蜡梅不同品种和花期香气变化及其花茶适制性

采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱质谱联机分析方法研究了蜡梅4个品种不同开花期的香气成分,并分析了其花茶适制性。结果表明：4个品种主要香气成分为别罗勒烯、罗勒烯、乙酸苄酯和水杨酸甲酯,相对含量之和占总量80%以上。从花蕾期到盛开期,香气成分变化不大,在开花过程中萜烯类化合物相对含量增加,而酯类化合物相对含量减少。随着蜡梅花内被片紫色条纹数量增加,香气中萜烯类和酯类化合物相对含量比值（T/E）减小,而在开花过程中,T/E值增加。花蕾期和盛开期香气相似率达0.990以上,表明开花过程中香气类型变化不大。花蕾期和萎蔫期的鲜花窨制的花茶香气弱,香气和滋味得分低于盛开期,红心品种窨制的花茶幽香不足,香气和滋味得分低于其他品种。在花茶生产上,以选择内被片紫色条纹较少的素心和乔种品种,且盛开的鲜花为宜。     

香石竹水孔蛋白基因的克隆及表达分析

以香石竹(Dianthus caryophyllus)‘马斯特’为试验材料,在分析香石竹和石竹转录组数据的基础上克隆得到10个水孔蛋白(AQP)基因,7个属于PIP亚家族,3个属于TIP亚家族;其中DcaAQP1、DcaAQP2、DcaAQP3、DcaAQP4、DcaAQP6、DcaAQP8和DcaAQP10在萼片中优势表达,DcaAQP5在茎和花瓣中优势表达,DcaAQP7在叶中优势表达,DcaAQP9在各个组织中表达均比较低;在切花开放萎蔫过程中,DcaAQP1、DcaAQP3和DcaAQP6的表达量从花蕾期开始升高,半开期达到最高,DcaAQP4、DcaAQP7、DcaAQP9和DcaAQP10在盛开期表达量达到最高;DcaAQP2在花蕾期表达量最高,DcaAQP5在开始萎蔫期表达量达到最高,表明多个AQP基因协同作用来维持切花开放萎蔫过程中花瓣细胞水分吸收和营养物质转运。     

K+/H+逆向转运体基因PpeKEA在桃开花期的表达及对钾肥施用的响应

从‘霞晖8号’桃花中克隆并鉴定了6个K+/H+逆向转运体基因PpeKEA,在转录水平分析其在桃花发育不同时期的表达模式及对钾肥施用的响应,明确关键基因并验证其功能。结果表明,钾肥施用显著增强盛花期桃花的鲜样质量,提高花朵钾素富集水平。PpeKEA1 ~ PpeKEA6在桃花开放不同时期的表达水平存在差异,均在盛花期达到最高,其转录水平对施用钾肥的响应不同;PpeKEA1在整个桃花开放不同时期的表达量较高,钾肥处理显著增强其在花蕾膨胀期和初开期的表达并抑制其在败落期的表达量;表达载体pDR196-shortKEA1能赋予酵母菌感受态细胞AXT3突变体适应高钾环境而正常生长,说明PpeKEA1的C端区域具有调节桃花组织内K+转运和平衡的功能。本研究表明PpeKEA1是一个桃花开放过程中调节K+平衡的K+/H+逆向转运体,并可能在桃树钾素营养的动态平衡中起着重要作用。     

枣花分化发育过程及其内源激素动态研究

为了研究枣花形成及调控机制,以鲜食枣品种‘七月鲜’为试材,观察花芽分化发育过程,并对内源激素含量进行检测。结果表明,枣花形成包括花芽分化和花发育两个阶段,单花分化需11 d,分6个时期（未分化期、分化初期、萼片分化期、花瓣分化期、雄蕊分化期和雌蕊分化期）,花发育历经7个阶段（花蕾期、蕾裂期、萼片平展期、花瓣平展期、雄蕊平展期、花丝萎蔫期和子房膨大期）。枣吊发育过程中IAA含量显著降低,枣花中IAA则表现为蕾裂期极显著上升,子房膨大期又极显著下降;ABA含量在枣吊长5 cm时极显著升高后缓慢下降,在枣花中的变化与IAA相似,在雄蕊平展期极显著降低;GA3含量始终处于较低水平,枣吊长5 cm时显著增加,而后缓慢降低,在枣花中则是蕾裂期极显著降低后一直稳定在较低水平。以上结果显示,在枣花形成过程中,花芽孕育期需要较低水平的IAA和较高水平的ABA和GA3,需要较低的IAA/GA3及较高的ABA/GA3和ABA/IAA;开花期则需要高水平的IAA、ABA、ABA/GA3和IAA/GA3,对GA3和ABA/IAA的需求相对较低。     

