现代设施草莓高架育苗质量研究

以草莓栽培品种章姬为试材,对高架育苗与地栽育苗两种不同育 苗模式下草莓子苗的株高、叶柄长度、新茎粗、叶面积、SPAD 值等植物生长量以及根长、根鲜质量、植株鲜质量及干质量等生物量进行了测定,并对两种育苗模式的子苗移栽至蓄热式立体草莓栽培系统后的长势进行了分析。此外,分别测定了两种草莓育苗温 室的太阳辐射能量、植株叶冠层温度和相对湿度等环境因子。结果表明：高架育苗温室盆钵草莓子苗的生长量和生物量等各项指标均好于普通地栽育苗棚的草莓子苗,移栽后盆钵子苗的缓苗期更 短,长势更加旺盛。高架育苗棚的环境条件明显优于普通地栽育苗棚,更加有利于草莓子苗光合作用的进行。     

苹果无融合生殖砧木‘青砧 1 号’

 苹果无融合生殖砧木‘青砧1 号’是1999 年通过杂交育种获得,母本为平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）,父本为柱型苹果株系CO（Malus × domestica Borkh.）。该砧木树体柱形,无融合生殖坐果率97.0% ~ 98.1%,种子繁殖,实生苗整齐,可以直接作为基砧嫁接‘嘎拉’、‘乔纳金’、‘烟富3’ 和‘烟富6’等主栽品种,表现亲和性好,成苗率高;嫁接树抗重茬病能力强,并且成花早,产量高,果实品质优,适于在环渤海湾、黄土高原等中国苹果主产区应用。     

Intra-cultivar variability of three major olive cultivars grown in different areas of central-southern Italy and studied using microsatellite markers

A collection of 70 olive samples, originating from diverse areas in central-southern Italy (Abruzzo, Apulia, Calabria, and Umbria) and corresponding to 3 major cultivars denominations (‘Carolea’, ‘Coratina’ and ‘Frantoio’), was genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci. In total, 44 alleles with a mean number of 4.4 alleles per locus were detected. The molecular analysis, allowed the study to show a clear genetic diversity between the three cultivars ‘Carolea’, ‘Coratina’ and ‘Frantoio’ and to state that ‘Carolea’ is a polyclonal cultivar, while ‘Coratina’ and ‘Frantoio’, are probably monoclonal ones. The analysis of intra-varietal polymorphism, through the SSR analysis, proved to be very useful both for varietal identification and for intra-varietal ones. Our work shows that the current designations of olive cultivars fall short of describing the genetic variability among economically important plant material. A thorough investigation of the existing variability will prove of major importance for both management and economic production of olive trees.     

‘地平线’天竺葵的花芽分化及光周期特性

 为了研究‘地平线’天竺葵的花芽分化特性及光周期对其生长发育的影响,采用石蜡切片 方法观察了花芽分化的过程,探讨了7 种光周期处理对始花期及开花质量的影响。结果表明：（1）‘地平 线’的花芽分化过程可以划分为8 个时期,持续时间大约为9 周;（2）‘地平线’花芽分化时期与各生长 指标（株高、株幅、真叶数和播种周数）均极显著相关,通过回归方程判断其幼龄期在5 片真叶前结束; （3）‘地平线’为量性短日照植物,促其早花的最佳光周期为昼12 h/夜12 h;（4）较长日照下‘地平线’ 的株形高大松散,较短光周期下矮小紧凑。‘地平线’天竺葵在5 片真叶前,采用16 h 日照栽培,可得到 健壮幼苗;5 叶期后,12 h 日照诱导,可促进分枝开花。     

DNA fingerprinting of olive varieties in Istria (Croatia) by microsatellite markers

