The King Fruit versus Lateral Fruit Thinning Effects on Yield and Fruit Quality in Apple

ABSTRACT

This research was conducted to determine the king versus lateral fruit thinning effects on yield and fruit quality of ‘Elstar’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Starkrimson Delicious’, ‘Ultra Red’, ‘Topred’, and ‘Jonagold’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars grafted on MM106 rootstock in 2002-2003. Removal of the king fruit (KFR) treatment partially increased the yield in ‘Jonagold’, ‘Elstar’, and ‘Granny Smith’ cultivars while the effects were different by years in “Starkrimson Delicious”. Leaving of the king fruit (KFL) treatment gave better results in the ‘Topred’ cultivar, and similar effects were obtained from both treatments in ‘Ultra Red’ cultivar. Non-significant differences were obtained from both treatments with respect to fruit weight in the ‘Topred’, ‘Starkrimson Delicious’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Granny Smith’ cultivars. Leaving of the king fruit treatment increased the fruit weight significantly in ‘Elstar’ and ‘Ultra Red’ cultivars in 2002. The values of fruit flesh firmness (lb), total soluble solids content (%), pH, titratable acidity (%), total and invert sugar quantity (g/100 g^?1) were not found to be significantly different between the treatments with a few exceptions. The ‘KFR’ treatment that removed the dominant effect of the king fruit can be recommended for the ‘Elstar’ and ‘Jonagold’ cultivars because this treatment increased the yield and did not decreased the fruit weight significantly in these cultivars except for ‘Elstar’ in 2002. On the other hand ‘KFL’ treatment can be recommended for the ‘Granny Smith’, Topred’ and ‘Ultra Red’ cultivars. Although this treatment decreased the yield of ‘Granny Smith’ it increased the mean fruit weight 45.6-62.7 g in the two experiment years. ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ did not show clear response to the treatments.     

Total Phenolics Content,Antioxidant Capacity,Physicochemical Attributes,and Browning Susceptibility of Different Apple Cultivars for Minimal Processing

The total phenolics content, browning susceptibility, antioxidant capacity, and other physicochemical attributes of five cultivars of apple with different chilling hours requirements were studied to be minimally processed. Granny Smith (GS) and Red Delicious (RD) cultivars (high chill requirement), and Caricia (C), Eva (E), and Princesa (P) cultivars (low chill requirement) were studied. The flesh color, firmness, juiciness, pH, acidity, soluble solids, and flesh browning development, and total phenolics content and antioxidant capacity in flesh and peel were determined. All attributes were significantly different (p ≤ 0.001) among cultivars. RD showed the highest values of soluble solids and pH, and GS, the lowest. GS and P had the highest values of firmness and juiciness. GS, P, and E showed the lowest browning development. RD had the highest phenol content in flesh, followed by E and C. Phenolic content in peel was 2–5 times higher than in flesh for all varieties. The antioxidant capacity of RD flesh was higher than the other four apple cultivars. The antioxidant capacity of the apple peel was 2–4 times higher than the flesh, being RD the highest, followed by C, GS, and P with 50% less. Considering the lower browning development, and higher values of firmness and juiciness, GS and P would be the most suitable cultivars for minimal processing. If fresh-cut apples are not peeled, GS and P would increase their phenolic content in 28–56% and their antioxidant capacity in 65–78%.     