梨每花序花朵数量与植物激素的关系

为探明影响梨每花序花朵数量的因素,调查了230个梨品种每花序花朵数量,简析了每花序平均花朵数量的梨品种数量频度分布。并从中选取每花序花朵数量极端差异的2个品种‘黄金’梨和‘金星’梨,采用液相串联质谱法(LC-MS)测定其花芽ZT、IAA、ABA含量,分析其每花芽分化花朵数量与植物激素的关系。结果表明:在常见梨品种中每花序有5~9朵花,‘黄金’梨的最多,平均为11.5朵,‘金星’梨的最少,平均为3.6朵。在花芽分化中后期,‘黄金’梨花芽的ZT含量极显著高于‘金星’梨;花芽分化过程中,‘金星’梨花芽IAA含量始终极显著高于‘黄金’梨;2个梨品种花芽ABA含量差异不显著。综上,花芽分化中后期花芽内高含量的细胞分裂素有利于促迚花朵的分化。     

不同发育时期牡丹切花瓶插生理特性的研究

对不同发育时期牡丹切花采后的瓶插生理特性以及保鲜液的调控效应进行了研究。结果表明：蒸馏水（对照）瓶插牡丹切花,从露色期到盛开期随着开放级别的升高瓶插寿命和最佳观赏期相应缩短,保鲜液能够延长瓶插寿命和最佳观赏期,提高最大花径和花枝鲜样质量;牡丹切花瓶插期间花枝吸水量和失水量持续下降,水分平衡值在瓶插1 d 达到最大,保鲜液能够改善花枝的水分状况,延迟水分平衡值趋于0 的时间,瓶插期水分平衡值降为零的时间与瓶插寿命呈显著的正相关。牡丹切花的适宜采收期为绽口期到初开期,保鲜液能够改善切花的观赏品质。     

Carbohydrate changes in flowers,leaves, shoots and spurs of ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ apple during flowering and fruit setting periods

Summary

Changes of carbohydrate concentrations in different parts of the flower and the surrounding tissues (leaves, spurs and shoots) were measured in apple (Malus pumila) in 1987 and 1988, during the periods of flowering and fruit setting, to investigate their importance for fruit setting. HPLC was used for soluble sugar and sorbitol analysis. Starch was hydrolysed to glucose enzymatically and glucose concentration was determined colorometrically to estimate starch concentrations. Soluble sugars plus sorbitol (the soluble pool) increased rapidly in all parts of the flower from bud burst until full bloom. In contrast, in the same period, starch concentrations decreased rapidly and reached about zero at full bloom in the storage organs (shoots and spurs), indicating starch conversion to sugars and their movement to the growing flowers. Sorbitol was the most abundant carbohydrate in all apple tissue measured, with the exception of sepals, in which glucose concentration was the highest from full bloom onwards. Sepals had much higher glucose and fructose concentrations than leaf laminae but much lower sorbitol concentrations. Although dry weight, soluble pool and starch concentrations and total soluble pool content increased in the receptacle after petal fall, sucrose concentrations and total sucrose content dramatically decreased. These results suggest a preferential mobilization and utilization of sucrose rather than sorbitol during the fruit setting period and probably an important role of sucrose metabolism in fruit setting.     

Seasonal variation in the onset and duration of flower development in ‘Royal Gala’ apple buds

Summary

The formation of bud scales, transition leaves, true leaves, bracts and flower primordia were observed in buds removed from non-flowering sites on one year old shoots of apple ‘Royal Gala’. Buds were sampled from trees in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand (latitude 398S) during six successive seasons. The onset of flower development varied between seasons from 72 to 99.d after full bloom. Floral development was poorly synchronized within the populations of sampled buds, lasting 22 to 50.d. Differences in the onset and duration of flower development could not be related to seasonal differences in heat accumulation from full bloom. There was significant variation between seasons in the minimum number of appendages observed within buds that exhibited doming, which indicates floral development. In the 1998/99 season, doming was observed in buds that had only 15.7 appendages, whereas in the 1999/2000 season the minimum number of appendages within a bud that had initiated flowers was 17.5. When the data from all seasons were considered, the rate of appendage formation within developing buds was not consistently related to heat accumulation.     

