磷钾肥配施过量有机肥处理外,其他处理土壤全氮与有机碳含量间具有显著相关性。有机肥与化肥配合施用是提高农田土壤有机碳,增加土壤碳储量的有效方法。     

长期施肥对土壤活性有机碳指标的影响

以棕壤长期肥料定位试验地土壤为试材,研究和对比了不同施肥处理耕层土壤各项活性有机碳指标对长期施肥的响应。研究结果表明,长期施用化肥、有机肥以及有机肥配施化肥均显著改变了土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量。与此同时,土壤的轻组有机碳(LFOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量亦对长期施肥产生与TOC基本一致的响应。相关分析结果表明,土壤的LFOC、ROC和MBC可以作为长期施肥对土壤TOC影响的评价指标,且三者的指示灵敏度依次为MBC>LFOC>ROC。     

长期不同施肥模式下砂姜黑土的固碳效应分析

以安徽淮北32 a的定位试验为平台,运用土壤等质量方法对土壤耕层的固碳效应进行了研究。结果表明,较不施肥和单施化肥,施用有机肥显著降低了表层土壤容重。长期施用有机肥和单施化肥均对提高土壤有机质和活性有机质含量有显著作用,但以高量有机肥和化肥配施的效果最明显。土壤碳库管理指数以有机肥和化肥配施的效果显著,而长期单施化肥降低了土壤碳库管理指数,表明化肥长期施用下土壤肥力下降。0~20 cm土层的有机碳储量有机肥化肥配施的最高,其次为单施有机肥、单施化肥,不施肥最低。有机肥有助于提高土壤质量,且有机肥和化学氮肥分别以高于N262.5 kg hm-2 a-1配施的效果最佳。     

不同施肥模式下褐土的有机碳组分及碳固存效应变化

【目的】基于长期定位试验,研究长期有机无机肥配施下褐土有机碳含量及其组分构成的演变特征,以深入了解有机肥对土壤碳固存能力的影响机制,为通过科学养分管理实现褐土生态环境稳定和提高生产力提供理论依据。【方法】有机无机肥配施试验于1992年在山西寿阳旱地农业生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站进行,种植制度为一年一季玉米。试验采用氮、磷、有机肥三因素四水平正交设计,共18个处理,本研究选择其中的9个处理：N₀P₀M₀、N₁P₁M₀、N₂P₂M₀、N₃P₃M₀、N₄P₄M₀、N₂P₁M₁、N₃P₂M₃、N₄P₂     

施用有机肥煤矿复垦耕地有机碳的固持效率及组分变化

  [【目的】]  研究长期施用不同量有机肥下复垦耕地总有机碳 (SOC) 及其各组分的固碳效率变化,为煤矿区复垦土壤肥力快速提升提供理论依据。  [【方法】]  山西煤矿塌陷区复垦长期定位试验始于2008年,设置不施肥(CK)、施用化肥(F)、化肥配施低量有机肥(LMF)和化肥配施高量有机肥(HMF) 4个处理。2019年玉米收获前,采集0—20 cm土层土壤样品,采用物理?化学联合分组方法,测定土壤总有机碳(SOC)及各组分有机碳含量,分析碳投入与土壤总有机碳及各组分有机碳含量之间的关系。  [【结果】]  复垦11年后,与CK相比,F、LMF和HMF处理SOC含量分别显著增加了23.8%、39.6%和82.1% (P<0.05),固碳速率分别达到 0.57、0.83和1.28 t/(hm2·a)。复垦土壤的固碳效率为20.9%,游离态颗粒有机碳组分的固碳效率最大(9.0%),是土壤固碳的主要形式。与CK相比,F处理的土壤游离态颗粒有机碳、化学保护粘粒组有机碳和生物化学保护粘粒组有机碳储量分别提高37.1%、52.3%和93.5%,而LMF和HMF处理提高了土壤游离态粗颗粒有机碳组分、物理保护有机碳、化学保护粉粒组和粘粒组有机碳及生物化学保护粘粒组有机碳储量。与CK相比,HMF处理对上述各组分的提升幅度分别为66.1%、179.6%、59.7%、48.6%及63.0%;与LMF处理相比,HMF处理对各组分的提升幅度分别为19.6%、32.1%、28.5%、5.3%和7.3%。与CK和F处理相比, LMF和HMF处理显著提高了土壤物理保护有机碳在总有机碳中的分配比例。复垦土壤有机碳年均固定量均与年均碳投入量之间极显著正相关,复垦土壤各组分有机碳年均固定量与年均碳投入量之间极显著正相关(P<0.01)。  [【结论】]  复垦土壤有机碳年均固定量与碳投入量之间极显著正相关,在复垦11年后,复垦土壤仍有很大的固碳潜力,固存的有机碳主要以游离态颗粒有机碳为主。施用高量有机肥是快速恢复煤矿区复垦土壤有机碳含量的有效措施。     

