套袋对新世纪番石榴果皮色素及酚类物质的影响

研究了番石榴(PsidiumguajavaL.)新世纪品种果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、类黄酮和花青苷等色素及总酚的变化动态以及套袋的影响。结果发现,花青苷在果实色泽发育中的作用很小;叶绿素、类胡萝卜素的降解与果实成熟同时发生,二者的综合表现决定果实的色泽;套袋明显抑制了果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和类黄酮的合成,提高了果皮总酚含量。建议果实在采收及贮运过程中不要除袋,以进一步提高其商品性。     

早熟梨套袋技术研究

通过开展早熟梨果实套袋试验表明：对早熟梨实施套袋,可以显著地改善果实品质,尤以对外观品质的作用显著。套袋果实的果面都较对照的果实光滑,果点较小,锈斑面积小。可见,套袋是提高果实的商品性、生产无公害梨产品的有效途径。但套袋果可溶性固形物含量稍低于对照果,风味稍变淡,内在品质不如对照果,在生产上可采取多施有机肥、根外追肥、适当晚采、采前去袋等措施弥补这一缺陷。同时,套袋纸质的选择应根据品种而确定：‘翠冠’梨选择以台湾好果袋、山东爱农果袋等质量较好的双层纸袋为好。梨套袋时间也应根据不同品种特性确定：果点大而密、颜色深、锈斑严重的应该尽早套袋;果点小、颜色淡、锈斑轻的品种套袋时期可适当晚一些。‘翠冠’梨适宜的套袋时期一般以谢花后30 d为宜。     

Effects of bagging on fruit development and quality in cross-winter off-season longan

Clusters of cross-winter off-season longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour) cv. Chuliang were bagged with three types of bags: perforated translucent plastic bag (TPB), white adhesive-bonded fabric bag (WAFB) with about 70% light transmittance, and black adhesive-bonded fabric bag (BAFB) with <10% light transmittance. Bagging treatments began at 34 days after anthesis and continued until harvest. The results showed that bagging modified the microenvironment for fruit development. Bagging with TPB was most effective in increasing humidity, and air moisture within TPB maintained above 90% from 2 weeks after bagging. Bagging with BAFB or WAFB increased humidity most of the time, and the effect was more prominent when the weather was very dry (RH < 60%). All bag types tended to increase temperature and promoted fruit development, resulting in larger sized fruit. Bagging tended to promote early fruit drop but reduced late fruit drop, and the final fruit retention rate was not significantly affected by bagging. Bagging with different materials showed differential effects on incidence of fruit cracking. WAFB and BAFB reduced cracking incidence significantly as compared to the control (5.1% and 11.6% vs 32.8%). Sugar content was not significantly affected by bagging but organic acids including vitamin C (Vc) were considerably affected. Concentration of malic acid, the dominant organic acid in longan aril, was 605.6, 830.0, 1161.0 and 1428 μg/g FW in TPB, BAFB, WAFB and the control. Vc in the aril was significantly reduced by BAFB (108.4 μg/g FW), slightly increased by WAFB (183.9 μg/g FW) and significantly increased by TPB (264.5 μg/g FW) as compared with the control (174.7 μg/g FW). Pericarp of fruit bagged with TPB had a slightly higher content of Vc (1337 μg/g FW), while those bagged with BAFB (873.6 μg/g FW) and WAFB (787.4 μg/g FW) had significantly lower Vc contents than the control (1243 μg/g FW). The responses of oxalate and Vc contents in the aril and the pericarp to bagging treatments showed an opposite trend. The results suggested that WAFB increased fruit size and fruit retention rate while significantly reduced fruit cracking incidence and could be a promising practice for cross-winter longan production.     

