DNA fingerprinting of olive varieties in Istria (Croatia) by microsatellite markers

The Istria region, where olives have been cultivated for many centuries, is characterized by a considerable variety of microclimates. The study of varieties traditionally cultivated in Croatian Istria and their relationships with varieties in historically and geographically connected regions is very important in order to identify native olive germplasm, well adapted to local conditions, and to characterize the oil of regional origin. Twelve olive microsatellite markers were used for identification and differentiation of a set of 27 olive accessions grown in Istria (Croatia). Among the 27 accessions, 18 different SSR profiles were discriminated. All 12 microsatellite markers analysed were polymorphic, revealing a total of 81 alleles. The number of alleles per locus ranged from four to nine. This is the first molecular characterization of olive germplasm in Croatian Istria. The analysis clarified the genetic relationships of varieties native to Croatian Istria with introduced olive varieties, as well as with varieties in the neighbouring Slovene Istria region. Numerous varieties in neighbouring regions showed high similarity and a few cases of synonymy (‘Bilica’-‘Bjankera’; ‘Buga’-‘?rna’) and one Croatian-Slovenian homonymy (‘Bu?a’-‘Buga’) were observed. The results provide useful information for a native germplasm survey and can be used for the construction of a unique database comprising all olive varieties in the Istrian region of Croatia and Slovenia.     

Inter- and intra-varietal analysis of three Olea europaea L. cultivars using the RAPD technique

Summary

Characterization and selection of olive clones for the production of olive oil is essential in Portugal because of its profitable exploitation. “Moura-Serpa” is the most important Portuguese region for the production of olive oil relying on three cultivars for oil quality. These are ‘Galega Vulgar’, ‘Cordovil de Serpa’ and ‘Verdeal Alentejana’. Therefore, it is of great importance to guarantee the varietal certification of the young trees and the establishment of new orchards. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to characterize these three cultivars. Analysis started using twenty primers that allowed us to distinguish the three cultivars and to select a reduced set of primers. The selected primers were used for inter- and intra-varietal analysis and for establishing a profiling system to assay genetic diversity in other olive cultivars. The method has the potential for use in varietal certification and breeding programmes that need to analyse a high number of samples.     

Early growth habit and vigour parameters in olive seedlings

Fruit tree growth habit and vigour are important traits for orchard management and production, yet are difficult to select for in breeding programs because the parameters for their evaluation are complex, and their expression often requires sufficient plant size and development, entailing valuable time. Thus, in olive (Olea europaea L.) breeding, as for other fruit crops, it is critical to define growth habit and vigour parameters with selection potential, and to determine the earliest age at which they can be measured. Furthermore seedling growth habit traits are important in themselves, particularly in their relation to juvenile period length and management. To explore these issues we evaluated a series of new and standard growth habit parameters during the first year of growth in a population of unpruned olive seedlings originating from six different crosses. The influence of plant age on growth habit traits was determined by comparing measurements at two or three different times. Both parent genotype and plant age significantly affected the vigour and growth habit of the olive seedlings, and 9 months was the most appropriate age for evaluating seedling growth parameters. ‘Picual’, ‘Arbosana’ and ‘Sikitita’ were shown to be promising cultivars for use as genitors, because of their tendency to produce offspring with desirable growth habit traits such as high vigour, weeping habit and low lateral shoot number. From among the 17 parameters studied, based on parent influence and the absence of correlation among parameters, five were identified which best described olive seedling growth habit: Primary Shoot Top Diameter, Primary Shoot Conicity, Secondary Shoot Number, Secondary Shoot Insertion Angle and Longest Secondary Shoot Internode Length.     

Agronomic evaluation of seedlings from crosses between the main Spanish olive cultivar ‘Picual’ and two wild olive trees

Summary

Until recently, olive breeding programmes have been based exclusively on cultivated olive germplasm (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. europaea), in contrast to breeding in other fruit crops where the use of wild relatives has been widely reported. In this study, ten agronomic traits were evaluated in two progenies derived from controlled crosses between the Spanish olive cultivar ‘Picual’ (female) and two wild (O. europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) genotypes (males). The results of this evaluation were compared with the progenies of crosses between ‘Picual’ (female) and the three cultivars, ‘Sikitita’, ‘Meski’, and ‘Zaity’ (male). The two ‘Picual’ × wild genotype progenies had the highest mean values for vigour traits (i.e., tree height and trunk diameter). Progenies from both ‘Picual’ × wild genotype crossess also showed the highest percentages of trees (53.8% and 37.5%) with a short juvenile period, compared to the progenies from crosses between ‘Picual’ and each of the three cultivars ‘Sikitita’, ‘Meski’, and ‘Zaity’ (0%, 5%, and 3.6%, respectively). Significant differences were also observed between progenies in fruit traits as well as in oil contents and fruit weights. Progenies from both crosses with wild olive showed lower values for the fruit traits evaluated than the cultivated olive progenies. However, significant improvements were achieved compared to fruit traits in the wild parents. The implications of these results for the future use of wild germplasm in olive breeding programmes are discussed.     