Contrast effect of long-term fertilization on SOC and SIC stocks and distribution in different soil particle-size fractions

Purpose

The objectives of the study were (1) to quantify the long-term effects of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer (NP) and a combination of nitrogen-phosphorus with organic manure (NPM) on total soil organic carbon (SOC) and total soil inorganic carbon (SIC), (2) to identify the changes of SOC and SIC in soil particle-size fractions, and (3) to investigate the relationship between SOC and SIC.

Materials and methods

Two long-term field experiments (sites A and B) were performed in 1984 (site A) and 1979 (site B) in the North China Plain. The soil samples were collected in 2006 and separated for clay, silt and sand size particle fractions and then determined for SOC and SIC.

Results and discussion

The long-term fertilization significantly increased SOC in 0–20 cm soil layer by 9–68% but significantly decreased or had no effect on SIC. In total, soil carbon storage was little affected by NP, but significantly increased by NPM application (p < 0.05). Fertilization affected both SOC and SIC in sand- and silt-sized particles but not in clay-size fraction. Both NP and NPM increased SOC in sand- and silt-sized particles by 8.7–123.9% in the 0–20 cm layer but decreased SIC up to 80.4% in the 40–60 cm layer. The SOC concentration in the particle-size fractions was negatively correlated with SIC concentration, which may imply an antagonistic interaction between organic and inorganic carbon levels.

Conclusions

These results illustrate the importance of soil inorganic carbon pool in evaluating soil total carbon pool in semi-arid farmlands. Previous assessments of the effects of fertilizers on the soil carbon pool, using only SOC determinations, require re-evaluation with the inclusion of SIC determinations.

     

Response of the bacterial diversity and soil enzyme activity in particle-size fractions of Mollisol after different fertilization in a long-term experiment

Particle-size soils were fractionated for evaluating changes in the composition of bacterial community and enzyme activity in response to 13 years of fertilization. This study focused on Mollisol and its particle-size fractions of 200–2,000 μm (coarse sand sized), 63 to 200 μm (fine sand sized), 2 to 63 μm (silt sized), and 0.1 to 2 to μm (clay-sized). Long-term chemical fertilization lowered the pH of all particle fractions, whereas organic fertilizer application mitigated soil acidification. Nutrient concentrations depended on both fertilizer treatment and particle fractions and enzymes were unevenly active throughout the soil. Generally, the highest enzyme activities were observed in the silt and clay fractions of control soil and the soil treated with chemical fertilizer (N, P, and K (NPK)) and in the sand-sized fraction of soil treated with manure and chemical fertilizer (MNPK). Except for acid phosphomonoesterase, the other tested enzyme activities in coarse-sized fractions of MNPK soil were significantly higher than those of the control and NPK soils. Fertilization and soil fraction interactively (p?<?0.05) affected the enzyme activity. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the bacterial community structure significantly differed in different particle sizes with a higher bacterial diversity in small-sized than in coarse-sized fractions. Dominant bands were excised and sequenced. We have found the following bacterial groups: Actinobacteria, γ-proteobacteria, and Acidobacteria. In addition, enrichment of organic matter in coarser fractions was related to greater bacterial diversity than any other treatment. Principal component analysis showed a smaller variability among fractions of the organic amended treatment. Redundancy analysis showed that the tested properties significantly affected the composition of bacterial community with the exception of C/N and available P. No significant correlation between enzyme activity and bacterial community composition was detected, whereas positive correlations between other soil properties and enzyme activities were observed to various extents. Probably, enzyme activities might be affected by specific functional bacterial communities rather than by the overall bacterial community. We concluded that the long-term application of organic manures contributed to the increase of soil organic matter content of particles higher than 200 mm, with higher bacterial diversity and increases in most of the enzyme activities.     

