Characterization of virgin olive oil from Super Intensive Spanish and Greek varieties grown in northern Tunisia

The aim of this study was to evaluate minor components (phenolic compounds, α-tocopherols and pigments), fatty acid contents and oxidative stability of virgin olive oil of Spanish cultivars: Arbequina, Arbequina I-18 and Arbosana and Greek cultivar: Koroneiki grown in Northern Tunisia under irrigated high-density plantation system. Thus, in order to have better knowledge about the quali-quantitative profiles of these components in samples obtained from the same collecting seasons and the same processing techniques. Fourteen phenolic compounds were detected and quantified by SPE RP-HPLC. Dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein and ligstroside aglycones were the main components in all samples. Pinoresinol was the most abundant component in lignan fraction. These phenolic compounds, α-tocopherols, total phenols and o-diphenols showed significant correlations with oxidative stability. Furthermore, the majority of the studied analytical parameters were greatly influenced by the cultivar–environment interaction. In fact, significant differences between the studied oils were detected.     

不同采收成熟度油桃贮藏效果及果肉细胞超微结构观察

以秦光2号油桃果实为材料,在0℃贮藏条件下研究了5个采收成熟度果实的贮藏效果及果肉细胞超微结构的变化。结果表明,(1)处理Ⅳ成熟度果实贮藏40d后能保持相对较高的硬度和可溶性固形物,货架期品质好,好果率高,贮藏效果好,为最佳采收成熟度。(2)采收当天的处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ成熟度的果实,果肉细胞的超微结构无明显差异;处理Ⅳ成熟度果实,叶绿体开始变形,细胞外壁开始有少许微纤丝松懈;处理Ⅴ成熟度果实,细胞壁中胶层开始溶解,电子密度降低,出现质壁分离和液泡破损现象。(3)贮藏50d后,不同成熟度的果实,果肉细胞的超微结构都发生明显变化,显示出果肉细胞间隙增大,细胞内含物减少,出现细胞空腔化;细胞壁中胶层降解,细胞壁弯曲或皱缩,质壁分离严重;细胞器变形或降解等现象。     

不同成熟采收期对清水白桃果实达到完熟时品质的影响(英文)

以软溶质水蜜桃清水白桃为试材,分别在树上完熟的前6、4和2d采样,贮藏于25℃,相对湿度90%的环境条件下至完熟,与树上完熟果实相比较,调查了果实的生理变化、色泽和果汁品质性状,并对完熟果实进行了风味评定。结果表明,贮藏期间的果实乙烯释放量以完熟前2d采收的果实增加最快并在果实完熟时达到最大,树上完熟的果实乙烯释放量最少。树上完熟前6d采收的果实,果皮亮度、果汁的蔗糖含量、“果香型”内酯类物质含量均低于后3次采收的果实,其中以树上完熟前2d采收的果实为最高。相反滴定酸、柠檬酸、天冬酰胺和“清香型”香气物质含量以树上完熟前6d采收的果实最高。完熟果实的风味评定也显示了树上完熟前2d采收的果实综合评价最高,早期采收的果实即使贮藏后达到完熟果肉硬度,甜度和香味少、酸味重。另外,树上完熟的果实肉质粗,酸度低,有怪香味,综合评价不高。     