Compositional quality of virgin olive oils from cultivars introduced in Tunisian arid zones in comparison to Chemlali cultivars

This work is an evaluation of the quality of three introduced European olive cultivars Arbequina, Coratina, and Koroneiki grown under a biological agricultural system in the arid zone of Sfax in Tunisia compared to Chemlali cultivars. Various olive parameters were analyzed, such as ripening index, pulp/stone (P/S) ratio and oil content. We have considered the regulated physicochemical analytical parameters, fatty acids and minor compounds for olive oil. The most of the quality indices and fatty acid composition showed significant variations among olive cultivars. The Koroneiki, Coratina and Chemlali Zarzis cultivars had highest values of oleic acid (62.7%) (76.8%, 75.8% and 73.9%, respectively), Arbequina, had lowest value of oleic acid and similar to Chemlali Sfax. Coratina was noteworthy for its higher content of phenolic compounds (287.8 mg kg⁻¹), oil content (42.4%) and P/S ratio (4.7%). Although their low phenol contents, autochthonous cultivars presented high contents of α-tocopherol (577.8 and 434.6 mg kg⁻¹ for Chemlali Boughrara and Chemlali Zarzis, respectively) except for Chemlali Sfax. In conclusion, European cultivars seem to have adapted to the area studied according to their oil biochemical composition while the increase observed in their α-tocopherol levels. The cultivar Arbequina showed a similar composition of Chemlali Sfax.     

半秋眠和非秋眠紫花苜蓿在华北地区生长适应性评价

以来自国内外50个半秋眠和非秋眠紫花苜蓿品种为研究对象,从农艺性状、营养价值和产量几方面作了分析.首先通过相关性分析表明:秋季植株再生高度与秋眠等级显著相关,以再生高度为标准将50个苜蓿品种分为4组,分析组间农艺性状差异,进一步对产量和营养价值作了分析,筛选出适合当地种植的优良品种.     

Cultivar influence on virgin olive (Olea europea L.) oil flavor based on aromatic compounds and sensorial profile

Sensory quality is an important property of virgin olive oil and is affected by different volatile and phenolic compounds. Their levels may be influenced by many factors, and one of the most important is the cultivar. Volatiles and phenols were correlated to sensory notes in virgin olive oils from 18 local cultivars in northern Italy assessed for 4 years in the same orchard.     

Influence of time of harvest and maturity index on olive oil yield and quality

Harvesting plays a major role in the virgin olive oil production line, being the most expensive single component, but also due to its significant effect on the whole year's produce. Previous studies have focused on the effects of harvest timing on either oil yield or quality. Here we determined the separate and combined effects of harvesting date, fruit maturation, cultivar and fruit load on olive oil quality and quantity. Cultivars typical to the Middle East region were selected: the traditional cv. Souri and the newer cv. Barnea, grown under intensive conditions. The results demonstrate fundamental differences between the two cultivars with respect to harvest strategy. In high-yielding ‘Barnea’, oil accumulation continued throughout the ripening season resulting in increasing yield of oil with time while maintaining high quality. Hence, exploiting the production potential in ‘Barnea’ requires late harvest and advanced fruit maturity. However, in heavily loaded ‘Souri’, oil accumulation was accompanied by early massive shedding of fruits. Furthermore, late harvest and advanced maturation in ‘Souri’ were associated with a sharp increase in free fatty acids combined with a rapid decline in polyphenol content, and in MUFA to PUFA and saturated to unsaturated fatty acid ratios, all resulting in loss of oil quality. Rapid decline in oil yield coupled with deterioration of oil quality call for early harvesting at low maturity index in ‘Souri’. In medium-yielding trees of both cultivars, maturation progressed more rapidly, resulting in earlier harvest to utilize optimal oil potential.     

荷兰引进双孢蘑菇品种比较筛选试验初报

为了引进筛选适宜北京地区种植的双孢蘑菇新品种,本试验将7205、7206、7207、7215、7219五个荷兰双孢蘑菇品种与目前当地的主栽品种258,在菌丝生长、产量和品质等方面进行了综合比较。结果表明,7206出菇最早,产量最高,但其薄皮菇较多,易开伞,品质较差。7205和7207与对照相比,出菇性状和产量品质都没有优势。通过综合性状比较,7215兼具出菇较早,产量较高,品质较好的特性。其次为7219,初步认为二者可以用作258的替代品种。     

The risks of success in quality vegetable markets: Possible genetic erosion in Marmande tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and consumer dissatisfaction

Following consumer complaints about the quality of modern varieties of tomato, landraces have strengthened their quality markets. In Spain, two tomato landraces, ‘Montserrat’ and ‘Pera Girona’, are grown in contiguous areas and have different market niches. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to characterize 13 accessions of Montserrat, 14 accessions of Pera Girona, and 4 control varieties. We found a narrow genetic base for ‘Montserrat’ and ‘Pera Girona’ (8.5% of polymorphic loci) and no differences between the landraces. We studied agronomical and sensory traits to determine why the two landraces continue to have separate market niches. We found high variability among accessions within each landrace and overlapping among accessions of both landraces for all traits except fruit morphology. Consumers probably came to associate the organoleptic quality of these landraces with their external traits, but due to spontaneous crossings and introgressions these relations have been lost. Selection within landraces will be necessary to reestablish the link between morphology and sensory value and to consolidate these quality markets.     