Influence of long-term fertilization with farmyard manure on soil organic matter: Characteristics of particle-size fractions

Summary The influence of more than 100 years of fertilization with farmyard manure on soil organic matter in comparison to unfertilized soil was studied in particle-size fractions using elemental (C and N) analyses and pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry. Distinct differences in C and N concentrations and distribution and in the quality of organic matter between the size fractions and the fertilization treatments were observed. Clay-associated C and N were relatively higher in the unfertilized treatment, whereas the application of farmyard manure preferentially increased soil organic matter associated with the fine and medium silt fractions. Pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry of soil fractions <20 m showed increasing values for lignin monomers and dimers and fatty acids with larger equivalent diameters, whereas the proportion of N compounds, mono- and polysaccharides and phenolics decreased in the larger size fractions. Sand fractions were particularly rich in lignin fragments, mono- and polysaccharides, and alkanes/alkenes. These relationships seemed to be independent of management practices. In the same size fractions of the different treatments, however, a higher relative abundance of N-compounds, mono- and polysaccharides, phenolics, lignin monomers, and alkanes/alkenes was observed in the unfertilized variant. Lignin dimers and fatty acids were more abundant in the farmyard manure treatment. Both trends together imply that soil enrichment in organic matter due to the application of farmyard manure largely reflects an increase in lignin building blocks and partly reflects an increase in lipids such as fatty acids in the silt fractions. Therefore these constituents are of particular importance in assessing the positive effects of farmyard manure on soil fertility.     

Soil organic carbon changes in particle-size fractions following cultivation of Black soils in China

Soil texture can be an important control on soil organic carbon (SOC) retention and dynamics. The (clay + silt)-sized SOC pool (SOC < 20 μm) in non-cultivated or grassland soils has been proposed to reach an equilibrium or maximum level named protective capacity. Proper knowledge of SOC in this size fraction in non-cultivated and cultivated Black soils is important to evaluate management-induced changes in SOC in NE China. Twenty-seven paired soil samples (non-cultivated vs. cultivated) were collected in the Black soil zone in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces. Bulk soil was dispersed in water with an ultrasonic probe and then soil size fractions were collected using the pipette technique for SOC analyses. Soil organic carbon in bulk soil and size fractions was measured by dry combustion. Average content of SOC < 20 μm was 23.2 g C kg⁻¹ at the 0–30 cm depth for the non-cultivated soils, accounting for 75.1% of the total SOC at the same depth. There was significant positive relationship between soil clay plus silt content and SOC < 20 μm in non-cultivated soils. Accordingly, a model of the maximum SOC < 20 μm in 0–30 cm depth of non-cultivated Black soils was developed: y = 0.36x where y is the maximum SOC < 20 μm pool (g C kg⁻¹) and x is the percentage of clay + silt (<20 μm) content. The average content of SOC < 20 μm was 18.7 g C kg⁻¹ at 0–30 cm depth for cultivated soils, accounting for 81.5% of total SOC. This average value of SOC was 4.4 g C kg⁻¹ less than the maximum value (23.1 g C kg⁻¹) and accounted for 55.0% of the difference of SOC between non-cultivated and cultivated Black soils. Cultivation resulted in 45.0% loss of sand-sized (>20 μm) SOC concentration relative to SOC < 20 μm. This result indicates that SOC < 20 μm and sand-sized SOC both play important roles in SOC dynamics resulting from management practices. This model can be applied to calculate the actual potential to restore SOC for cultivated Black soils under conservation tillage in NE China.     

