Have the Flowers,Fruitlets, Ripe Fruit and Leaves of Apples Cultivars Similar Compositions of Phenolic and Antioxidant Capacity?

Total and specific phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were quantified over two seasons in flowers, leaves, fruitlets, and ripe fruit at harvest of the apple cultivars ‘Brookfield’, ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Fuji’, as well the crabapple cultivars ‘Hillary’ and ‘Manchurian’. The results showed that leaves had the highest phenol concentrations and antioxidant capacity. Phenolic and antioxidant content was progressively lower from flowers, fruitlets, and ripe harvested fruit. There were high concentrations of phloridzin in flowers and leaves, while concentrations were lower in fruitlets, peel, and entire fruit at harvest. The phenolic compound with the highest concentration in peel was quercetin glycoside, while in the entire fruit it was flavanols. The studied crabapple cultivars did not present differences between them in phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity.

     

基于果肉单体酚和总酚含量评价桃果实抗氧化能力

为利用果实酚类物质组分含量评价桃果实的抗氧化能力,以12个红肉桃、7个白肉桃和4个黄肉桃品种成熟期果实为试材,分析果肉单体酚和总酚含量的差异。结果表明,红肉桃各品种具有较高的表儿茶素和总酚含量。在对各指标进行相关性分析的基础上进行主成分分析,将8个酚含量指标概括成4个独立的综合指标（即主成分）,通过隶属函数分析求得各综合指标的隶属函数值,结合权重计算综合评价值并对各品种果肉抗氧化能力进行综合排序,发现红肉桃中的‘北京一线红’综合评价值最高,同时红肉类型排序靠前,多数白肉、黄肉类型排序靠后,与聚类分析结果较一致。试验结果表明桃果实抗氧化能力与肉色密切相关,利用主成分分析法、隶属函数法、聚类分析法结合单体酚、总酚含量可综合评价不同肉色桃果实的抗氧化能力。对桃果实抗氧化能力的贡献排序依次为新绿原酸、总酚、表儿茶素、阿魏酸、绿原酸、芦丁、儿茶素、槲皮素。     

Phenolic content and free radical scavenging activities in rambutan during fruit maturation

The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH^•) scavenging activity, changes and accumulation of phenolic content were studied in the peel, seed and pulp of rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rongrien and Seeechompoo cultivars) during fruit maturation. The IC₅₀ values of the radical scavenging activity of the peels, in both cultivars remained low through fruit development (1.42–4.75 μg/mL) but the values of the seed and pulps were low at the beginning and increased markedly toward fruit development until harvest (4.87 to >1000 μg/mL). The accumulation of phenolic compounds in rambutan peels of Rongrien and Seechompoo cultivars increased continuously until reaching a maximum of 1653 and 733 mg per fruit at the time of being harvested, at 112 and 98 days after full bloom (DAFB), respectively. Ellagic acid, corilagin and geraniin in the peels of both cultivars were observed and quantified. The major component in the peels of the two cultivars was geraniin. The accumulation of ellagic acid, corilagin and geraniin in the peels increased and reached the maximum at the harvest stage, especially the major constituent of geraniin (1011 and 444 mg/fruit for Rongrien and Seechompoo, respectively). The free radical scavenging property was observed to have a relationship with the phenolic content quantified in different parts of the rambutan fruit. This research demonstrates potential data on phenolic constituents through fruit development, especially in the peels at the time of harvest.     

Physico-chemical properties and antioxidant capacity of different jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) cultivars grown in loess plateau of China

The physico-chemical properties and antioxidant capacity of the five main jujube varieties: Junzao, Lingbaozao, Jinzao, Zanhuangzao and Lizao collected from loess plateau of China were determined. The analyzed components included fruit yield, moisture content, total mass per fruit, pH, titratable acidity (TA), reducing sugars, total sugars, total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid, total phenolics content, total flavonoids content and several pure phenolic compounds. The output of the analyses showed higher amounts of ascorbic acid and phenolics in these jujube varieties than in some common fruits. The antioxidative capacity of the jujube extracts, evaluated with the reducing power, the β-carotene bleaching, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydracyl (DPPH•), and the 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS•⁺) scavenging methods, showed that the antioxidant activity of the extracts of Lingbaozao was excellent for free radical scavenging and a potent natural antioxidant of commercial value. Statistically significant differences were observed between jujube cultivars investigated with regards to the measured parameters except rutin content of fruit. These results demonstrated that the cultivar was the main factor which influences the physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of jujubes.     

Parameters of inner quality of the apple scab resistant and susceptible apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.)