The Istria region, where olives have been cultivated for many centuries, is characterized by a considerable variety of microclimates. The study of varieties traditionally cultivated in Croatian Istria and their relationships with varieties in historically and geographically connected regions is very important in order to identify native olive germplasm, well adapted to local conditions, and to characterize the oil of regional origin. Twelve olive microsatellite markers were used for identification and differentiation of a set of 27 olive accessions grown in Istria (Croatia). Among the 27 accessions, 18 different SSR profiles were discriminated. All 12 microsatellite markers analysed were polymorphic, revealing a total of 81 alleles. The number of alleles per locus ranged from four to nine. This is the first molecular characterization of olive germplasm in Croatian Istria. The analysis clarified the genetic relationships of varieties native to Croatian Istria with introduced olive varieties, as well as with varieties in the neighbouring Slovene Istria region. Numerous varieties in neighbouring regions showed high similarity and a few cases of synonymy (‘Bilica’-‘Bjankera’; ‘Buga’-‘?rna’) and one Croatian-Slovenian homonymy (‘Bu?a’-‘Buga’) were observed. The results provide useful information for a native germplasm survey and can be used for the construction of a unique database comprising all olive varieties in the Istrian region of Croatia and Slovenia.     

Characterization of progenies derived from pollination of pomegranate cv. Malase-Tourshe-Saveh using fruit traits and RAPD molecular marker

Fruit traits and molecular markers (RAPD) were used to survey genetic similarities and inheritance pattern of offspring, derived from self- and open pollination of pomegranate cv. Malase-Tourshe-Saveh (MTS) as well as progenies derived from cross between ‘MTS’ and ‘Narm-Daneh’ (ND) a soft-seed cultivar in the present study. Clustering based on fruit traits, divided the accessions firstly into two major groups, sweets and sour or sweet–sours. Members of sub-clusters were different in fruit characters, and seed softness also was affecting the grouping of individuals. Offspring of ‘MTS’ × ’ND’ showed somehow seed softness with varying degrees compared to other individuals. In RAPD analysis, by using 26 polymorphic primers, 325 fragments were produced from 39 individuals, among which 70 reproducible, polymorphic bands were scored for data analysis. NTsys and Bootstrap software were used for RAPD data analysis and respective dendrogram depicted by Jaccard's similarity coefficients using UPGMA method. The similarity coefficients were ranging from 0.2 to 0.94 and the lowest was obtained between pollen parent (ND cv.) and a genotype from open pollination of MTS cultivar. The highest similarity coefficient (0.94) was observed between two offspring both from self-pollination of MTS cultivar. In corresponding dendrogram, pollen parent was separated from other genotypes and laid individually in a sub-cluster, while the mother plant clustered with its progenies. In addition, some marker–trait associations were observed, especially for seed softness.     

抗ZYMV 西葫芦新品种京葫CRV4 的选育

采用常规育种方法与分子标记辅助选择育种技术相结合,同时采用海南加代穿梭育种方法培育出抗小西葫芦黄化花叶病毒病（Zucchini yellow mosaic virus,ZYMV）西葫芦一代杂种京葫CRV4。父本为06-2-6-38-15-26-18,母本为08-19-15-29-18-20-58。该品种早熟,生长势中等,短蔓;瓜码密,连续结瓜能力强;商品瓜翠绿色,光泽度好,中长柱形,顺直均匀;耐热,不易早衰,适应性强,抗ZYMV 和白粉病;适合南北方春秋大棚和露地种植。     