Influence of harvest time and after-ripening on the seed quality of eggplant

Eggplant cv. Emi and Tsakoniki were cultivated for seed in an unheated greenhouse and fruits were harvested at 25–65 days after anthesis (DAA) in order to determine the optimum harvest time. In addition, the effect of after-ripening on seed quality (i.e. seed size and germination) was examined by storing harvested fruit at 25 °C for 20 days prior to seed extraction. From the results, it was concluded that the optimum time of harvest for seed production is 55 DAA. Seeds extracted from fruits that were harvested at 25–35 DAA did not germinate, but when fruits harvested at the same age were stored for 20 days at 25 °C prior to seed extraction (i.e. seeds were after-ripened) germination was induced. Seeds extracted from fruits harvested at 45 DAA showed a high percent germination, which decreased after storage at 25 °C for 3 months. This decrease, however, was reduced by after-ripening prior to extraction. It is concluded that although eggplant is a non-climacteric species and fruit do not ripen after harvest, nevertheless seeds within the fruit continue to fill and mature after harvest; hence storage of prematurely harvested fruit prior to seed extraction permits the seeds of these fruits to after-ripen in situ and thereby increases seed size and germination. The implication of this result for eggplant seed production is discussed.     

Site and fruit maturity influence on the quality of European plum in organic production

Information available on the role of site and fruit maturity in the quality of European plums in organic production has not been studied to date. European plum cv. ‘Green Gage’ grown in organic production was harvested in order to study the effect of site and fruit maturity on fruit quality. At harvest, significant differences were found in fruit weight, colour, firmness and TSS between harvest dates, whereas significant differences were found in fruit weight, colour, firmness and fruit Ca content between sites. Differences remained during storage. Fruit weight loss during storage was affected by site. Fruit with high Ca content showed higher firmness both at harvest and during storage. Harvest moment should not be chosen according to date, since differences between sites at the same date have been found. Firmness and colour parameters a* and h° would be useful to distinguish maturity at harvest between different sites and harvest dates. Linear regression between h° and firmness at harvest would allow the use of the h° colour parameter as a non-destructive measurement to distinguish maturity. Organic orchards should keep a minimum level of Ca in order to assure a slower fruit softening during storage.     

Effects of deficit irrigation on fruit maturity and quality of ‘Braeburn’ apple

Effects of deficit irrigation (DI) on fruit maturity at harvest, ripening characteristics, and changes in fruit quality during and after storage of ‘Braeburn’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, irrigation treatments were a commercially irrigated control (CI), an early deficit irrigation (EDI) applied from 63 to 118 days after full bloom (DAFB), and a late deficit irrigation (LDI) applied from 118 DAFB to final harvest on 201 DAFB. Irrigation treatments in Experiment 2 were a commercially irrigated control (CI) and a whole-season deficit irrigation (WDI). These DI treatments all reduced volumetric soil water content. The LDI and WDI advanced fruit ripening but EDI did not. All DI treatments increased fruit total soluble solids (TSS) and firmness regardless of maturity but had little or no effect on titratable acidity. The differences in TSS started during fruit growth much earlier than the onset of ripening and were maintained during and following storage at 0°C. The differences in firmness also started during fruit growth and were maintained for at least 10 weeks of storage at 0°C.     

Effects of water deficit on the vegetative response,yield and oil quality of olive trees (Olea europaea L., cv Coratina) grown under intensive cultivation

An experiment was carried out in a young high-density olive grove (556 plants ha⁻¹—Olea europaea L., cv Coratina) located in Southern Italy to evaluate the effect of different soil water availability on the vegetative and productive performances of olive trees also looking into the quality of the resulting oils. Trials were carried out over a 3-year period on trees subjected to irrigation and grown under rainfed conditions. Vegetative tree response, as shoot elongation and trunk diameter, was evaluated. Yield per plant, fruit characteristics, oil quality indices (free fatty acid content, peroxide value, UV adsorption at 232 and 270 nm, total phenols, α-tocopherol content) were determined for both irrigated and non-irrigated treatments in the ‘on’ years 1997 and 1999 (6th and 8th year after planting, respectively).     