Individual organic acids and sugars were analysed in the fruits of scab resistant and susceptible apple cultivars. The total sugars ranged between 128.2 and 191.6 g/kg, and the total organic acid between 5.1 and 13.4 g/kg. In the flesh and peels of different apple varieties single phenolics (gallic, protocatehuic, chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic and p-coumaric acid, phloridzin, epicatechin, catechin, quercitrin and rutin) were analysed together with their total phenolic content (TPC). ‘Golden Delicious’ was the cultivar with the lowest TPC whereas ‘Rubinola’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Goldrush’ had the highest level of TPC in the pulp. Peels showed a 2–9 times higher phenolic content than the pulp. ‘Goldrush’ had the highest content of TPC in its peel. The total antioxidant capacity of peels was about 2–5 times higher than respective pulps. Scab resistant apple cultivars had significantly higher content of some single and total phenolic contents in comparison with the scab susceptible, especially the pulp.     

Variation in total phenolics and antioxidant capacity among European plum genotypes

Our objective was to determine the amount of variation in total phenolics and antioxidants present in European plum fruits, so that it can be utilized in breeding programs to enhance the health benefits. Total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of the fruit, and the fruit skin color were determined in 20 genotypes, comprising of released varieties and advanced selections of European plums. Among the 20 genotypes, the total antioxidant capacity ranged from 105 to 424 mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/100 g fresh weight (FW) while the total phenolic content was 86–413 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g FW. The two parameters had a strong correlation of r² = 0.96. A direct correlation between skin color intensity and total phenolic content could also be observed. This study demonstrates that there is adequate variation in total phenolic compounds and antioxidants within European plums and hence there is potential for improvement towards enhancing these health-promoting phytochemicals in this fruit.     

Phenotypic and Bioactive Diversity on Medlar Fruits (Mespilus germanica L.)

Mespilus germanica, known as the medlar, is a large shrub or small tree. The fruit has been cultivated since Roman times, and is unusual in being available in winter, and in being eaten when bletted.  In this study twelve medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) genotypes were harvested at commercial maturity stage (skin brownish, pulp white, fruit hard) from Rize provinces located eastern black sea region and were analyzed for their some important fruit phenotypic (fruit mass, shape index, fruit firmness, ostiole diameter and fruit flesh ratio) and bioactive characteristics (total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, vitamin C and phenolic compounds). A wide variation among genotypes on most of the searched parameters was found. Fruit mass and flesh ratio varied from 12.3 g (KRD-1) to 23.6 g (KRD-8) and 83.6?% (KRD-2) to 93.0?% (KRD-4) indicating high variability among genotypes. The total phenolic contents of twelve medlar genotypes varied from 157 to 227 mg gallic acid equivalent in 100 g fresh weight basis. Chlorogenic acid, rutin and p-coumaric acid were dominant in medlar fruits.     

Effects of position on canopy and harvest time on fruit physico-chemical and antioxidant properties in different apple cultivars

Fruit from Granny Smith, Fyriki, Fuji Kiku 8, and Imperial Double Red Delicious apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees planted in single or double rows, were harvested from different positions in the canopy, during the last month before commercial harvest. Fruit physico-chemical and antioxidant capacity, using the radical DPPH, were measured, in skin and flesh tissue. Greater total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity per fresh weight and serving portion of skin and flesh tissue, were found in Imperial Double Red Delicious and Fyriki apples, compared to Granny Smith and Fuji Kiku 8. The variation among cultivars in antioxidant contents was greater in peeled, compared with unpeeled fruit, highlighting the importance of eating unpeeled fruit. During the last two weeks before commercial harvest the total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity per fresh weight increased in skin of Granny Smith (by 24% and 42%, respectively) and Fuji Kiku 8 (by 19% and 27%, respectively). Fruit from the more sun—exposed parts of canopy had usually better red coloration and the effect was more pronounced in Fuji Kiku 8 and Fyriki, followed by Imperial Double Red Delicious and a lower effect was found in Granny Smith. Greater total soluble solid content, but not flesh firmness, were also found in fruit from the more sun—exposed parts of canopy, in all cultivars. The skin of fruit from the upper positions in the canopy had greater total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity, in all cultivars, apart from Fyriki. Antioxidant contents in flesh tissue were also greater in the upper positions of canopy in Fuji Kiku 8 and Imperial Double Red Delicious, and to our knowledge this is the first report on plant canopy effects on apple flesh antioxidant compounds.     

