水杨酸和草酸对光氧化胁迫下黄瓜叶片光合机构及叶黄素循环的影响

 以500μmol·L - 1的甲基紫精(MV) 溶液涂抹叶片, 研究了光氧化胁迫条件下外源水杨酸(SA) 和草酸(OA) 对黄瓜叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数和叶黄素循环的影响。结果表明, 在胁迫前2 d分别用SA 012 mmol·L - 1和OA 5 mmol·L - 1处理叶片, 减小了光氧化胁迫下净光合速率( Pn) 、蒸腾速率(Tr) 、PSⅡ光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)、叶绿素光化学猝灭系数( qP) 的下降及胞间CO2 浓度(Ci)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ) 和叶黄素循环脱环氧化状态(A + Z) / (V +A + Z) 的升高, 而对气孔导度(Gs)和PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm) 影响很小。SA和OA处理可使光氧化胁迫下叶黄素循环库增加, 提高叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量。这些结果说明, SA 和OA对光氧化胁迫下黄瓜叶片光合机构的破坏具有保护作用。     

枝梢环剥对荔枝新梢生长和叶片矿质营养的影响

环剥处理中断韧皮部光合产物向下运输及抑制枝梢生长的效应已经明确,但对不同矿质营养运输的影响则有待进一步揭示。研究以妃子笑荔枝为试材,揭示了枝梢环剥处理对新梢生长和叶片矿质营养的影响。结果表明,枝梢环剥处理可强烈抑制枝梢上的新梢发生;环剥17 d后,叶片叶绿素指数明显下降;同时,环剥口上端的叶片不同的矿质营养发生不同的变化。其中对钾和镁影响微弱,而氮、磷、钙、铁、锰、铜、锌等矿质营养含量发生不同程度降低,其中微量元素铁、铜、锰的含量下降较为明显,这表明,中断韧皮部运输也会导致叶片摄取这些矿质元素的减少。     

油菜素内酯对Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下黄瓜叶绿体AsA-GSH循环及叶黄素稳态的影响

研究了外源油菜素内酯(24–表油菜素内酯,EBL)对Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下黄瓜光合器官的调控作用。在Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫条件下,外源EBL显著提高了叶绿体中还原型抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽的含量,分别是对照的2.44倍和1.40倍。AsA-GSH循环中的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性比胁迫处理增加了36.27%和105.83%。外源EBL的施用显著增加了紫黄质(V)、玉米黄质(Z)和总叶黄素含量,减少了花药黄质(A)的积累,叶黄素脱环氧化态比胁迫处理增加了9.60%。胁迫条件下,EBL显著提高了植株叶片的非光化学猝灭(NPQ),缓解了PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_(PSⅡ))的下降。EBL处理后,叶绿体膜多种不饱和脂肪酸的水平比对照明显增加。试验结果表明,外源EBL能够通过调控AsA-GSH循环及热耗散,增强叶绿体抗氧化能力,从而抵抗Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫。     

高温强光下温州蜜柑光合机构运转与叶黄素循环和D1蛋白周转的关系

 以2年生温州蜜柑（Citrus unishiu Marc.）离体叶片为试材,利用叶绿素荧光探针、Western-blotting及抑制剂,研究了叶黄素循环、D1蛋白周转及电子传递在防御光破坏中的作用。结果表明,高温强光（40 ℃,2 000 mol • m-2 • s-1）处理30 min后,温州蜜柑叶片的初始荧光Fo显著升高,最大荧光Fm、非光化学猝灭系数NPQ、最大光能转化效率Fv/Fm及PSⅡ的量子产额ΦPSⅡ显著降低,同时,D1蛋白含量也大幅下降。用D1蛋白合成抑制剂林可霉素或叶黄素循环抑制剂二硫苏糖醇（DTT）饲喂叶片后,Fv/Fm、Fm、ETR（表观光合电子传递速率）、ΦPSⅡ和D1蛋白下降幅度增大,而且饲喂林可霉素的下降幅度大于饲喂DTT。使用电子传递抑制剂（DCMU）抑制叶圆片电子传递后,高温强光下Fo显著上升了78%,Fv/Fm和D1蛋白含量下降了33%和83%。这些结果表明,D1蛋白周转和叶黄素循环对温州蜜柑叶片光合机构光破坏有保护作用,而且D1蛋白周转的作用大于叶黄素循环,D1蛋白周转在一定程度上依赖于电子传递。     