1-MCP对不同成熟度冰温贮藏磨盘柿品质和生理的影响

为了探讨冰温贮藏过程中1-MCP对不同成熟度磨盘柿品质和生理的影响,以磨盘柿为试材,测定了不同成熟度磨盘柿用1-MCP处理后在冰温贮藏过程中的贮藏品质、生理代谢及软化相关指标。结果表明,1-MCP可以有效延缓不同成熟度柿果冰温(-0.5～-0.2℃)贮藏过程中硬度、可滴定酸、维生素C含量的下降,显著抑制乙醇含量、呼吸强度和细胞膜透性的增加,抑制可溶性单宁向不溶性单宁的转化,降低PG、PE、纤维素酶和淀粉酶的活性。研究表明,在相同的贮藏条件下,八成熟柿果软化衰老较慢,贮藏效果最好。     

Effects of growing region and maturity stages on oil yield and fatty acid composition of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruit

Changes on oil yield and fatty acid profiles were studied during maturation of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruits cultivated in Menzel Temime and Oued Beja, Tunisia. Oil and petroselinic acid biosynthesis proceeded at a steady rate up to 16 DAF in Oued Beja and in 33 DAF in Menzel Temime. The first results show that a rapid oil accumulation started at newly formed fruits and continued until their full maturity. During fruit maturation, fatty acid profiles varied significantly among the growing regions and stages of maturity. Petroselinic acid had the highest amount at the 16th and the 33th DAF, in Oued Beja and Menzel Temime, respectively. In Oued Beja, at full maturity, the main fatty acids were petroselinic acid (80.90 ± 9.45%), followed by oleic (14.79 ± 2.25%), palmitic (3.50 ± 0.65%) and stearic (0.49 ± 0.09%) acids. Fatty acid profile of fruits cultivated in Menzel Temime showed that in fully ripe fruit, petroselinic acid is the main compound (80.86 ± 7.23%) followed by oleic (14.83 ± 2.05%), palmitic (3.27 ± 3.12%) and stearic (0.31 ± 0.05%) acids. In both growing region, fruit development resulted mainly in an increase of petroselinic acid and a decrease of palmitic acid. Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased significantly and monounsaturated fatty acids increased during maturation of fruit. Oil composition at the first four stages of maturity has a healthy and nutritionally value and the last stages were with important economic and industrial applications. Coriander fruit is potentially an important source of petroselinic which have numerous industrial applications.     

Effect of the harvest time on kernel quality of several almond varieties (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb)

In the present work the effects of the harvest time on variation of the quality parameters of several almond cultivars were evaluated. Studied cultivars came originally from three different countries: Italy (Supernova, Falsa Barese, Genco and Tuono); France (Ferragnes, Lauranne and Stelliette); Spain (Glorieta and Mas Bovera). The samples were collected in a field of the South of Italy during two harvest periods: at the beginning and at the end of August. Particularly, the highest free acidity content (increasing about the 24%) was observed during the ripening of Falsa Barese variety. Also the lipid content was increased and the Genco variety was that of the highest amount in both samplings. The fatty acids amount from the Mas Bovera cv almond kernels, particularly at the late harvest time, showed the best results (oleic/linoleic acids of 7.36 and high MUFAs/PUFAs value). The cluster analysis shows that this cultivar differs from the others in the oil composition. If on the first sampling some differences were observed, in the late harvest time all varieties combined in the same cluster with the exception of Mas Bovera and Ferragnes, provided of different acidic distributions. The analysis of minerals and trace element, K, Mg and Ca proved the major minerals present in all almond seeds.     

Genotyping and evaluation of local olive varieties of a climatically disfavoured region through molecular,morphological and oil quality parameters

The evaluation criteria applied on a 34 set of minor and main olive varieties of a restricted and climatically disfavoured region of Italy have allowed to clearly identify some local varieties with valuable agro-ecological adaptation and outstanding oil quality traits. These traits are necessary for the establishment and/or improvement of olive culture in a disadvantaged cultivation area. The molecular and morphological analyses have allowed to establish the identity of local unknown ecotypes, establishing their relationships either with other local varieties or with wide-spread cultivars, while the evaluation of oil quality parameters ranked their suitability for further exploitation.     