Effect of Different Treatments on Branching of Some Apple Trees in Nursery

This study was conducted to determine effect of different treatments on branching of one-year-old ‘Fuji’, ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Red Delicious, Red Chief’ trees which grafted on M9 rootstock. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas BA-8) strain, 6?Benzyl Adenin (BA) and pinching were used to promote branching. The BA (300?ppm) and BA-8 (10⁹CFU/ml) were applied to first twenty centimeters of the top part of trees. The BA, BA-8 and Pinching was applied to trees at 75?cm in length. According to our results, BA-8 and pinching increased number of branches compared to control and BA treatments for all cultivars. BA-8 increased number of branches in ‘Fuji’, ‘Red Delicious, Red Chief’ and ‘Granny Smith’ from 2.71, 1.70 to 4.25 branches/tree, respectively while pinching increased 1,95 branches/tree in ‘Red Delicious, Red Chief’ and 4,01 branches/tree. The highest branch’s angle was obtained from BA-8 bacteria in ‘Fuji’ (64.46°), and ‘Red Delicious, Red Chief’ (52.08°) and ‘Granny Smith’ (56.91°). BA-8 bacteria treatment was found alternative practice instead of pinching in terms of branching performance.     

Have the Flowers,Fruitlets, Ripe Fruit and Leaves of Apples Cultivars Similar Compositions of Phenolic and Antioxidant Capacity?

Total and specific phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were quantified over two seasons in flowers, leaves, fruitlets, and ripe fruit at harvest of the apple cultivars ‘Brookfield’, ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Fuji’, as well the crabapple cultivars ‘Hillary’ and ‘Manchurian’. The results showed that leaves had the highest phenol concentrations and antioxidant capacity. Phenolic and antioxidant content was progressively lower from flowers, fruitlets, and ripe harvested fruit. There were high concentrations of phloridzin in flowers and leaves, while concentrations were lower in fruitlets, peel, and entire fruit at harvest. The phenolic compound with the highest concentration in peel was quercetin glycoside, while in the entire fruit it was flavanols. The studied crabapple cultivars did not present differences between them in phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity.

     

基于果肉单体酚和总酚含量评价桃果实抗氧化能力

为利用果实酚类物质组分含量评价桃果实的抗氧化能力,以12个红肉桃、7个白肉桃和4个黄肉桃品种成熟期果实为试材,分析果肉单体酚和总酚含量的差异。结果表明,红肉桃各品种具有较高的表儿茶素和总酚含量。在对各指标进行相关性分析的基础上进行主成分分析,将8个酚含量指标概括成4个独立的综合指标（即主成分）,通过隶属函数分析求得各综合指标的隶属函数值,结合权重计算综合评价值并对各品种果肉抗氧化能力进行综合排序,发现红肉桃中的‘北京一线红’综合评价值最高,同时红肉类型排序靠前,多数白肉、黄肉类型排序靠后,与聚类分析结果较一致。试验结果表明桃果实抗氧化能力与肉色密切相关,利用主成分分析法、隶属函数法、聚类分析法结合单体酚、总酚含量可综合评价不同肉色桃果实的抗氧化能力。对桃果实抗氧化能力的贡献排序依次为新绿原酸、总酚、表儿茶素、阿魏酸、绿原酸、芦丁、儿茶素、槲皮素。     

从国际上苹果品种发展的趋势看我国苹果品种的发展

详细介绍了当今国际上苹果品种发展的趋势和我国苹果品种发展的动态,指出富士在国际上青云直上,发展迅速;元帅系品种大走下坡路;华冠和华帅在我国中部地区发展迅猛;提出了我国苹果品种发展的战略设想.     

Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Branching and Growing of Apple Sapling

According to the control, applications increased sapling height and this increasing was found important as statistically. Generally, bacteria applications more increase than Perlan on sapling height. Effect of bacteria and Perlan applications on sapling diameter showed different in cultivars and years. Generally, sapling diameter was increase by applications. Applications that on branching was important in 2009, but not important in 2010 as statistically. The most effective applications on branching were T8 and BA-8+T8 in ‘Granny Smith’, in ‘Red Delicious, Red Chief’ BA-8+T8 and BA-8, in ‘Fuji’ Perlan and BA-8 in 2009. Effect of applications on lateral branch degree was different in years and cultivars. According to the control, bacteria and Perlan applications raised length of lateral branch also bacteria was more effective than Perlan.Finally, plant growth promoting bacteria more increased branching and sapling quality than Perlan.     