套袋对刺葡萄果实品质及酚类物质的影响

以湖南省中方县的刺葡萄为试材,采用果实套袋的方法,研究其对刺葡萄果实品质和酚类物质的影响,以期为酒用刺葡萄的生产及酿酒提供参考。结果表明:套袋处理降低了果实发病率;与对照相比,套袋降低了采收期刺葡萄果实还原糖含量,增加了总酸含量;套袋处理还降低了葡萄果实总酚含量、总花色苷含量及总黄烷醇含量,2014年分别降低了21.50%、34.84%、14.38%,2015年分别降低了12.23%、9.04%、14.65%。通过2年试验,套袋处理的单体花色苷较对照分别降低30.47%(2014年)、4.28%(2015年);与对照相比,套袋处理的非单体花色苷酚类物质总量2014年降低了9.05%,2015年增加了15.17%,其中黄烷醇类物质,2014年降低了10.15%,2015年增加了15.53%。因此,套袋对刺葡萄果实品质及酚类物质无提升作用,不适合刺葡萄葡萄酒的酿造。     

套袋对‘三红蜜柚’果实着色的影响

【目的】‘三红蜜柚’[Citrus maxima(Brum.)Merr.‘Sanhongmiyou’]的海绵层和果肉红色,外果皮橙黄色,经套袋后也呈现紫红色,但套袋对外果皮呈色的作用机制尚不清楚。因此,本研究通过分析不同套袋对外果皮色素积累的影响,筛选出最适套袋方案,指导生产,也为今后进一步研究果面色泽形成机理提供研究基础。【方法】以’三红蜜柚’果实为试材,分别选用3种不同的果袋对果实进行套袋,以不套袋作为对照,测定果实在发育期间的外果皮色泽参数、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,使用超高效液相色谱法测定外果皮番茄红素、β-胡萝卜素和玉米黄素的含量。【结果】3种套袋处理的果皮亮度值L*、红绿色度值a*、黄蓝色度值b*和色泽饱和度在果实发育过程中均呈上升趋势,显著高于对照组;在3种套袋处理间,L*值无显著差异,处理A和处理B的果实比处理C的果实更早退绿,更早着色。相比较于对照组,套袋处理能够显著提高成熟果实果皮的番茄红素含量,不同处理间的果皮番茄红素含量差异显著,其中,处理A的果皮番茄红素含量最高,达44.54 mg·kg^-1。在果实发育过程中,套袋处理果实的果皮β-胡萝卜素、玉米黄素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量均呈下降趋势,显著低于对照组。【结论】套袋显著降低‘三红蜜柚’果实的果皮叶绿素含量,促使果皮提前退绿;双层和三层果袋显著提高成熟期果实的果皮番茄红素含量,增加果皮的红色成分,有效提高‘三红蜜柚’果实的果面着色效果。     

Effect of different biodegradable and polyethylene mulches on soil properties and production in a tomato crop

The use of plastic materials for mulching is a very common practice for vegetable crops. Black polyethylene is the most widely used due to its excellent properties and low cost. However, the massive use of these materials supposes an environmental risk. In the last few years, the use of starch-based biodegradable films has been introduced as an alternative to conventional mulches. These materials can be incorporated into the soil at the end of the crop season and undergo biodegradation by soil microorganisms. A 2-year study was conducted to determine the response of a tomato crop to seven mulch materials (polyethylene and biodegradable) in open fields in Central Spain. Biodegradable films underwent early decomposition, but in general remained functional during use and did not affect yield and the fruit quality attributes (total soluble solids, firmness, dry weight, juice content and shape). The temperatures reached under polyethylene films were always higher than under biodegradable films, which could be a disadvantage in certain circumstances, especially in hot climates, although may be advantageous in cool conditions. The use of polyethylene films resulted in the lowest values of soil microbial biomass C and soil organic matter mineralization, probably due to the increase of temperature registered under mulches. The analysis of the marketable yield components indicates that the variability in yield mainly depended on the number of fruits, with mean fruit weight being practically constant in the different treatments and seasons, which suggests the strong varietal character of this parameter.     