番茄叶黄素合成突变与光能分配和抗氧化酶活性的关系

以叶黄素（Lutein）缺失的番茄突变体（Xa）为材料,研究其光合和叶绿素荧光特性、吸收光能分配、细胞器水平抗氧化酶活性及抗氧化物质含量。结果表明：Xa突变体的非光化学猝灭系数（qN）、叶片吸收光能分配依赖于△pH和叶黄素的非结构性热耗散（J_NPQ）显著低于其野生型Ailsa Craig,但净光合速率（Pn）、羧化效率（CE）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）与Ailsa Craig相似。此外,Xa突变体叶片细胞器水平的抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量大多数显著高于Ailsa Craig。这些结果表明,叶黄素缺失体主要通过降低光能吸收和提高抗氧化能力来避免过剩光能导致光氧化胁迫的产生。     

强光下姜叶片的光呼吸及叶黄素循环

 姜叶片晴天中午的表观量子效率( AQY) 和PSÒ光化学活性(Fv/ Fm) 显著降低, 表明有明显的光抑制现象, 而干旱、高温、强光等逆境条件可显著加重光抑制程度。土壤水分胁迫使光呼吸速率( Pr) 降低, 峰值提前, Pr/ Pn 升高; 同时使叶黄素循环库增大, (A+ Z) / ( V+ A+ Z) 上升, 表明光呼吸和叶黄素循环是姜叶片耗散过剩光能的重要途径。     

螺旋环剥对幼龄‘桂味’荔枝果期光合和蒸腾作用的影响

以6年生幼龄‘桂味’荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.‘Guiwei’)为试材,于5月果实发育期,从螺旋环剥处理和对照树上分别选取来自同一基枝的有果枝和无果枝,观察枝梢生长的情况并进行叶片光合和蒸腾作用的研究。结果表明:螺旋环剥有利坐果;螺旋环剥缩小有果叶与无果叶在光合效率上的差别,显著降低了叶片的最大光合速率(Amax)、表观量子效率(AQY)和羧化效率(CE),提高了光补偿点(LCP),削弱了光合效率;净光合速率(Pn)与蒸腾速率(Tr)极显著相关,螺旋环剥显著降低了叶片的Tr,Pn也下降但差异不显著,蒸腾作用减弱的程度比光合作用减弱的程度大;对照叶片的Pn和Tr日变化为单峰曲线型,14:00时达最高峰,螺旋环剥叶片的Pn和Tr在13:00时有明显的午休现象,气孔限制是午休的主要因素;相同处理的有果枝叶片,其日均Pn和Tr都高于无果枝叶片,说明果实的存在可提高‘桂味’荔枝的Pn和Tr。     

杧果Rab蛋白基因MiRab11的克隆及表达分析

根据前期对杧果（Mangifera indica L.）胁迫差异分析中获得的Rab11 片段,采用RT-PCR结合RACE 技术,从‘四季杧’混合组织材料（叶、茎、花和果实）中克隆了一个Rab11 完整编码区序列,命名为MiRab11。其cDNA 全长902 bp,包含完整开放阅读框657 bp,编码218 个氨基酸。同源性分析表明MiRab11 与葡萄和柑橘的同源性最高（相似度均为97%）。实时荧光定量检测结果表明：MiRab11在杧果叶、茎、花和果实中均有表达,在嫩茎和花后70 d 的成熟果实中的表达较高;在果实形成及发育初期表达量略有下调,但在果实成熟过程中表达量明显上调;逆境胁迫（低温、盐、干旱）处理可引起在叶或茎中上调表达;不同信号物质（脱落酸、水杨酸、双氧水）刺激均可引起叶中的表达上调。结果表明,MiRab11 可能在杧果果实成熟和胁迫反应中发挥重要作用。     