生长调节剂对红富士苹果花芽抗寒性及物候期的影响

秋季对红富士苹果树喷施植物生长调节剂,翌年春季测定花芽电导率、脯氨酸、丙二醛和观测物候期,结果表明：脯氨酸含量均比对照高1～2倍,电解质透出率与脯氨酸含量呈极显著负相关关系（r=0．9265）;生长调节剂能够降低苹果花芽内丙二醛含量,并与电导率一致,且两者指标高度正相关（r=0．8614）,能够稳定膜结构,减轻膜受伤害的程度。单喷2000mg／L青鲜素延迟初花期和盛花期6d和5d;复配剂100mg／L赤霉素＋1500mg／L青鲜素则分别延迟7d和6d。     

影响大白菜游离小孢子培养因素的研究

采用游离小孢子培养方法,研究了花期、活性炭和取蕾时间对大白菜小孢子出胚率的影响。结果表明:科萌78盛花期取蕾培养的出胚率为每蕾79.5个胚,是初花期的3.0倍、末花期的6.3倍;科萌45盛花期取蕾培养出胚率为2.8个胚,而初花期和末花期的出胚率都为0。在NLN-13培养基中添加活性炭(800 mg/L)后,金夏55出胚率提高了71.5%,科萌45的出胚率由0增加为3.2个;新三包头下午取蕾的出胚率是上午的2.0倍,科萌45上午取蕾出胚率为0,下午出胚率为4.1个。     

Physiological and biochemical studies during flower development in two rose species

The present investigation was aimed to study the changes in various physio-chemical attributes in petals of two different rose species, Rosa damascena Mill and Rosa bourboniana Desport differing in flowering behaviour from small bud (stage 1) till full bloom (stage 8). In both rose species fresh weight, dry weight and moisture content were maximum during full bloom. Electrical conductivity of the petal diffusates reached maximum at full bloom with significantly higher values in R. damascena. In both the species, starch content declined as the flower reached its full bloom stage with maximum reducing sugar content during this period. With progressive increase in petal growth, total protein and RNA declined. The results showed that in both the species peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) activity were lower during full bloom with high activity of invertase and lipoxygenase (LOX) at this period. The present study indicates that lipid peroxidation induced membrane permeability could partly be the result of higher lipoxygenase activity during full bloom. The possible significance of these findings is discussed in relation to flower development in the two diverse rose species.     

甜瓜不同性别花蕾发育中激素和多胺的变化

 以甜瓜雌雄异花同株和雄全同株近等基因系为材料，采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术，分析雌花、雄花和两性花4种内源激素和4种多胺含量的动态变化。结果显示，雌花和两性花发育初期和后期GA₃含量高于雄花；多数时期雄花ZT和IAA含量高于雌花和两性花；雄花发育中、后期 ABA含量较大幅度上升，且明显高于雌花，两性花ABA含量变化趋势与雌花相近，但整体明显高于雌花；ZT/GA₃比值雄花高于雌花和两性花。由此表明，较高的GA₃含量，较低的ZT和IAA含量有利于雌蕊的发育，较高的ABA含量有利于雄蕊中、后期的发育。花蕾发育初期，尸胺(Cad)含量从高到低依次为雌花、两性花和雄花，随着发育的进行，雄花和两性花中Cad含量呈现较大幅度上升，而雌花始终保持在相对较低的水平。因此，相对较高的Cad含量可能有利于早期雌蕊的发育，较低的Cad含量有利于雄蕊的发育，而后期则相反，高含量的Cad有利于雄蕊的成熟；高含量的Spd可能有利于早期雌蕊的发育。     

Controlling the growth and development of rose plants after planting

The effects of pinching and lateral bud removal (deshooting) on the development of structural shoots, the number of flowers, and the average flower stem length in young rose plants were examined, using the cultivars ‘Baccara’, ‘Sonia’ and ‘Belinda’. The effect of deshooting on flower yield varied with each cultivar. It did not affect the number of ‘Baccara’ flowers, but increased ‘Sonia’ and ‘Belinda’ flower production by 50% and 75%, respectively. Leaving flowers to bloom out on plants before the start of commercial harvest resulted in a decrease in the length of the flower stems and also reduced the beneficial effect of deshooting on flower yield. Deshooting enhanced structural shoot formation (“bottom breaks”). Pinching flower buds of structural shoots increased the number of ‘Baccara’ flowers in comparison with pruning these shoots to 40–60 cm, as in common practice. Deshooting of the structural shoots of ‘Sonia’ and ‘Belinda’ increased the number of flowers in both cultivars.     