‘白玉’枇杷果实套袋对其品质及抗氧化能力的影响

 以白沙枇杷品种‘白玉’为试材,分析了白色单层、黄色单层、黄色双层和外灰内黑双层等4种纸袋套袋对果实品质以及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,套袋能改善果实表面的光泽度。白色单层纸袋处理增加了果实的可溶性固形物和总糖含量,而其他3种纸袋处理都导致果实可溶性固形物和总糖含量下降,可滴定酸含量上升。套袋还降低了果实的总酚含量、类黄酮含量和抗氧化能力,其中以外灰内黑双层纸袋下降最大。套袋后果实的抗氧化能力下降,与总酚和类黄酮含量降低呈显著正相关。综合套袋对果实品质的影响,‘白玉’枇杷宜用透光性好的白色单层纸袋。     

沙田柚幼果期套袋对果实品质的影响

本试验研究了不同类型的商品果袋在沙田柚幼果期套袋后果实品质的变化,结果表明,套袋显著地改善了柚果的外观品质,防病虫效果显著,并使单果重明显增加,虽然套袋使鲜果的可溶性固形物和维生素Ｃ的含量略有下降,但贮藏后的果实风味更佳,其中以Ｂ型果袋对提高沙田柚果实商品价值较突出。     

草酸处理对杧果采后果实AsA-GSH循环系统的影响

 杧果（Mangifera indica L.）栽培品种‘圣心’采前套袋果实采后经5 mmol · L^-1草酸溶液浸泡10 min后常温（25 ℃）下贮藏,期间果实硬度系数、病情指数、腐烂率、黄化都显著低于对照;其中,处理果实果皮的还原型抗坏血酸（AsA）和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量保持较高,抗坏血酸氧化酶（APX）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性在贮藏9 d后提高,同时,超氧阴离子（）生成速率、过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量和丙二醛（MDA）含量降低,说明草酸处理可通过提高果皮AsA-GSH循环系统中抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂水平来增强清除活性氧自由基（ROS）能力,减轻膜脂过氧化伤害,进而有利于延缓套袋杧果采后成熟衰老进程,提高果实的商品率。     

石榴套袋方式对石榴品质的影响

为解决石榴生长过程中易出现的虫害、日灼、锈斑、裂果等问题,提高石榴生产效益,以临潼石榴为试验对象,比较了膜袋、纸袋对石榴质量的影响。结果表明:套膜袋的石榴单果重明显高于套纸袋石榴及对照组(未套袋)果实,裂果率明显低于套纸袋石榴及对照组果实,但果实糖度、酸度明显低于套纸袋及对照组果实;套纸袋果实单果重低于套膜袋果实,但高于对照组果实,糖度接近对照组,但明显高于套膜袋果实,酸度与套膜袋果实基本相同,但明显高于对照组;套纸袋石榴果实甜中带酸,色泽鲜艳,大小基本均一,石榴套纸袋技术可增加石榴生产效益。     

套袋对黄瓜产量和品质的影响及经济效益分析

以"中农16号"为试材,研究套袋对黄瓜生长和品质的影响,探讨套袋黄瓜预期产生的经济效益。结果表明:套袋可显著抑制弯瓜及畸形瓜的产生,增产效果显著;套袋黄瓜平均长度、平均重量、单位重量分别比对照组高9.83%4、2.99%、29.94%;套袋处理对黄瓜的水分含量和瓜皮表面色泽无显著影响;套袋处理可显著提高黄瓜糖酸比,改善黄瓜口感风味;套袋黄瓜VC和可溶性蛋白含量分别比对照提高了45.80%和16.82%;套袋黄瓜预期产生的经济效益远远大于套袋所消耗的薄膜材料以及人工费用。     

Direct and indirect effects of seed related characters on number of seed in guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits

Dessert quality of guava fruit is considerably reduced by high seed content. Number of seeds in guava is associated with different seed and fruit characters. Influence of different seed characters on number of seeds per fruit (NSPF) was studied by analysing character association and direct and indirect effects on NSPF and seed related traits for 68 genotypes of guava collected from diverse sources and conserved at National Active Germplasm Site, CISH, Lucknow. Seed related characters were studied at the colour break stage of the fruits using image analysis software for counting number of seeds. The data was subjected to path analysis to find out direct and indirect effects of different characters on number of seeds in the fruits. At genotypic and phenotypic levels, NSPF was significantly and positively associated with seed weight per fruit (SWPF), number of seeds 100 g⁻¹ pulp (NSPHP) and fruit weight (FW). The genotypic (0.0029) and phenotypic (0.0563) residual values were fairly very low, which revealed that variables included in this study had significant contribution in determining NSPF. The NSPHP exhibited high positive direct effect on NSPF. The maximum direct response (P = 0.737, G = 1.004) of this component was attributed to the indirect positive effects of the SWPF and fruit:seed weight proportion (FSWP). SWPF also had a very high positive direct effect (P = 0.521, G = 0.694) on the NSPF. Correlation and path coefficient analysis revealed that SWPF, NSPHP and 100-seed weight (100SW) were deciding factors for realizing improvement for NSPF. The importance of small seeded genotypes in selection of less seeded varieties was emphasized.     

不同颜色果袋对李果实着色及花色素苷合成的影响因素分析

以大石早生李为试材,研究了不同颜色的果袋对李(Prunus salicina Lindl.)果实外观色泽、花色素苷含量的影响,并探讨了果实中糖酸含量、PAL(苯丙氨酸氨解酶)和UFGT(类黄酮葡糖苷转移酶)酶活性与花色素苷合成的关系。结果表明,果袋的透光率与果皮外观色泽有密切关系,透光率越高,a*越大,果皮颜色越红。白色果袋与对照、红袋与黄袋果实外观无显著差异,白袋与红袋,黑袋(完全不透光)与黄袋,红袋与黄袋处理之间的果实外观色泽存在显著差异。果实成熟时果皮中花色素苷含量与纸袋的透光率呈正比,波长580nm以上橙、红光的透光率与果皮中花色素苷含量相关系数r>0.99。在不同颜色果袋影响果实成熟时果皮的糖酸积累方面:不同颜色果袋对果肉中糖酸含量无显著影响,果皮的糖含量与花色素苷含量亦无显著相关性,但成熟时果皮中酸含量与花色素苷含量呈显著正相关(r=0.9815*)。不同颜色果袋影响PAL、UFGT酶活性,果实成熟时不同果袋PAL酶活性与花色素苷含量相关性显著(r=0.9613*),UFGT酶活性与花色素苷含量相关性显著(r=0.9365*)。     

‘凯特’杧果栽培中果实套袋对其采后品质及贮藏性的影响

 以‘凯特’杧果为材料,研究了栽培中果实套袋至采果时、采前除袋和除袋后喷钙3种处理对采后果皮着色、果实品质和耐贮性的影响。结果表明：3种处理的果实采后果皮的花青苷和类黄酮含量显著降低,总酚含量在青熟时显著低于对照,但完熟后显著高于对照;3种处理不仅加速果皮由绿色向黄色转变,显著提高果皮和果肉的钙含量,而且显著降低果实采后软化速率并抑制果实病情发展,其中除袋后喷钙处理效果最佳;3种处理果实在青熟时果肉淀粉含量显著高于对照,而蔗糖和维生素C含量显著低于对照,但完熟后果实蔗糖、还原性糖、可滴定酸和维生素C含量与对照没有显著差异。3种处理均有利于改善果实的外观品质,并提高果实的耐贮性。     

新嘎拉苹果果实着色试验

通过套袋、应用反光膜、喷施增红剂、摘叶等措施,研究其对新嘎拉苹果含糖量、花青苷、着色果率的影响。结果表明:4种措施都明显提高了果实色泽,且増红剂可显著提高果实红色,反光膜可增大树冠内照幅度,摘叶可减少叶片遮荫造成的果面绿斑。     