Fruit set and embryo rescue in crosses using parthenocarpic ‘Mopanshi’ persimmon

The ‘Mopanshi’ persimmon is a seedless, astringent parthenocarpic cultivar that does not produce male flowers. After pollination using four non-astringent cultivars (‘Zenjimaru’, ‘Nishimurawase’, ‘Okugosho’ and ‘Hanagosho’), seeds were produced to different degrees. ‘Mopanshi’ fruits pollinated with ‘Zenjimaru’ produced far more seeds than those pollinated with the other three cultivars. The ratio of abnormal seeds obtained from the fruits pollinated with ‘Hanagosho’ was higher than that obtained from the fruits pollinated with the other three cultivars. Most embryos degenerated in the early to late stages of seed development. Immature embryos were cultured in a modified MS medium (half of NO₃ in MS medium + 0.4 μM BA + 0.1 μM IBA) with the greatest success (52–80%) from embryos taken from fruits 60–80 days after pollination. Seedlings failed to initiate radicles so they were transferred to dark culture conditions for 8 days or to a rooting media that contained 3% sucrose and 1% Chinese ink. The seedlings on the medium darkened with ink rooted at greater than 90.83% compared to 75.83% for dark cultured seedlings. This study demonstrated that ‘Mopanshi’ persimmon could be used as a female parent in crosses, but embryos needed to be moved to tissue culture conditions to continue to develop and form plantlets.     

Assessment of tolerance to NaCl salinity of five olive cultivars,based on growth characteristics and Na and Cl exclusion mechanisms

Changes caused by NaCl-induced salinity on several growth parameters and ions accumulation have been measured in five olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars (‘Chemlali’, ‘Chetoui’, ‘Koroneiki’, ‘Arbequina I18’, and ‘Arbosana I43’) growing in a greenhouse in nutrient solution pot experiment. One-year-old plants were transplanted to sand–perlite (1:1) culture, and were irrigated with half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution containing NaCl at various levels (0.5, 50, 100 and 200 mM). Salinity induced significant decrease in growth parameters, but to a different extent in each cultivar. Leaf growth and total leaf area per plant were significantly affected by all salinity treatments in all studied cultivars, being ‘Arbequina I18’ the most sensitive cultivar. Leaf drop phenomenon was observed from 60 days after salt application at high salinity treatments, mainly in Arbequina I18. Contrary to leaf area, leaf thickness increased progressively during the experiment. ‘Chemlali’ developed thicker leaves at the two highest salinity treatments when compared to the other cultivars. Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations were higher in roots than in shoots and leaves in most of the cultivars investigated. The effectiveness of Na⁺ exclusion mechanism in the roots differed significantly among studied cultivars, working effectively in ‘Chemlali’ (by inhibiting translocation of Na⁺ to the aerial part) and being much less efficient in ‘Arbequina I18’. Furthermore, leaf abscission can be considered as an additional tolerance mechanism of olive cultivars allowing the elimination of leaves that had accumulated Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions. Tolerance to salinity stress was as follows: ‘Chemlali’ > ‘Chetoui’ > ‘Arbosana I43’ > ‘Koroneiki’ > ‘Arbequina I18’. This order of salt tolerance was indicated by lower reduction in plant growth parameters (shoot elongation, trunk diameter, total plant dry weight, internodes length, and total leaf area), the increase of leaf thickness, and by the effectiveness of the exclusion mechanism of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in the root system.     

Characterization of yield,sensitivity to Botrytis cinerea and antioxidant content of several rose species suitable for edible flowers

Yield, susceptibility to Botrytis and levels of antioxidants are important traits of fresh edible flowers. These parameters were determined for 12 garden rose cultivars selected as edible flowers: ‘Mount Shasta’, ‘San Francisco’, ‘Brandy’, ‘Maxim’, ‘Sweet Surrender’, ‘Amadeus’, ‘Eterna’, ‘Trier 2000’, ‘English sachet’, ‘Golden Celebration’, ‘Pat Austin’ and ‘Katharina Zeimet’. Yield of most cultivars ranged between 80 and 300 flowers/plant (for 64 weeks), which is higher than that produced by cultivars suitable for cut flowers. The yield makes the selected garden cultivars suitable for commercial growth as edible flowers.     