长期施肥对棕壤有机碳组分的影响

对起始于1979年的棕壤长期肥料定位试验田2005年的耕层土壤不同有机碳组分进行了测定与分析,以探讨长期施肥影响土壤有机碳的过程及机理。结果显示:长期单施化肥降低了土壤的游离态颗粒有机碳（FPOM-C）含量,但进一步稳定了矿物结合态有机碳(MOM-C),最终提高了土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量;长期施用有机肥和有机肥配施化肥使土壤的FPOM-C、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳(OPOC)、MOM-C以及含量均显著提高,且增加效果好于单施化肥。从各组分有机碳所占比例或相对比值来看,长期施用有机肥和有机肥配施化肥提高了POM-C/TOC比例而降低了MOM-C/TOC比例,使FPOM-C/OPOM-C比值显著增大。表明土壤有机碳结构分组的应用有助于揭示长期施肥影响土壤有机碳的机理。     

长期施肥对栗褐土有机碳含量及其组分的影响

【目的】作为土壤质量的重要指标,土壤有机碳及其组分在耕地生产力和作物产量方面发挥着重要作用。本文以25年长期定位施肥试验为依托,分析了不同施肥处理对栗褐土有机碳含量及其组分的影响,为调控农田土壤肥力及栗褐土有机碳库的管理提供科学依据。【方法】田间试验开始于1988年,设置8个施肥处理为不施肥(CK);单施氮肥(N);氮磷肥合施(NP);单施低量有机肥(M1);低量有机肥与氮肥合施(M1N);低量有机肥与氮磷肥合施(M1NP);高量有机肥与氮肥合施(M2N);高量有机肥与氮磷肥合施(M2NP)。于第25年玉米播种前,采集以上处理的耕层(0—20 cm)土壤样品。借助有机碳物理分组方法和化学分析方法,测定了土壤总有机碳和有机碳各组分的含量。【结果】长期施用不同肥料不同程度地提高了栗褐土总有机碳、游离态颗粒有机碳以及闭蓄态颗粒有机碳含量,其中有机肥与化肥配施尤其是高量有机肥与化肥配施的作用更加明显。与不施肥相比,高量有机肥与无机肥配施(M2N、M2NP)总有机碳含量增加了121.1%、166.8%,游离态颗粒有机碳增加了239.2%、359.2%,闭蓄态颗粒有机碳增加了288.4%、289.9%。单施氮肥(N)及有机肥与氮磷肥配施(M1NP、M2NP)可显著提高矿物结合态有机碳含量,增幅分别为27.8%、34.8%、33.3%。不施肥条件下,栗褐土有机碳中颗粒有机碳与矿物结合态有机碳所占的比例相当,长期施肥提高了颗粒有机碳特别是闭蓄态颗粒有机碳的比例,降低矿物结合态有机碳所占的比例,闭蓄态颗粒有机碳成为栗褐土有机碳的主要贮存库。相关分析表明,长期施肥条件下栗褐土游离态、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳含量之间及其与总有机碳含量之间均呈极显著正相关,矿物结合态有机碳含量与总有机碳及其他组分的有机碳之间均无明显相关。【结论】化肥、有机肥以及有机肥与化肥配施能够提高栗褐土游离态颗粒有机碳、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳以及总有机碳含量。高量有机肥与化肥配施更有助于栗褐土游离态、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳的积累,有利于土壤养分有效性的提高和有机碳品质的改善。氮肥单施、有机肥与氮磷肥配施则是提高矿物结合态有机碳含量的有效措施。     

长期施肥下灰漠土有机碳组分含量及其演变特征

采用湿筛和重液悬浮的物理分组方法分析了18年不同施肥模式下灰漠土有机碳组分含量差异及其演变特征。结果表明:与不施肥相比,长期有机无机肥配施(NPKM和1.5 NPKM)增加各有机碳组分的效果最显著,且粗和细自由颗粒有机碳、物理保护有机碳、矿物结合有机碳增加速率最高,平均分别达到0.12、0.06、0.08及0.17g/(kg.a);秸秆还田使粗和细自由颗粒有机碳分别以0.05和0.03 g/(kg.a)的速率增加,而撂荒和施化肥维持着各有机碳组分的含量。不同有机碳组分间存在显著的相关性,其中以粗自由颗粒有机碳含量增幅最高,不同施肥模式下平均增幅是其它有机碳组分的2.18~.0倍;以矿物结合有机碳所占比例最高,达到56.9%7~7.8%,说明粗自由颗粒有机碳对施肥较敏感,而矿物结合有机碳是灰漠土固存有机碳的主要形式。综上分析,长期有机无机肥配施是提高灰漠土有机碳组分含量和培肥土壤的有效模式。