Effects of cultivar,orchard elevation,and storage on fruit quality characters of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)

Fruit quality characters were analysed in the sweet cherry cultivars, Burlat, Van, Tragana and Mpakirtzeika, harvested from low (39–59 m), medium (216 m) or high (490–546 m) elevation sites. The effects of storage for 2 or 4 days at 2 °C and 1 day at 20 °C on the fruit antioxidant contents were also evaluated. Tragana and Mpakirtzeika had greater fruit fresh weight (FW) and total soluble solid content compared to Van and Burlat, the latter being the most red colored. Tragana and Burlat had greater total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity, measured by DPPH extinction, compared to Mpakirtzeika and Van (mean values 204.4 mg vs. 103.7 mg gallic acid equivalent 100 g⁻¹ FW, and 176.1 mg vs. 79.3 mg ascorbic acid equivalent 100 g⁻¹ FW, respectively). The geographic elevation had a marked influence on the cherry antioxidant content in all studied cultivars, apart from Van, with high elevation orchards producing cherries with greater contents of antioxidant compounds compared to lower elevation orchards. Changes in the antioxidant contents during storage were depended on the cultivar and some times on the orchard elevation. Total antioxidant capacity was significantly correlated with total phenolic content in Tragana, Burlat and Mpakirtzeika, but not in Van; nevertheless this was not the case during storage.     

Phytochemical accumulation and antioxidant capacity at four maturity stages of cranberry fruit

Specific components of cranberry fruit are being associated with human health attributes, such as maintenance of urinary tract health and antioxidant status. Some of the chemical properties and antioxidant capacity of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. cv. Pilgrim) fruits were investigated at light green, blush, light red and dark red maturation stages. Fruit total phenolics, total monomeric anthocyanins, soluble solids, titratable acidity and individual organic acids were examined. Antioxidant capacity of fruits were determined by both the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. The fruit color was measured using a portable chromameter. A converse relationship was found between total phenolics and anthocyanin as fruits mature. Total phenolic concentration was declined from 7990 to 4745 mg GAE/kg fw, while total monomeric anthocyanin content was increased from 0.8 to 111.0 mg/kg fw from green to dark red stage. Brix was increased from 6 to 9.3% as well. The main organic acid was citric acid determined by the HPLC method. The antioxidant capacity of cranberries decreased to light red stage; when a fruit accumulates more anthocyanin the activity increased again in both FRAP and TEAC methods. Averaged antioxidant capacity measured was 12.61 and 17.48 mmol TE/kg fw by FRAP and TEAC methods.     

Effects of cultivar and rootstock on the antioxidant content and physical characters of clingstone peaches

A study was conducted to investigate the variability in the fruit antioxidant content and physical characters of six clingstone cultivars and three breeding selections of peach grafted on three rootstocks. The parameters measured were fruit weight, fruit and stone dimensions, flesh color using CIELAB color variables, total antioxidant activity using the radical DPPH, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, soluble solids and total acid content. Fruit from cultivar PI-E45 had the highest total antioxidant activity (10.7 mg g⁻¹ DW) and total phenolic (6.9 mg g⁻¹ DW) content, which were up to 6.3- and 5.3-fold greater, respectively, compared with the rest studied cultivars. The highest ascorbic acid content was found in Fortuna (7.3 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW) and was up to 1.4-fold greater compared with the rest studied cultivars. A high correlation between AEAC and the phenolic content was found, but not between AEAC and the ascorbic acid content. The largest fruit was harvested in cultivar Andross followed with a descending order by PI-E45, PI-IB42, PI-A37 (seedlings of Andross), Fortuna and Loadel ? Everts and Catherina ? Romea. Changes in the fruit weight were usually according to changes in stone width. The fruit and stone shape differed among the cultivars but not among the rootstocks studied. Effects of rootstock on the fruit antioxidant contents were not pronounced. Nevertheless rootstocks altered the fruit weight since in all cultivars, apart from Romea and Catherina, when grafted on GF 677 produced the largest fruit (mean 186 g) followed by PR204 (mean 176 g) and even smaller by KID1 (mean 161 g). Results from correlation analyses showed that flesh brightness (measured in frozen fruit) may suggest for more nutritional flesh and small sized fruit may contain a redder and less bright colored flesh.     