番茄品种与砧木苗期耐盐性指标评价及耐盐品种筛选

为了筛选出耐盐的番茄品种和砧木品种,确定番茄幼苗的可适应盐浓度、筛选强度和可用于鉴别番茄苗期耐盐性的指标,试验以19 个番茄栽培品种和3 个砧木品种为试材,在苗期浇灌不同盐浓度的营养液,对幼苗生长等相关指标进行测定并进行相关分析。结果表明佳西娜（产地荷兰,樱桃番茄,红果）和瑰丽绝粉（产地甘肃,大果,粉果）为耐盐的番茄品种,番茄砧木406（产地山东,大果,红果）为耐盐的番茄砧木品种。在每隔2 d 1 次的灌溉强度下,番茄苗期可适应盐浓度为4 g·L^-1,筛选强度为8 g·L^-1。可以作为鉴别番茄幼苗耐盐性的指标为全株干质量、地上部干质量、根干质量、株高、茎粗、功能叶片数和壮苗指数,而根冠比则不可作为番茄幼苗耐盐性的鉴别指标。     

Olive seedling first-flowering position and management

The prolonged length of the juvenile period represents a substantial obstacle in olive (Olea europaea) breeding programs, delaying both the possibility for analyzing the fruit, the harvest unit, and the capacity for sexual recombination. In both olive and other fruit tree species, the juvenile–adult transition has been successfully hastened by forcing and formation procedures designed to rapidly achieve a minimum height. Precise knowledge of the position within the tree canopy where the juvenile–adult transition occurs, identified by the location of the first flowers, offers further potential for manipulating tree structure in order to hasten that transition. The occurrence of the juvenile–adult transition has been described spatially within the canopy as the formation of a juvenility cone, which we report here for olive plants from seed, and for the first time quantitatively describe its position based on the added trunk and branch distances from the soil. In canopies of seedlings from open pollination of cv. Arbequina olive the first-flowering position was consistently located, in our conditions, at an average distance of 200 cm from the trunk base. Based on that evidence, that first flowering can occur at lower positions, and on the values we obtained, three canopy-formation heights (100–130 cm, 130–160 cm and >160 cm) were compared for their effect on the length of the juvenile period and the vigour of olive seedlings. Canopy heights of 100–130 cm, much lower than the 160 cm previously reported by the olive tree breeding program of Córdoba, produced the highest number of flowering plants in the first two flowering years and also provided easier management.     

两个柱花草品种根系构型差异及其对间作柑橘砧木实生苗磷营养的竞争

 根系构型与植物的养分吸收密切相关,可能影响植物不同个体间的养分竞争。比较了‘格 拉姆’和‘184 号’柱花草（Stylosanthes Sw.）的根系构型差异,并探讨了两者在间作条件下对柑橘砧木 红藜檬（Citrus limonia）实生苗的生长和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,‘格拉姆’和‘184 号’在单作条 件下生物量、总根长、主根长和根尖数相似,但是‘184 号’的基根角度、根系表面积、平均根直径均小 于‘格拉姆’;在与柑橘实生苗间作条件下,‘184 号’有41.4%的根系进入柑橘根区,而‘格拉姆’仅有 0.8%的根系进入柑橘根区,因此与‘184 号’间作的柑橘砧木实生苗的生物量和对磷养分的吸收均显著低 于与‘格拉姆’间作的柑橘砧木实生苗。本研究表明,与根系垂直生长型的‘格拉姆’相比,根系水平 生长型的柱花草‘184 号’不宜用于果园生草栽培,根系构型应该成为草种筛选的重要指标。     

耐抽薹乌塌菜新品种‘徽乌 2 号’

 乌塌菜新品种‘徽乌2 号’是以自交不亲和系‘W9702-3’作母本,自交不亲和系‘S9801-2’ 作父本配制的中早熟、耐抽薹一代杂种。生长势强,株形美观,产量较高,冬性强;株高13.8 cm,开展 度27.0 cm,单株质量0.295 kg,平均产量48 000 kg ? hm^-2;外叶深绿,心叶淡黄,叶柄白色,口感脆嫩, 抗病性强,适宜在长江、淮河流域露地栽培种植。     