A role for carbohydrate levels in the control of flowering in citrus

Girdling in October of small or large fruitless branches increased 2–3-fold both starch content of leaves and flower numbers as compared with ungirdled ‘Murcott’ mandarin trees. Autumn girdling and GA₃ treatments were both effective and additive in increasing starch contents of leaves and twigs of ‘Shamouti’ orange trees. GA₃, however, had the expected effect of depressing the reproductive inflorescences in both girdled and ungirdled branches, while girdling had the opposite effect. Girdling and fruit removal in October also additively and dramatically increased flower production in ‘Murcott’. Lowtemperature regimes in a phytotron caused young ‘Minneola’ budlings to flower earlier in the season and more profusely, while having no effect on starch content of leaves and twigs. The interactions of increased carbohydrate content and gibberellin in the control of flower formation in citrus are discussed.     

环割对柑橘叶片衰老的影响

以3年生红黎檬砧‘暗柳橙’（Anliucheng）为试材,研究了环割与环剥对柑橘叶片光合性能及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,环割和环剥30 d后均不同程度降低了叶片叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）和细胞间CO2浓度（Ci）,其中环剥处理对叶片SPAD和Pn产生了持续性的影响;环割和环剥在处理的前期均显著增加了叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）等抗氧化酶活性;处理30 d后叶片抗氧化物质抗坏血酸（AsA）和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量显著低于对照,随后呈上升趋势,达到一个峰值后缓慢恢复到正常状态;各处理叶片膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量均呈上升趋势,环割2次和环剥处理叶片初期MDA含量显著高于对照,引发柑橘叶片中一系列抗氧化反应,造成其膜脂氧化程度加剧。     

Studies on the relationship between leaf number and area and fruit development in mango (Mangifera indica L.)

The optimum leaf number: fruit ratio in various mango cuitivars was sought by isolating individual fruits with known numbers of supporting leaves by shoot girdling. ¹⁴CO₂ feeding experiments showed a higher rate of carbon fixation in the leaves of girdled shoots than of control shoots but the translocation of ¹⁴C assimilates to the developing fruits on the girdled and control shoots was comparable. Starch accumulation in the leaves was reduced by shoot girdling. The stomatal resistance of the leaves of girdled shoots was comparable to that of leaves on control shoots. In all the cuitivars studied it was observed that 30 leaves, the maximum available on a shoot, could not support the growth of a single fruit to normal size. The results also show that fruit development depends not only on the current assimilates but also to a great extent on reserves. The utilization of reserve metabolites from vegetative organs during the ‘on’ year could be a contributing factor towards biennial and erratic bearing.     

螺旋环剥对幼龄荔枝树生长结果的调控作用

‘糯米糍’和‘桂味’荔枝幼树不挂果现象相当普遍。采用螺旋环剥能显著促进成花、改善花质、减少落果、增加产量,改善品质。糯米糍、桂味幼树在生理落果期间出现旺盛的根梢生长峰,但其成年树和坐果比较正常的怀枝幼树都没有出现这种旺盛生长,表明了品种和树龄特性的差异。螺旋环剥明显减少生理落果期间的根与梢的生长量,使果实在与根、梢之间的库力竞争中获得优势,因而有利于坐果和果实生长。     

螺旋环剥对‘糯米糍’荔枝坐果与碳水化合物及激素的影响

研究结果表明,幼‘糯米滋’荔枝主要螺旋环剥能减少碳水化合物向根系转运,从而增加叶片和果实中的碳水化合物含量,增多果实中赤霉素类物质和降低脱落酸类物质含量。坐果率的提高与赤霉素／脱落酸的比值较高关系密切。     