Phenolics concentration and antioxidant capacity of different fruit tissues of astringent versus non-astringent persimmons

Astringent and non-astringent persimmon fruits were compared for phenolic compounds, and their antioxidant capacity was studied in both peel and pulp. Fruits that were astringent generally had significantly higher concentrations of phenolics and greater capacities in either tissue. Pulp from astringent persimmons had more phenolics and higher capacity whereas the same was true for peels from non-astringent fruits. Among the methods tested for determining antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, TBARS, SRSA, and HRSA), ABTS showed the best correlation with phenolics concentration while HRSA assays were not sufficiently sensitive to distinguish among genotypes or between fruit tissues. Therefore, we suggest that, for monitoring antioxidant capacity in persimmon, the ABTS method is most suitable.     

Some Physicochemical Characteristics,Bioactive Content and Antioxidant Characteristics of Non-Sprayed Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) Fruits from Turkey

Increasing consumer demands for indigenous, non-sprayed with pesticides and less-known or “forgotten” fruits necessitate knowledge on their breeding, cultivation, biochemical content, harvesting and marketing. Anatolia is rich for wild edible fruit species and barberry is abundant throughout Anatolia. The aim of this study was to determine some important physicochemical characteristics, bioactive content and antioxidant capacity of fruits from nineteen promising barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) genotypes grown in the Coruh valley, Northeastern Anatolia. The results indicated genotype-specific differences for most of the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity and the content of some bioactive compounds. Fruit mass ranged from 0.073 (‘Coruh-7’) to 0.267 g (‘Coruh-11’). Total phenolic content ranged from 2532 (‘Coruh-’) to 3719 mg GAE per liter fruit juice (‘Coruh-11’). The genotype ‘Coruh-12’ had the highest total monomeric anthocyanin content (1004 mg per liter fruit juice) as cyanidin-3-glucoside. The highest total antioxidant capacity was observed in fruits of ‘Coruh-8’ and ‘Coruh-9’ genotypes with all three antioxidant-determining methods. We conclude that the barberry fruits represent a good source of bioactive phytochemicals because of their high phenolic and anthocyanin contents.     

Antimicrobial,Antioxidant, and Antimutagenic Activities of Five Turkish Pear Cultivars

The pear (Pyrus spp.) is one of the most important fruits consumed in daily life. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic and ascorbic acid contents, as well as the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activities, of various pear cultivars. The fruits of five pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars (‘Deveci’, ‘Kizil’, ‘Egirsah’, ‘Gugum’, and ‘Banda’) were used in this study. It was determined that the peel and pulp of the ‘Kizil’ pear had the highest total phenolic content (402.5?mg/100?g and 215.2?mg/100?g, respectively), while those of the ‘Banda’ pear had the lowest total phenolic content (326?mg/100?g and 126.1?mg/100?g, respectively). Additionally, the ‘Kizil’ pear showed the highest antioxidant capacity in the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric-reducing ability assay (FRAP) (1.72 μmol TE/g FW and 161.25?μmol Fe II/g FW, respectively) and the highest ascorbic acid content (16.02?mg/100?g). The ‘Banda’ pear showed the highest antibacterial activity against the test bacteria. However, none of the pear extracts displayed antifungal activity. While all doses of the ‘Kizil’, ‘Gugum’, and ‘Banda’ pear extracts used in this study, except 80?μL/plate, exhibited antimutagenic activities, only the lowest dose (10?μL/plate) of the ‘Deveci’ pear extract showed the antimutagenic activity against induced mutagenesis in the Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 strain. Consequently, the five Turkish pear cultivars used in this study exhibited different levels of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activities.     

Polyphenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Berries of Four Russian Cultivars of Lonicera kamtschatica (Sevast.) Pojark

Nowadays increasing attention has been focused on polyphenolic compounds as the main representants of antioxidants in horticultural crops including fruits. The edible honeysuckle has an unique position among lesser known fruits due to its high level of antioxidants. In the present study we determined polyphenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of four Russian cultivars of edible honeysuckle including ‘Gerda 25’, ‘Amfora’, ‘Morena’, ‘Lipnicka’, which found together in a single location in Mendel University in Brno, The Czech Republic. Polyphenolic compounds were detected by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detector (HPLC-ED). The antioxidant capacity was measured by DPPH test. According to the results there were differences among cultivars in terms of polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity and Lonicera kamtschatica ‘Gerda 25’ were found to be possessed the highest content of phenolic compounds corresponding to the highest value of antioxidant activity.     