Influence of growing area and harvest date on the organic acid composition of olive fruits from Gemlik variety

Organic acids (oxalic, citric, galacturonic, tartaric, malic, lactic and succinic) contents of Gemlik variety olive fruits from five different cultivation areas of South Anatolia (Turkey), harvested in six collection dates (September, October and November of crop years 2006 and 2007), were determined by HPLC/DAD. Citric acid was the major compound (∼45%), followed by succinic (19%) and galacturonic acids (∼16%). The olive fruits of Antalya location showed the lowest and Karaman, Alanya and Hatay locations had the highest levels of total organic acids, especially on the early and late harvest. Significant interactions between “location”, “harvest date” and “crop year” were found, regarding the concentrations of citric, lactic, oxalic, tartaric and malic acid (3-way and 2-way interactions), which means that the effect of one factor (e.g. “location”) on an acid's concentration is not constant across the levels of the other factor. For succinic and galacturonic acids's concentrations, all interactions between the considered factors were statistically significant, except the 2-way interaction between “harvest date” and “crop year” which was no significant, meaning that the effect of factor “harvest date” on the succinic and/or on the galacturonic acid's concentrations does not vary significantly from one level of factor “crop year” to other. Significant mean differences were found in the concentrations of individual organic acids according to harvest time, which indicated generally a decline as harvest date moved on or no significant changes in some cases. Our results showed that rainfall and altitude of the location seemed to have more marked effects than temperature, on the levels of some organic acids such as malic, oxalic and succinic acids. The grouping of locations formed in Principal Component Analysis were quite different according to crop years, as for the first crop year (2006) “oxalic, citric, tartaric and succinic” and “lactic, malic, galacturonic” acids were the two groups of variables mainly responsible for discrimination, while for the following crop year (2007) “galacturonic, tartaric, oxalic, lactic”; “succinic, citric” and “malic” acids were the three groups responsible for the formation of clusters.     

Growth,yield and fruit quality of ‘Van’ and ‘Stark Hardy Giant’ sweet cherry cultivars as influenced by grafting on different rootstocks

The influence of Adara, CAB 6P, Gisela 5, MaxMa 14, Saint Lucie GF 64 (SL 64), Saint Lucie GF 405 (SL 405), and Tabel rootstocks onto vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Van’ and ‘Stark Hardy Giant’ (SHG) sweet cherry cultivars was studied during 10 years after grafting. The experiment was performed in the Ebro Valley (Zaragoza, Spain), on a heavy and calcareous soil. Significant differences in some of these parameters such as vigour, yield, fruit size, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), skin colour and fruit firmness were examined among rootstocks. In general, the highest vigour, annual and cumulative yield were induced by Adara rootstock, whereas Gisela 5 induced the lowest when grafted with both cultivars. The highest yield efficiency was induced by Gisela 5 due to its low trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), together with Adara, CAB 6P and Tabel for ‘SHG’ cultivar. Regarding fruit quality, Adara, CAB 6P and MaxMa 14 showed, in general, the highest fruit weight and the more attractive skin colour for both sweet cherry cultivars. Furthermore, the high yield shown by Adara did not significantly affect its fruit size. Cherries of trees grafted on Adara also showed high firmness, which implies a better resistance to post-harvest damage. CAB 6P showed a tendency to induce higher TA. Despite the higher firmness of fruits on Gisela 5 and its tendency to induce higher SSC and ripening index, the smaller size fruits together with the less attractive skin colour resulted in a non-interesting rootstock in terms of fruit quality for our growing conditions. Interesting correlations were found among quality parameters, such as the positive correlation showed by SSC with fruit weight and TA. The work demonstrates that the scion–rootstock combination influences some important sweet cherry attributes such as vigour, yield, fruit size, acidity, skin colour and firmness.     