Obstkonsum in China �C Anbau, Angebot und Preise

As a Northern hemisphere fruit producer, China??s harvest time overlaps with that in Europe and the US and has been dominating the worldwide fruit market. Prices and sources of fruit in China were examined in supermarkets in Beijing in May 2011 and combined with the official Chinese Agricultural Yearbook to analyse China??s fruit industry:

1. China has become the world??s no 1 for apple (25?C30 mil. t), pear (13.5 mil. t) and Citrus (23 mil. t) production based on the Chinese statistical agricultural yearbook (2009), and no. 3 for strawberry (0.65?C0.8 mil. t), with an overall fruit production of 105?C113 mil. t/year and a tendency to increase domestic fruit production and consumption.
2. Fruit acreages, reported in 2009, were 2 mil. ha for apple, 1 mil. ha for pear (inclu-ding Nashi) and 2 mil. ha for Citrus and 0.083 mil. ha for strawberry totalling 10.7 mil. ha for fruit production in China, with a tendency towards slightly decreasing orchard acreage. The average farm size was ?£?0.5 ha.
3. Fruit consumption in China was calculated as 18?C21 kg apple/head/year, 10.1 kg pear/head/year (incl. Nashi) and 77?C81 kg fruit/head/year based on 1.33 billion inhabitants and production data; this is a rise in domestic fruit consumption from 45 kg in 2002/2003 to 77?C83 kg fruit/head/year in 2008/2009.
4. Jujube fruit yielded a farm gate price of 1.20 ?/kg and cv. ??Fuji?? apple 0.55 ?/kg (5 Yuan) as for most pome and stone fruit (with higher prices in the farm shop), which doubled to 1.10 ?/kg after sea export from Qingdao harbour to Rotterdam.
5. Prices for Chinese cv. ??Fuji?? apples in Beijing supermarkets ranged from ? 0.84/kg for a poor class II to ? 2.80/kg for class I fruit. Three (??Red Delicious??, ??Gala?? and ??Granny Smith??) out of five apple varieties on sale out-of-season in China??s Capital were imported from the US or Chile, with higher prices ranging from ? 3.25 for imported cv. ??Gala??, 4.15 ?/kg for ??Red Delicious?? to ? 4.90 for cv. ??Granny Smith??.
6. The Chinese viz Asian taste prefers large, juicy and sweet, red or yellow fruit with little acidity and smooth skin viz peel finish. Surprisingly, ??Granny Smith?? apples were sold as ??green apples?? without variety name at the highest price of all apple varieties.

     

苹果新品种‘华冠’‘华帅’培育研究报告

为了培育在综合性状方面超过‘金冠’和‘红星’系的新品种.利用‘富士’、‘新红星’、‘金冠’进行杂交.经过13年的培育,育出‘华冠’、‘华帅’两个苹果新品种.此二新品种均具有优质、高产、耐贮和果实外观美的优点.在郑州地区普通室温下.它们都可以贮藏至次年3月份.而肉质仍脆,不沙不绵.风味优美.     

论我国苹果品种的更新问题

‘国光’、‘金冠’、‘红星’、‘倭巾’、‘青香蕉’、‘大国光’等是我国主要栽培的苹果品种:其中‘国光’在辽宁省占比重60%—70%,在山东及黄河故道地区占30%—40%,虽然‘国光’在辽东半岛和胶东半岛适应性强、产量高、耐贮藏,但果个小,着色差在国际市场上缺乏竞争力,而且在黄河故道地区裂果严重,急需进行更新,‘金冠’、‘红星’贮藏性差、‘倭巾’、‘青香蕉’、‘大国光’品质不良,作者根据苹果发展趋势和我国具体条件提出一套更新品种组合.认为‘红富士’、‘华冠’(‘金冠’ב富士’)和‘华帅’(‘富士’ב新红星’)应是我国今后主要更新的品种,三者在生产中所占比重应在80%—90%,后两个品种,一个可代替‘金冠’,一个则代替‘红星’.     