Antioxidant capacity,antioxidant compounds and antioxidant enzyme activities in five date cultivars during development and ripening

Antioxidant capacity, antioxidant compounds and antioxidant enzyme activities in dates of five cultivars during development and ripening were studied in the 2009 and 2010 seasons. Fruit growth followed a smooth sigmoid curve with maximum weight at the bisir stage. Both the antioxidant capacity measured by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the antioxidant compound (phenols, tannins and vitamin C) concentrations decreased from young stages through to the maturation and the ripening stages. The antioxidant capacity was highly positively correlated with the concentration of antioxidant compounds in most cultivars. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes, peroxidase, catalase and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) increased from the hababouk through to the kimri and/or the bisir stage, upon cultivar, and thereafter, declined at the ripening stages. The possible relation of these biochemical changes with fruit maturation and ripening was discussed.     

高效液相色谱法测定5个杏品种的糖和酸

为了探讨快速准确的测定杏果实中的糖、酸组分及其含量的方法,采用高效液相色谱法测定了5个杏品种果肉中的可溶性糖和有机酸,结果表明杏果肉中的可溶性糖为蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、山梨糖醇,其中前3种为主要糖,并且蔗糖含量明显高于其他3种糖的含量;杏果肉中的有机酸包括苹果酸、柠檬酸和奎宁酸,前两种酸为主要酸。利用高效液相色谱法可以成功地测定出杏果实中的糖、酸组分及其含量,并且具有良好的精确度、回收率和重复性。     

新疆杏果实发育过程中香气物质的变化及其特征成分的确定

以5个新疆主栽杏品种不同发育阶段的果皮和果肉为试验材料,使用GC–MS法检测分析其香气物质,共检测到154种香气物质,其中58种含量较为丰富。成熟期对果实香气物质的组成与含量有显著影响。随果实发育,芳樟醇、α–萜品醇、香叶醇、β–月桂烯、罗勒烯、2–己烯醇、苯乙醛和己醛的含量均迅速下降,而β–紫罗兰酮、香叶基丙酮、γ–癸内酯、δ–癸内酯和γ–十二内酯的含量迅速增加。果实发育前期以积累醇类、醛类、萜类和萜烯类为主,果实成熟过程中以积累酮类和内酯为主。果皮中萜类、萜烯类、醇、醛和内酯的含量均显著高于果肉中,而酮类物质的含量却显著低于果肉中。基于风味阈值法,共鉴别出新疆杏果实特征香气成分22种,其中芳樟醇、γ–癸内酯、δ–十二内酯、β–大马酮、顺,反–2,6–壬烯醛、苯乙醛、己醛、α–萜品醇、乙酸己酯、香叶醇和β–月桂烯等的贡献最大。     

新疆17个杏品种的抗氧化指标与总酚含量的测定

为了研究新疆杏的遗传多样性,寻找抗氧化能力较强的功能性杏品种,为保护利用杏资源提供基础,试验采用铁离子还原法(FRAP)、二苯代苦味酰基自由基法(DPPH.)清除法和邻二氮菲-Fe2+氧化法3种方法从总抗氧化能力、DPPH.自由基清除能力和羟基自由基清除能力的角度测评了不同杏品种的抗氧化活性;用Folin-Ciocalteau法测定总酚含量。3种抗氧化指标显示:17个参试杏品种都具有强抗氧化性,并且大多数品种间差异显著,其中骆驼黄和奎克皮曼的抗氧化能力最强,不同品种间的总酚含量差异较大,变化值为1554.47μg/g,最大含量是最小含量的6.05倍,其中骆驼黄的总酚含量最高为1862.18μg/g,黑叶杏的总酚含量最低为307.71μg/g。各种抗氧化指标与总酚含量呈显著正相关,多酚类物质应该是其抗氧化的主要物质基础。     

砀山酥梨和秋白梨酚类物质UPLC–PDA–MS/MS–ESI分析

采用超高效液相色谱—二极管阵列—串联四级杆质谱联用法(UPLC–PDA–MS/MS–ESI)对砀山酥梨和秋白梨果皮、果肉和果心(不含种子)中的酚类物质进行了分析。结果表明,两个品种检出42种酚类组分。大多数酚类物质在果皮中含量最高,仅绿原酸和Z–咖啡酰奎尼酸在果心最高。果皮中的酚类物质种类最多,砀山酥梨果皮中含有5大类42种;秋白梨果皮中含有4大类30种,砀山酥梨比秋白梨多7种黄酮类组分和3种槲皮素糖苷类物质。在果心和果肉中未检出黄烷醇类、黄酮醇类和黄酮类物质。在砀山酥梨果皮中鉴定出其他梨果实中尚未见有报道的芹菜素7–O–芸香糖苷,在砀山酥梨和秋白梨果皮中鉴定出原花青素B1和B2两种原花青素二聚体和原花青素C1及暂命名的C-1、C-2和C-3等4种原花青素三聚体。