稀土农用光源补光对草莓产量及品质的影响

本项目利用本课题利用包头中科瑞丰科技有限公司研发的草莓专用稀土农用光源补光方案,研究每天自然光+补光为12h和纯自然光条件下对于越冬草莓产量及品质的影响。本试验的结果表明:与对照试验纯自然光相比,自然光+补光为12h的草莓单果重、可溶性固形物与产量均有大幅提升;自然光+补光为12h的草莓病害发生较少,有效增强了抵御病害的能力。     

Influence of cultivar and site of cultivation on levels of lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants in virgin olive oils (Olea Europea L.) and correlations with oxidative stability

Oxidation stability is an important property of olive oil quality and is affected by different antioxidant compounds whose levels may be influenced by cultivar, year and place of production. Polyphenols, tocopherols, carotenoids, chlorophylls and fatty acids levels were correlated to oxidative stability in olive oils from three experiments: cultivar influence (18 cultivars assessed for 4 years in the same place); environmental influence by mesoclimatic (4 cultivars from 17 sites in a single region for 4 years) and macroclimate conditions (3 cultivars from 3 different regions for 3 years). Total polyphenols and saturated on polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio were shown to be the major factors in oil antioxidant stability, according to multivariate regression models. Among the surveyed cultivars, oils from ‘Leccino’ and from three ‘local’, minor cultivars (‘Miniol’, ‘Regina’ and ‘Rossanello’) resulted in higher oxidative stability and oils from cultivars grown in Tuscany (central Italy) showed the highest oxidative stability by comparison with northern and southern regions.     

不同施肥深度对酿酒葡萄叶片养分和产量及品质的影响

以贺兰山东麓典型区御马酿酒葡萄基地6年生赤霞珠为供试材料,研究了酿酒葡萄叶片、产量及品质对3种施肥深度(20、40、60cm)下N、P、K配方施肥方式的响应。结果表明,酿酒葡萄叶片中氮含量远高于叶柄,叶片中氮素含量随着生育期的延长逐渐降低,而叶柄中氮含量随施肥深度增加和生育期延长而产生的变化很小,40cm的施肥深度能显著增加叶片中氮素含量;叶柄磷素平均含量高于叶片,全生育期叶片磷含量变化很小,而施肥60cm深度显著促进了叶片和叶柄中磷含量的提高;叶柄中钾含量远高于叶片,施肥深度对叶柄和叶片中钾含量未产生明显影响,但生育后期追施钾肥显著提高叶片钾含量;施肥深度达到40cm时酿酒葡萄的产量最高,而60cm的施肥深度产量显著下降。化肥适度深施到40cm有改善酿酒葡萄糖分的积累且增加糖酸比的趋势;而60cm的施肥深度总糖和糖酸比显著下降。由此说明,适度深施化肥到40cm左右的深度有利于提高肥料的利用率,从而促进葡萄的营养生长,提高产量且改善品质。     

Effects of long term irrigation with treated wastewater on leaf mineral element contents and oil quality in Olive cv. Chemlali

Water is one of the most limiting factors in agriculture, particularly in arid areas such as Tunisia. Olives are the most important tree fruit in the country and are cultivated over 1.6 million hectares. An olive grove of cv. Chemlali was irrigated either by using treated wastewater (TWW) or fresh water (FW) from 2002 to 2012. The aim of this 10-year study was to investigate the effects of irrigation with TWW on both quality parameters (i.e. K₂₃₂, total phenols, free fatty acids, etc.) and content of mineral elements in the leaves. Data obtained indicated no effects of the irrigation on parameters such as oil content and K₂₇₀, either by using TWW or FW, and significant effects only after 10 years on free acidity and K₂₃₂. Instead, palmitoleic and stearic acid contents significantly decreased after 10 years of irrigation with TWW with respect to FW irrigation. TWW irrigation also increased the content of total phenols, chlorophyll, and minor and major nutrients in the leaves.     