金瓜种质资源加工性状主成分与聚类分析

通过对53份金瓜种质资源加工性状的相关性、主成分和聚类分析,拟为加工型金瓜品种选育提供参考。试验结果表明,金瓜瓜丝色泽与瓜皮色泽具有非常高的相关性,以CM005为代表的第2类6份资源,在瓜丝脆度、色泽、成丝率等方面均表现出较好的加工性状,是加工型金瓜新品种选育的核心资源。     

Integration between molecular and morphological markers for the exploitation of olive germoplasm (Olea europaea)

Three olive cultivars (Oliva Nera di Colletorto, Noccioluta, and a probably a new local genotype) from two strictly related areas of Molise region (south-centre of Italy) were characterized by combining molecular data (eight SSRs analyzed on leaves) and morphological features (thirty-one parameters from leaves, drupes and pits). Both molecular and morphological analyses have shown a very good separation of the three endemic cultivars. A high correlation between morphological and molecular data was found using Mantel's test. The morphological traits of pits were less influenced by environmental pressure than the leaves and drupes; therefore, the pits are more affected by genetic control and might be considered a helpful tool for cultivar characterization and identification. Potential and limitations of three statistical models computed to perform cultivar identification by morphological measures is also discussed. We demonstrated that molecular and morphological analyses are useful for distinguishing new accessions and studying local varieties to preserve genetic diversity, even at small geographical scale in such an unequivocal way; hence the methodology could be proposed as a tool to discriminate widespread cultivars, with long genetic distances.     

互助县水地几个反季节萝卜引种试验

在互助县水地以春季播种时期为主因素,6个反季节萝卜及对照品种为副因素进行裂区设计,研究不同品种适宜的播种期以及特性表现。结果表明:结合引种萝卜品种的植物学性状及品质、抽薹率以及块根产量,反季节萝卜品种"关云春长"、"荣光"、"晶莹"在4月28日至5月28日播种均可获得高产。品种"雪月"、"元光"、"白美人"在5月13日前后播种均可获得高产。     

陇南早期引种油橄榄生长表现

对甘肃油橄榄主要栽培品种进行物候期、花型、结实能力及含油率的测定,结果表明：陇南现有栽培的大多数的品种都有1d或1d以上的盛花可配期,能保证品种间的充分授粉;综合考虑完全花比率和不同授粉方式结实能力测定结果,在引进的品种中,结实能力较强的品种有‘莱星’、‘皮削利’、‘城固32’、‘佛奥’、‘九峰6号’、‘鄂植8号’。通过对各品种果实含油率和脂肪酸组分及果实性状的测定结果表明,在陇南现有栽培品种中,‘科拉蒂’、‘佛奥’、‘皮削利’、‘莱星’4个品种为优良的油用品种。     

水果黄瓜引种试验

通过对6个水果黄瓜进行引种试验,调查比较其植株生长势、果实性状、产量以及品质等性状,初步筛选出比较适合新疆地区栽培的高产优质品种:水果绿叶和欧娃迷你,为当地水果黄瓜的种植提供优质品种。     

不同李品种果实品质分析与综合评价

以20个李品种为试材,对其果实大小和主要营养成分含量进行了测定,用相关性分析和主成分分析法对果实品质进行分析及综合评价,研究了李果实的品质特点,以期为优质品种的开发提供参考。结果表明:不同品质指标之间有着密切的联系。通过主成分分析,前4个主成分的累计贡献率达85.377%,可反映大部分果实品质的信息。将果实品质进行综合评价并排序,综合分值>0.7的品质较好,综合分值为0.4～0.7的品质中等,综合分值<0.4的品质较差。品质较好的品种有"牡红"和"吉好";品质中等的品种有"吉林大黄李""绥李3号""晚红""新疆6号""桃李""晚秋霜""龙园桃李";品质较差的品种有"砬门伏李""毕加伏""巴黄李""矮甜李""贡李""滨黄干核""窑门李""石人李""响核""黄干核""大红袍"。     

榧树种质资源调查与评价

榧树(Torreya grandis Fort.ex Lindl)种子是我国特有的著名干果,为了对榧树种质资源进行有效保护和开发利用,采用实地调查、采集标本、室内烤种、成分分析等方法,对浙江、安徽、江西、福建等榧树分布区的种质资源进行了系统研究。结果表明,榧树资源分布不均,仅少数地方资源保存较好;榧树种内性状变异复杂,不同单株间种子的单粒质量、种核单粒质量、出核率、核形指数及营养成分等变异大,存在一些综合性状优良、品质达到或超过香榧的优株;将香榧和榧树中的优良株系、类型分归于7个主要品种和类型。在榧树中应主要收集一些种子具有综合优良性状、特殊性状和有潜在利用价值的单株;香榧则重点在于收集种子高产、稳产、优质和具特殊性状的优株,对古树及古树群也应加以保护。