In vitro germination and seedling development of cryopreserved Dendrobium hybrid mature seeds

In vitro germination and seedling development from Dendrobium Swartz. hybrid ‘Sena Red’, ‘Mini WRL’, ‘Jaquelyn Thomas’, and ‘BFC Pink’ seeds cryopreserved through vitrification (PVS2) were evaluated. Germination percentages after cryopreservation (LN) were variable among different controls and treatments, despite the initial high seed viability for all hybrids. Seeds exposed to PVS2 at ice temperature from 1 to 3 h prior to LN exhibited significantly higher germination than seeds exposed to PVS2 at room temperature for the same time periods. No significant differences in germination percentages were observed for time exposure to PVS2 at 1, 2 or 3 h for ‘Sena Red’, ‘Mini WRL’, and ‘BFC Pink’. Seeds of ‘Jaquelyn Thomas’ exposed to 1 h prior to LN showed higher germination percentage than for exposure to 2 or 3 h. The combination of a pre-cooling treatment (ice) with a dehydration treatment (PVS2) for a period of time of 1–3 h was essential to allow proper germination of cryopreserved seeds. Although variability in seed germination among different hybrids and treatments was observed, germination was above 50% of the controls and all germinated seeds developed into normal seedlings with healthy shoot and root formation. No abnormalities, nutritional deficiencies, or diseases were observed in developed seedlings and no significant differences were observed for seedling growth and development from germinated seeds among the different hybrids. Seedlings transplanted to pots acclimatized well and developed into normal plants within 6–8 months in greenhouse. Transplanted seedlings exhibited 100% survival for all hybrids.     

兜兰新品种‘南之霞’

 兜兰新品种‘南之霞’（Paphiopedilum ‘SCBG Xia’）是以‘神秘宝石’兜兰（Paph. Mystic Jewel）为母本,‘瓦莱丽’兜兰（Paph. Valerie Tonkin）为父本,通过人工授粉杂交后选育出的。该品种 株形飘逸,叶片灰绿色,有深绿色斑点。花单朵,直径13 ~ 15 cm,萼片白色,有淡绿色条纹;花瓣淡绿 色,边缘褐色;植株抗性强,易开花,花期长达20 d 以上。     

Syrian pear (Pyrus syriaca) as a pollinator for European pear (Pyrus communis) cultivars

In Israel four European pear cultivars are grown: ‘Spadona’ is the main cultivar and ‘Coscia’, ‘Gentile’ and ‘Spadochina’ are its pollinators. However, molecular S-genotyping revealed that ‘Spadona’ is semi-compatible with its three pollinators. This explains, at least in part, the relatively low pear yield in Israel. The Syrian pear (Pyrus syriaca) grows wild in Israel and blooms intensively, overlapping the blooming of the cultivated European pears. Cross-fertilization between Syrian pear and ‘Spadona’ was shown to be efficient suggesting that Syrian pear might be a potent pollinator for ‘Spadona’. Twenty-six Syrian pear seedlings, from different sites in north-east Israel were S-genotyped identifying 11 that are fully compatible with the four European pear varieties cultivated in Israel. By this screening, 24 different S-RNases were cloned; ten of them are new, whereas the other fourteen had been identified previously. In addition, seedlings of two wild pear species were also S-genotyped. Two seedlings from Pyrus betulifolia and one from Pyrus korshinskii were found to be genetically compatible with the four European pear cultivars. From these seedlings four S-RNases were cloned, two are new, one had been cloned previously and one was identical to an S-RNase allele cloned from Syrian pear in this work.     