干旱胁迫下外源ABA对姜叶片活性氧代谢的影响

为探讨外源ABA调控姜干旱胁迫的生理机制,以‘莱芜大姜’为试材,采用砂培,通过模拟干旱（5% PEG）和根系外施ABA（0.05 mmol ? L-1）,研究ABA对姜叶片活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,外源ABA显著增加了姜叶片内源ABA含量,且以干旱胁迫下增加量为最多;同时,外源ABA亦有利于保持姜叶片较高的相对含水量。姜根系外施ABA早期,植株叶片的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）及过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均增强,进而显著降低了叶片中超氧阴离子（）产生速率及过氧化氢（H2O2）含量,延缓了膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量的增加;虽外源ABA处理后期,随干旱胁迫时间的延长,外施ABA处理植株叶片抗氧化酶活性有所降低,但其活性氧水平及MDA含量仍显著低于单一的干旱胁迫处理。表明外施0.05 mmol ? L-1ABA有利于维持姜叶片活性氧代谢的正常进行,降低膜脂过氧化水平,增强植株抗干旱能力。     

Acclimation to partial shading or full sunlight determines the performance of container-grown Fraxinus ornus to subsequent drought stress

Cultivation techniques in the nursery aimed to improve tolerance to abiotic stresses after planting in the landscape may have great ecological value. Here we tested the hypothesis that the irradiance at which plants grow in the nursery may impact on their responses to a subsequent drought stress. Measurements of relevant morpho-anatomical, physiological and biochemical traits were conducted in Fraxinus ornus, a member of the Oleaceae family of increasing interest as an urban tree. Leaves developed under moderate shade displayed a lower ability to preserve water balance, thus suffering from a greater decline in net CO₂ assimilation than leaves acclimated to full sunlight, when subsequently exposed to drought stress. Shaded leaves also displayed an inherently lower capacity to dissipate excess radiant energy through nonphotochemical quenching, thus suffering from greater oxidative damage than sun leaves under drought. These results indicate that sunlight irradiance at which container-grown ash trees grow in the nursery may tightly affect the tolerance to subsequent drought stress. This may have great value for enhancing the establishment of container-grown plants in the landscape, as fully leaved plants may suffer from severe drought stress during early stages of acclimation in the landscape.     

Separierung der spektralen Absorption einzelner Fruchtpigmente am Beispiel von Mango in der Frischhaltung

Breakdown and synthesis rates of green and yellow fruit pigments are well correlated with ripeness of tropical fruits and can be analysed precisely and cost-efficiently by spectrophotometry. In the present study postharvest observations of mango fruits (Mangifera indica L. ‘Kent’) and their varying maturity and quality related contents of chlorophylls, carotenoids and xanthophylls have been used to evaluate a new method for analysing spectral data by an iterative multiple regression algorithm (iMLR). The main objective was to establish this method as a laboratory application analysing fruit extracts in organic solvents and, furthermore, for non-destructive quality tests on fruit and vegetables. It is shown that varying contents of chlorophyll a and b as well as beta-carotene and violaxanthin could be calculated in a nonpolar solution of mango pigments using iMLR. As a mixture of mango pigments were determined using sets of linear equations, the error was higher compared to results of iMLR. The content of violaxanthin in overripe fruit exocarp was computed with 18.04 µg/g DW and thus significant higher than the content in unripe fruit exocarp (8.63 µg/g DW). The content of ß-carotene did not change during the time of storage. For analysing non-destructively recorded fruit spectra iMLR is applicable within limits. In diffusive tissue, corrections regarding the varying optical sample properties are needed. The measuring uncertainty was low for chorophyll, but high for single carotenoids.     