Wood age and leaf area influence fruit size and mineral composition of apple fruit

Summary

The influence of wood age, fruiting position and leaf area within the tree canopy on fruit mineral content and quality for several apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars was investigated. Size and Ca, Mg and K content of individual fruit on one-year (lateral and terminal positions), two-year and older than three-year wood were compared for cvs Royal Gala, Braeburn, Granny Smith and Fuji. Fruit on two-year spurs and one-year terminals was generally larger at commercial harvest than that on one-year laterals and spurs older than three years. Flower receptacles at full bloom were larger and fruit growth rates were greater from 60 to 100 d after full bloom on two-year spurs than on one-year laterals. Fruit Ca and Mg concentrations and contents at commercial harvest were highest for terminal fruit, but there was no consistent difference between fruit from other positions. One-year terminals had the greatest primary and bourse leaf areas, two-year spurs were intermediate and one-year laterals had the lowest areas of both leaf types. Removal of 50% of primary leaves and/or removal of bourse shoots from clusters at bloom reduced fruit Ca content at commercial harvest for two-year spurs, one-year laterals and one-year terminals. Bourse shoot removal also reduced Mg content for all positions. However there was no effect of leaf removal on fruit size or K content. Ca content of individual fruit increased curvilinearly with increasing total spur leaf area for fruit on two-year spurs and one-year terminals but not for fruit on one-year lateral clusters. Terminal fruit with total spur leaf areas and fruit size similar to those on two-year spur fruit had higher Ca content.     

Preharvest applications of ethephon reduce superficial scald of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Granny Smith’ apples in storage

In 1989 and 1990, preharvest applications of 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon) at dosages from 50–400 mg 1’1 were applied to ‘Fuji’ and ‘Granny Smith’ apples. In 1989, the greatest reduction in scald after storage on both ‘Fuji’ and ‘Granny Smith’, relative to the untreated control resulted from applying 400 mg 1^?1 ethephon five weeks before harvest and was 45% and 55% of controls, respectively. On ‘Granny Smith’ 400 mg 1^? was also effective when applied three weeks before harvest. In 1990, preharvest applications of ethephon at either 200 or 400 mg 1^?1 reduced scald in both cultivars relative to the controls. Ethephon applied six weeks before harvest had no dosage effect on scald reduction after storage. There was no consistent effect on fruit maturity at harvest from any treatment in either year, and no effect on quality of fruit out of storage.     

苹果果实酶促褐变底物及多酚氧化酶活性的研究

 以5个苹果品种为试材，研究了果实的褐变度，绿原酸、儿茶素和表儿茶素含量及多酚氧化酶(PPO)对不同底物的活性。结果表明，‘富士’果实褐变度最高，其次为‘新红星’，‘金冠’最低。3种酚类物质总量新红星和富士最高，金冠最低。儿茶素仅在‘乔纳金’和金冠果实中检测到少量。富士果实绿原酸含量显著高于表儿茶素，新红星和‘王林’表儿茶素含量显著高于绿原酸。以绿原酸为底物，PPO活性新红星最高，其次是富士和金冠，王林最低。以表儿茶素为底物，富士、乔纳金和王林PP0活性显著高于金冠和新红星。以儿茶素为底物，王林PPO活性最高，其次是富士，新红星最低。     

1-MCP对苹果采后生理的影响

以金冠、乔纳金、红富士和津轻苹果果实为试材,在常温(20±1℃)条件下,研究了不同浓度的1-MCP(1-甲基环丙烯)对果实呼吸强度、硬度、可滴定酸、叶绿素、淀粉指数和可溶性固形物含量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,1-MCP可以明显降低果实的呼吸强度,延迟果实呼吸高峰的出现,从而抑制果实的后熟与衰老。1-MCP处理明显地减缓了果实硬度和酸度的下降,减少了叶绿素降解和淀粉的分解和转化。在贮藏期间,1-MCP处理增加了乔纳金和红富士果实苦痘病的发生。果实硬度、可滴定酸和果皮叶绿素的变化有极显著的相关性,与果实品质变化密切相关。     