不同氮磷钾配比滴灌对灰枣产量与品质的影响

以5 a生灰枣为试材,在滴灌条件下设置不同水肥处理,研究氮磷钾施肥配比对灰枣产量与品质的影响。结果表明:在施肥设计水平范围内,土壤中适量增施氮、磷肥能提高灰枣果实单果质量和产量;增施钾肥可提高枣果中还原糖和维生素C的含量,增施氮肥则可提高蛋白质的含量;土壤中氮、磷、钾肥过高会降低枣果中矿质铁的含量;增施磷肥提高矿质钙的含量,却降低矿质镁的含量;增施钾肥则提高矿质锌、锰的含量,降低矿质铜的含量。1 hm2在滴灌水量为5 250 m3的条件下,以产量为目标,氮、磷、钾施肥量414.9、280.2、33.6 kg为最佳施肥配比。     

Interactive effects of planting time and mulching on ‘Chandler’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)

Studies were conducted in ‘Chandler’ strawberry with the aim to optimize planting time and mulching material under the semi-arid region of north Indian plains. Three planting times viz., mid-September, mid-October and mid-November and three mulch materials viz., black polyethylene (50 μm), clear polyethylene (50 μm) and paddy straw (10 cm thickness) were tried with three replications in a split plot design. Mid-September planting favoured plant growth, enhanced flowering (77.3 days), which resulted in production of significantly larger fruit (13.0 g) and higher yield (174.4 g/plant) with fruit having higher TSS (9.23%), acidity (1.22%) and ascorbic acid content (44.1 mg/100 g of pulp) with lesser incidence of albinism (9.6%) and botrytis rot (8.1%) than other plantings. Plants mulched with black polyethylene have significantly better growth, and they flowered (80.2 days) and fruited early (29.2 days), and produced larger fruit (12.6 g) and higher yield (172.4 g/plant), with slightly higher incidence of albinism (20.1%), but with lower incidence of botrytis rot (7.3%) than those mulched either with clear polyethylene or paddy straw. Planting time × mulching interaction has significantly influenced plant growth; flowering and fruiting; fruit yield and quality, and albinism and botrytis rot. Plants have best growth parameters like, plant height (11.2 cm), crown spread (24.1 cm) and leaf area (87.9 cm²), they took lesser days to flowering (73.7 days) and fruiting (31.3 days), produced larger fruit (13.7 g) and higher yield (191.3 g/plant) with fruit having higher TSS (9.41%), acidity (1.17%) and higher ascorbic acid content (46.4 mg/100 g pulp) with a slightly higher incidence of albinism (10.3%), but comparatively lower incidence of botrytis rot (5.2%) when planted during mid-September and mulched with black polyethylene than other plantings and mulched either with clear polyethylene or paddy straw. These studies indicated that strawberry could be planted in mid-September with black polyethylene mulch under semi-arid regions of India for early fruiting, and higher yield of better quality fruits.     

不同追肥处理对大棚酸性土壤养分含量及树仔菜生长的影响

以大棚树仔菜为试材,分别施用复合肥和酸性土壤改良营养液追肥,比较分析2种不同追肥处理对树仔菜嫩梢产品农艺性状、品质、产量和土壤有效养分含量的影响,为改善大棚酸性土壤环境、树仔菜化肥减施增效等提供理论依据。结果表明,酸性土壤改良营养液追肥处理的试验区土壤pH值提高了0.69个单位;试验区土壤有效磷含量变化趋势与对照区的差异显著,而有机质、有效磷、速效氮和速效钾含量变化趋势与对照区的差异不显著;酸性土壤改良营养液追肥处理的树仔菜嫩梢样品可食部分节杆长度、直径显著高于对照区,叶片数和分枝数显著低于对照区,单株质量差异不显著;同年6-12月试验区树仔菜产品总产量比对照区提高了6.90%,样品中蛋白质和维生素C含量比对照区分别提高了19.7%、31.2%,镉含量比对照区的降低了25.9%。