套袋对‘茌梨’果实蔗糖代谢及相关酶基因表达的影响

 研究了4种材质的果袋套袋处理对‘茌梨’（Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.‘Chili’）果实生长发育过程中可溶性糖含量及蔗糖代谢的影响。结果表明,果实中的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖及可溶性总糖含量均随着果实的发育进程而增加;不同材质果袋影响糖增加的程度不同,套黄蜡纸袋的糖增加最少;转化酶（Ivr）活性随着果实的发育而降低,套袋降低了花后75 ~ 90 d 和花后150 d 果实酸性转化酶（AI）活性,而对中性转化酶（NI）影响不明显;蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性随着果实的发育而增加,套袋处理不同程度上降低了SPS活性,以套黄蜡纸袋最为明显,其次是套白蜡纸袋和无纺布袋,套塑料膜袋的大部分测试点与对照差异不显著;随着果实的发育,果实中蔗糖合成酶合成活性（SSs）逐渐增加,蔗糖合成酶分解活性（SSc）逐渐下降,套袋对SSs活性影响在多数测定点差异不显著,但降低了果实发育后期SSc活性。蔗糖代谢相关酶基因AIV1、AIV2、SPS1和SUS1表达的实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,套袋降低了AIV2的相对表达量,降低程度套无纺布袋大于套塑料膜袋;推迟了果实中SPS1的相对表达量最大值出现的时间,套塑料膜袋果的SPS1相对表达量在发育前期显著低于对照;影响了SUS1相对表达量的变化,整个发育过程未见套塑料膜袋果有SUS1相对表达量高峰出现,套黄蜡纸袋果的SUS1相对表达量最大值较对照提前15 d,之后显著低于对照。     

苹果果实套袋对光合同化物积累与转化的影响

 通过建立一定的源库单位,分析富士苹果套双层纸袋后果实库中光合同化物的积累与转化代谢的动态变化。结果表明：套袋45 d（盛花后90 d）后,果实中光合同化物山梨醇的积累量明显高于未套袋的对照,但淀粉、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖含量低于对照;与糖转化代谢相关的蔗糖合酶（SS）、蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）、酸性转化酶（AI）、山梨醇脱氢酶（SDH）和淀粉酶的活性均低于对照。套袋降低了果实的库活力,减弱了调运养分的能力。     

不同套袋材料对红杧6号杧果果实品质的影响

研究了不同套袋材料对红杧6号杧果果实外观、果皮色素、果皮色泽及果实内在品质的影响。结果表明,采用白色单层袋套果后,青熟和完熟时,白色单层纸袋处理的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素质量分数较低,花青苷和类黄酮质量分数均较高,果皮亮度、色彩浓度和色度角均较高或最高,使果皮在青熟时呈紫红色,完熟时呈桃红色。白色单层袋套果后,果实的内在品质如维生素C、可溶性固形物、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖质量分数最高,内在品质最佳。外黄内黑复合纸袋果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青苷、类黄酮质量分数均较低,果皮亮度、色彩浓度均最高,色度角最低,使果皮在青熟时呈浅黄色,完熟时呈橙黄色,但果实内在品质比白色单层袋差。因此,建议红杧6号杧果用白色单层纸袋进行套袋。     

不同果袋对丰水梨果实发育微环境及采后冷藏品质的影响

选择10种不同类型的果袋对丰水梨果实进行套袋处理,研究了套袋对果实发育微环境及采后冷藏品质的影响。结果表明,套袋改变了果实生长发育的微环境,套袋果实在冷藏过程中品质发生了不同变化,如冷藏80d时大部分套袋处理果实的硬度、可溶性固形物、维生素C和可滴定酸含量均显著高于对照,表明套袋处理有效地维持冷藏过程中果实的内在品质。在10种果袋类型中,外黄内黑的双层袋(编号为D-6)套袋处理的果实在冷藏80d时品质最佳。     

套袋对巨峰葡萄果实糖分变化及转化酶活性的影响

以巨峰葡萄为试材,研究套袋对葡萄果实中糖代谢及转化酶活性的影响.结果表明:套袋果实在发育过程中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量和转化酶活性变化趋势与对照基本一致.果实成熟后套袋果的可溶性总糖含量明显高于对照.在果实发育前期,套袋明显改变果实中蔗糖的相对含量及酸性转化酶活性.套袋可能主要是通过影响果实发育早期转化酶活性来影响果实糖分积累.