世界苹果产业发展趋势分析

主要分析了国内外苹果产业科研、生产及贸易的发展形势。中国苹果产量占世界的35.4%,而发达国家占41.4%;世界年人均苹果消费量8.2kg,呈下降趋势;世界苹果贸易量保持在500万t左右,呈增加趋势,中国苹果出口的主要竞争对手是发达国家;中国2002-2003年度出口鲜苹果44万t,苹果浓缩汁41.7万t,实现了较大突破。世界苹果品种结构发生较大变化,富士苹果成为第一品种,占20.9%,其次是元帅系、金冠系、嘎拉、青苹和乔纳金。新品种育种已经成为引领苹果产业发展的动力并成长为一项产业。发达国家普遍推行IFP苹果生产综合管理体系,提高品质,注重食品安全,开发多样化产品是促进苹果消费的要点;标准化、组织化、市场化是发达国家完善苹果产业化必不可少的要素;科技创新是支撑苹果产业健康发展的动力。     

Effects of NAA and Carbaryl on Fruit Set and Return Bloom for Some Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) Cultivars

Abstract

This research was conducted in 1997 and 1998 to investigate the effects of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (5, 10, and 15 ppm), Carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) (750, 1000, and 1250 ppm), and NAA + Carbaryl (5 + 750, 7.5 + 750, and 10 + 750 ppm) applications on the return bloom of some standard apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars grafted on MM106 rootstock. Of these applications, 750 ppm Carbaryl for ‘Starkspur Golden Delicious’, 1250 ppm Carbaryl for ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Starkrimson Delicious’, and 5 ppm NAA for ‘Jonagold’ increased the mean number of flower buds significantly, compared with the control treatments. The other treatments of Carbaryl, NAA, and NAA + Carbaryl also increased the mean number of flower buds in a nonsignificant sense with a few exception. A negative correlation between the final fruit set and the mean number of next year's flower buds was found for three cultivars. The correlation coefficients were r = ?0.5150 (P< 0.05), r = ? 0.6999 (P< 0.05), r = ?0.0335 for ‘Starkspur Golden Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’, and ‘Jonagold’ cultivars, respectively. However, this relationship was positive and nonsignificant for ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ (r = 0.1980).     

Influences of gibberellins A4, A4+7 and A4+iso-A7 on apple fruit quality and tree productivity. II. Other effects on fruit quality and importance of fruit position within the tree canopy

Post-bloom gibberellin sprays increased fruit length:diameter (L/D) ratio and juice soluble solids but did not influence flesh firmness of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples grown in a maritime (Québec) or desert (Okanagan Valley, B.C.) climate. Irrespective of GA treatment, ‘exterior’ fruit at both Canadian locations was larger, yellower, exhibited less russet, and contained more soluble solids at harvest than ‘interior’ fruit. Fruit shape (L/D ratio) was not influenced by position of the fruit within the canopy. Correlation analyses showed that surface russet development is poorly related to seed set, fruit size and other measures of fruit quality. However, a correlation matrix examining the degree of interrelatedness of all fruit size, fruit development and fruit quality indices revealed other relationships that may provide clues to understanding the relationship between fruit growth and quality development of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple.     