Initiation and development of pistillate flowers in Actinidia chinensis

Initiation and development of pistillate flowers in Actinidia chinensis Planch, cultivar ‘Hayward’ (kiwifruit, Chinese gooseberry) was followed using light and scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that dormant buds contain undifferentiated primordia in the leaf axils. These primordia remain undifferentiated until shortly before bud break, approximately two months before full bloom, when the primordia become trilobed as bracts and lateral flower primordia are initiated. The lateral flowers often abort in this cultivar. Acropetal development of the terminal flower proceeds rapidly. Five to seven sepals are initiated, followed by a whorl of five to seven petals. Stamen initiation is centripetal and the anthers develop to produce inviable pollen. The central portion of the floral apex is converted into a large compound pistil with numerous hollow styles, each terminated by an open stigma.     

Effect of fruit load on 9,10-ketol-octadecadienoic acid (KODA), GA and jasmonic acid concentrations in apple buds

The relationship between 9,10-ketol-octadecadienoic acid (KODA), GAs and jasmonic acid (JA) and flower bud formation influenced by fruit load in apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) was investigated. The endogenous KODA and JA concentrations in apical buds in plants subjected to flower thinning treatment (FTT), under which all flowers were removed were higher than those in plants subjected to heavy crop treatment (HCT), under which the number of leaves per fruit was adjusted to 20 from 60 to 120 days after full bloom (DAFB). In contrast, the gibberellic acid concentrations [total of gibberellin A₁ (GA₁) and gibberellin A₄ (GA₄)] in FTT plants were low compared with those in HCT plants. The result suggests that KODA and JA in contrast to GAs may have opposite effects on flower bud formation which is significantly influenced by fruit load in apples and that KODA and JA may also be associated with flower bud formation in apples.     

茶树细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶（CsCDK）基因cDNA全长克隆与分析

 采用SMART-RACE-PCR技术获得了茶树细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶基因（CsCDK1）的全长cDNA序列,并进行了相关的生物信息学分析。采用实时定量PCR研究了该基因在茶树越冬芽休眠到萌发后不同阶段的表达模式。克隆到茶树CsCDK1 cDNA序列1 245 bp（GenBank登录号JF449383）,其开放阅读框长924 bp,编码307个氨基酸,预测分子量为34.52 kD,具有CDKs家族典型的保守结构域和空间结构,属于B型CDK家族。系统进化分析表明,CsCDK1氨基酸序列与猕猴桃的CDK亲缘关系最近,达到96%,与其它植物的CDK序列相似性亦在80%以上。该基因在茶树越冬芽休眠期的表达量低于恢复生长期,在萌发期表达量最高。说明该基因与茶树越冬芽休眠的解除关系密切。     

Comparative forcing of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Bailer’ as a florist's hydrangea

‘Bailer’ (Endless Summer™) is a new, pink- or blue-flowered hydrangea that flowers on new wood continuously throughout the growing season. It is also winter-hardy in northern, temperate climates (USDA Z4). Use of Endless Summer as a florist's potted hydrangea would provide consumers with a dual-use product (flowering potted plant, landscape shrub). The objectives were to determine if Endless Summer could be forced as a florist's hydrangea using two forcing regimes (immediate, standard), two soil pH regimes, and two pinching treatments. ‘Merritt Supreme Pink’ (pink), ‘Blue Danube’ (blue), and Endless Summer (blue, pink) were forced under immediate (no cold treatment, short- and long-day photoperiods) and standard (6 weeks cold, 4 °C to overcome dormancy) conditions. Since commercial liners were not yet available, cuttings of Endless Summer were used in the immediate forcing experiment. Days to visible flower bud, first color, full flower were recorded, as well as height, no. of branches, no. of flowers, and flower size. In the immediate forcing experiment, only Endless Summer produced flowers. Cultivars differed significantly (P < 0.001) for days to visible flower bud, days to first color, days to full flower, and height. The number of flowers and flower size were not significantly different among pink cultivars. In the standard forcing experiment, Endless Summer reached days to visible flower bud, days to first color, and days to full flower significantly earlier than either comparison, although it exhibited weaker stems and less intense flower pigmentation. Pinching (blue pH) had a significant effect on all traits except the days to full flower and flower size, although no pinching treatment was significant for pink pH. Photoperiod was significant only for the days to visible flower bud (pink pH), days to full flower (blue pH), and final height (blue pH). Further research is needed before Endless Summer can be grown as a dual-use florist's potted hydrangea with acceptable quality.     