环剥对小金海棠缺铁适应性反应的影响

利用环剥技术研究了液体培养下小金海棠根系缺铁适应性反应的变化情况,结果显示,缺铁条件下小金海棠表现出根际pH值降低及根系Fe3+还原酶活性升高等缺铁适应性反应,而环剥后小金海棠根系的缺铁适应性反应受到抑制,根际pH值与对照相比无显著差异,根系Fe3+还原酶活性也无显著升高。半根供铁植株环剥的试验结果显示,只对缺铁一侧进行环剥则缺铁侧根系无显著的根际酸化和还原酶活性增加等生理变化,但正常供铁一侧根际pH值从第2天开始降低,第6天达到最低。根系Fe3+还原酶活性在处理后第2天有所增加,第6天达到最高值。如对正常供铁一侧根系环剥,则正常供铁一侧根系无显著生理变化,缺铁一侧出现根际pH值降低及根系Fe3+还原酶活性升高等现象。     

菠菜发育与逆境应答蛋白质组学研究进展

近年来的蛋白质组学研究为深入认识菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)生长发育与逆境应答的分子机制提供了重要信息。通过整合分析菠菜蛋白质组学研究结果,揭示菠菜叶片(细胞器)发育以及缺铁、镉、盐和硫化氢胁迫应答的调节机制,包括:(1)黑暗条件下叶绿体RNA的降解受到非Mg Cl_2依赖的和Mg Cl_2依赖的核酸内切酶的调控;(2)含有SWI/SNF complex B(SWIB)结构域的质体拟核相关蛋白质(pt NAP)、Myb转录因子SANT超级家族蛋白质、茉莉酸和乙烯响应因子3、β链蛋白和Rec F/Rec N/SMC蛋白等,参与叶绿体拟核的形态建成调控;(3)硫氧还蛋白通过影响叶绿体和线粒体内蛋白质的氧化还原状态调节其功能;(4)过氧化物酶参与抗氧化系统、光呼吸C2循环、脂肪酸β氧化、乙醛酸循环、茉莉酸和叶绿醌合成等;(5)光系统Ⅰ蛋白质对缺铁高度敏感,而光系统Ⅱ天线单体—三聚体的聚合与解聚可以动态变化,从而适应缺铁胁迫;(6)基部叶片积极响应镉胁迫,通过植物螯合肽的积累抑制镉离子进入顶部叶片,而顶部叶片通过光合和产能增加供应植株能量需求;(7)叶片通过加强光合作用与能量代谢,以及诱导乙烯与茉莉酸生物合成等过程应答硫化氢胁迫。     

土壤含水量对阿月浑子叶片净光合速率及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

 研究了土壤相对含水量对阿月浑子叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn) 和荧光参数的影响。结果表明: 干旱胁迫降低了阿月浑子叶片Chl1a、Chl1b 含量和Pn , 增加了类胡萝卜素含量; 20 %供水处理降低了阿月浑子叶片的PS Ⅱ活性, 原初光能转化效率(Fv/ Fm) , 光化学猝灭系数(qP) , 非光化学猝灭系数(qN) 和PS Ⅱ电子传递量子产量(ΦPS Ⅱ) 。轻度干旱胁迫下, 气孔限制是Pn 降低的主要原因; 严重干旱胁迫下, 非气孔限制是Pn 降低的主要原因。干旱胁迫下阿月浑子叶片Pn 的下降是水分胁迫和强光胁迫双重作用的结果, PS Ⅱ电子传递量子产量(ΦPS Ⅱ) 降低是阿月浑子叶片Pn 下降的内在原因。     

外源褪黑素对臭氧胁迫下‘赤霞珠’葡萄叶片光合作用的影响

以盆栽‘赤霞珠’葡萄为试验材料,浇施浓度为100 nmol·L~(-1)的外源褪黑素(melatonin)后,在110 n L·L~(-1)臭氧浓度胁迫下,测定葡萄叶片气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线,并结合叶绿素荧光淬灭分析葡萄叶片光合性能的变化。结果表明:浇施褪黑素提高了臭氧胁迫下叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素的含量以及叶绿素a/b的比值,提高了叶片净光合速率(P_n)和叶片单位面积有活性反应中心的数量(RC/CSm),以及捕获的激子将电子传递到Q_A以后的其他电子受体的概率(Ψ_o),从而缓解了臭氧胁迫下的光抑制程度。结论:外源褪黑素缓解了臭氧胁迫下葡萄叶片叶绿素的降解,通过调节光系统的能量分配,缓解了臭氧胁迫对光合作用的伤害。