Growth,biomass allocation and leaf ion concentration of seven olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars under increased salinity

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is the major fruit tree in the Mediterranean region, often grown in locations where plants are exposed to increased salinity. To determine the effect of NaCl on shoot and root growth, dry matter allocation, leaf Na⁺ and K⁺ concentration, electrolyte (EL) and K⁺ leakage (KL), seven olive cultivars of different origins were grown in nutrient solution containing 0, 33, 66, 100 or 166 mM NaCl for three months. The general effect of salinity was linear and quadratic decrease of observed plant growth parameters. Different responses of tested cultivars to applied levels of salinity were found for stem dry weight, shoot length and number of leaves. As salinity increased, growth of ‘Manzanillo’ declined sharply, whereas ‘Frantoio’ was the most tolerant to growth reduction in most of the observed growth parameters. Allometric analysis showed that biomass allocation under salinity stress was similar in all cultivars, but the slope between shoot weight and total plant weight decreased as salinity increased. Since the higher allocation in roots was not found, it seems that salinity only slowed the above ground plant canopy growth. Sodium concentration in leaves of all cultivars increased as salinity increased with the highest increment reached when the salinity of nutrient solution was raised from 100 to 166 mM NaCl. Significant differences among genotypes were found in leaf Na⁺ and K⁺ concentration and K⁺:Na⁺ ratio, but they were not related to the growth rate. Generally, ‘Frantoio’ and ‘Oblica’ accumulated less Na⁺ and were able to maintain higher K⁺:Na⁺ ratios as compared to other genotypes. Electrolyte leakage and KL linearly increased with increasing salinity and the magnitude of the response depended upon the olive cultivar.     

Floral analysis cannot be considered as an alternative to the foliar diagnosis in the olive

Correlations between macro and micronutrient concentration of olive leaves and those obtained in floral buds at five development stages, were studied in order to evaluate the utility of floral analysis for the diagnosis of the nutritional status of olive orchards. Olive leaves from ‘Arbequina’, ‘Frantoio’, ‘Hojiblanca’, ‘Bella de España’ and ‘Picual’ cultivars were taken during July of 2002 and 2003. Samples of floral buds were collected at five development stages: closed bud (E), petal fall (G), G + 15 days, G + 30 days and pit hardening (H). Results showed a lack of signification of the correlation coefficients between leaf and floral analysis for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu and Na in both years of the experiment. The few significant correlations obtained were not repeated in both years. Therefore, the results indicate that floral bud mineral analyses cannot substitute the foliar diagnosis to establish the nutritional status of the olive orchards.     

Endogenous hormone concentrations and bud-break response to exogenous benzyl adenine in shoots of apple trees with two growth habits grown on three rootstocks

Summary

Scions from two siblings of a ‘Goldspur Delicious’ × ‘Redspur Delicious’ cross were budded to three rootstocks with different levels of vigour [M.9, M.7, and Malus domestica ‘Antanovka’ seedling] and planted in the field in 1997. The scions had two contrasting growth habits: one with narrow crotch angles, numerous short branches and an upright narrow (UN) canopy; and the other with wide crotch angles, few short branches, and a spreading round (SR) canopy. Shoot tips were collected at the time of bud-break in April 2004 and analysed for auxin (AUX), cytokinins (CK), and abscisic acid (ABA) to determine relationships between scion growth habit, size-controlling rootstock, and shoot tip hormone concentrations. Although not statistically different, the UN growth habit had numerically higher AUX, lower ABA, and equivalent CK levels as the SR growth habit. These differences resulted in statistically higher AUX:CK ratios (ACR). It is possible that the higher ACR contributed to the UN growth habit, which had more anti-gravitrophic shoot growth and appeared to have greater apical dominance than the SR growth habit. Either growth habit, grown on seedling rootstock, had nearly twice the ACR than on M.7 or M.9 rootstocks. The synthetic CK, 6-benzyl adenine (BA), was applied to 30 cm shoot explants of both growth habits in a greenhouse in March 2006. An 8.7 mM BA concentration stimulated bud-break in both growth habits, compared with controls, and bud-break was increased more in the UN than the SR growth habit. The results indicate that the ACR may be a factor regulating bud-break and the development of growth habit in apple scions, and that rootstock modified the hormone concentrations in shoot tips.