茶树萜类香气物质代谢谱与相关基因表达谱时空变化的关系

针对影响茶叶香气品质的关键物质在鲜叶和花中的含量和相关基因表达的关系,以茶‘农抗早’[Camellia sinensis（L.）O. Kuntze‘Nongkangzao’]不同发育阶段鲜叶和花为试材,进行气相色谱和质谱分析。结果表明,茶树叶片萜类化合物含量受叶片发育阶段影响,表现为幼叶中多、老叶中少;糖苷态多、游离态少。此外,对前期获得并初步注释的茶树转录组数据库进行挖掘,发现了编码10个萜类合成酶--芳樟醇合成酶（CsLIS）、香叶烯合成酶（CsMYS）、(E)–β–罗勒烯合成酶（CsOCS）、(R)–柠檬烯合成酶（CsLIM）、(–)–α–萜品醇合成酶（CsTES）、(+)–α–水芹烯合成酶（CsPHS）、大根香叶烯合成酶（CsGES）、(E,E)–α–法尼烯合成酶（CsFAS）、芳樟醇/橙花叔醇合成酶（CsLIS/NES）和橙花叔醇/香叶烯芳樟醇合成酶（CsNES/GLS）的基因序列（按照植物基因命名的基本原则对上述基因进行命名）。上述基因在不同发育阶段叶片和茶树花中的转录水平与萜类香气物质丰度的时空变化有明显的正相关。此外,逆境信号物质茉莉酸甲酯能显著增强芳樟醇合成酶基因等6个基因的表达。     

Regulation of flower development in Dendrobium crumenatum by changes in carbohydrate contents,water status and cell wall metabolism

The involvement of carbohydrates, water potential, cell wall components and cell wall-based enzymes in regulating flower development in Dendrobium crumenatum was investigated. Plants were subjected to cold treatment to release floral buds from dormancy, and the various parameters were investigated from young floral bud stage till flower senescence. Development of floral buds was accompanied by progressive decrease in concentrations of fructans and starch. Upon full flower opening, concentration of soluble sugars was maximum, accompanied by a more negative water potential. High pectin methylesterase activity was observed during early bud development and decreased thereafter. Significant increase in activities of β-galactosidase, β-mannosidase and β-xylosidase was also observed during floral bud development. The cell walls of sepals and petals were modified extensively during floral bud and flower development, as observed by changes in the amounts of celluloses, hemicelluloses and total pectin. Pectin solubilisation was also observed to commence during early floral bud development. These results indicated that carbohydrate hydrolysis, osmotic changes and cell wall dissolution that began early in young floral buds, all regulated flower development in this sympodial orchid. Possible applications of the findings in the horticultural industry are discussed.     

AgNO_3不同处理时期和浓度对西葫芦性别表现和花粉活力的影响

为筛选出诱导西葫芦雄花的最佳时期和AgNO3浓度,于3个不同的生长时期,用3种不同浓度(300,400,500 mg/L)的AgNO3处理西葫芦幼苗。试验结果表明,在不同时期用AgNO3可提高西葫芦第一雄花节位,增加2花芽/叶腋数,减少雌花数,且处理时间越早,第一雄花节位越高,雌花数越多;同一处理时期,随着AgNO3浓度的增加,雌花数减少,2花芽/叶腋数增加,子叶平展期和1叶1心期用400 mg/L AgNO3处理西葫芦幼苗,雄花数最多,花粉活力最高;仅1叶1心期和2叶1心期可诱导两性花产生,且随着处理时间的推迟和AgNO3浓度的增加,两性花越多,植株长势减弱。研究结果表明,子叶平展期用400 mg/L AgNO3处理西葫芦幼苗,诱雄效果最佳。