Effects of cultivar and rootstock on the antioxidant content and physical characters of clingstone peaches

A study was conducted to investigate the variability in the fruit antioxidant content and physical characters of six clingstone cultivars and three breeding selections of peach grafted on three rootstocks. The parameters measured were fruit weight, fruit and stone dimensions, flesh color using CIELAB color variables, total antioxidant activity using the radical DPPH, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, soluble solids and total acid content. Fruit from cultivar PI-E45 had the highest total antioxidant activity (10.7 mg g⁻¹ DW) and total phenolic (6.9 mg g⁻¹ DW) content, which were up to 6.3- and 5.3-fold greater, respectively, compared with the rest studied cultivars. The highest ascorbic acid content was found in Fortuna (7.3 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW) and was up to 1.4-fold greater compared with the rest studied cultivars. A high correlation between AEAC and the phenolic content was found, but not between AEAC and the ascorbic acid content. The largest fruit was harvested in cultivar Andross followed with a descending order by PI-E45, PI-IB42, PI-A37 (seedlings of Andross), Fortuna and Loadel ? Everts and Catherina ? Romea. Changes in the fruit weight were usually according to changes in stone width. The fruit and stone shape differed among the cultivars but not among the rootstocks studied. Effects of rootstock on the fruit antioxidant contents were not pronounced. Nevertheless rootstocks altered the fruit weight since in all cultivars, apart from Romea and Catherina, when grafted on GF 677 produced the largest fruit (mean 186 g) followed by PR204 (mean 176 g) and even smaller by KID1 (mean 161 g). Results from correlation analyses showed that flesh brightness (measured in frozen fruit) may suggest for more nutritional flesh and small sized fruit may contain a redder and less bright colored flesh.     

长短枝红富士苹果冰温贮藏期质构特性及品质变化

以长枝条红型"2001富士"(长枝红富士)、短枝片红型"晋-18短枝富士"(短枝红富士)2个红富士苹果品种为试材,对其冰温贮藏期间果实质构特性、色泽、抗氧化物质含量进行测定分析,研究2个品种苹果冰温贮藏下感官及营养品质变化的差异性,以期为红富士苹果贮藏、果品品质分析提供参考依据。结果表明:比较2个品种质构特性,长枝红富士果实脆性、果肉硬度较高,短枝红富士果皮硬度、果肉纤维指数含量较高。色泽方面,短枝红富士果面色度角h较低,果皮花色苷含量较高。抗氧化成分,短枝红富士果皮类黄酮含量较高,果肉总酚含量较高;长枝红富士果皮总酚含量较高。贮藏后期果实品质下降较快,2个品种分别表现为短枝红富士果皮花色苷、果皮类黄酮含量降幅明显;长枝红富士果实脆性、果肉硬度下降较快,果皮总酚、果皮类黄酮含量下降显著。     

Across- and along-row pollen dispersal in high-density apple orchards: Insights from allozyme markers

Summary

The organization of most high-density orchards of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) into single-cultivar rows is often viewed as an impediment to effective pollen dispersal and pollination; however, few direct estimates of pollen dispersal are available to assess the extent of this problem. We estimated the magnitude of pollen dispersal across rows (pollinator cultivars: Idared, Vista Bella, Granny Smith), and along rows, (pollinator cultivars Fuji, Paulared, Golden Russet), in two high-density orchards in Ontario, Canada. Fruit were sampled from trees at regular intervals along transects that extended beyond (either across or along row) each pollinator cultivar and the percentage of seeds that were sired by the pollen donor was estimated using allozyme markers. Seeds sired by the pollinator cultivar were found from seven (‘Granny Smith’) to 18 rows (‘Idared’) from the nearest pollinator tree and from seven (‘Fuji’, ‘Paulared’) to five trees (‘Granny Smith’) down the same row. Measured in metres, the maximum pollen dispersal distance was greater across rows (62.4.m) than along rows (13.7.m). However, the average dispersal distance across rows, expressed in metres or trees, (17.4.±m.3.6, 3.6.±0.7 trees) did not differ from that along rows (5.8.m.±4.1, 2.7.±0.8 trees). These results are at odds with previous studies that indicate that honeybees move farther along rows than across, and have important implications for the design of commercial apple orchards.