树盘反光膜铺设时间长短对苹果品质的影响

以13年生红富士苹果为试材,探讨反光膜铺设时间长短对果实品质的影响。结果表明,果园地面铺设反光膜能显著提高苹果果实维生素C含量和着色程度,降低果实可滴定酸含量,且铺设时间越长效果越好;铺设反光膜能显著增加果实红色度,反光膜铺设时间20天时,果实着色效果最好。     

金冠苹果树冠内光质构成及其与果实品质的相关性

应用CI-700AB/HR2000光纤光谱仪,研究了田间自然光照条件下金冠苹果树冠内的光质分布及其与果实品质的相关性。结果表明,UV-A、可见光、总辐射、紫光和蓝光,在树冠内分布从上到下、由外到内依次减弱,并与果肉总糖、抗坏血酸、果皮花青苷和类胡萝卜素的分布呈极显著正相关,与果肉可滴定酸和果皮叶绿素呈极显著负相关;UV-B与此相近,但与抗坏血酸呈不显著负相关;红外线则与可见光相反。     

Phenolics concentration and antioxidant capacity of different fruit tissues of astringent versus non-astringent persimmons

Astringent and non-astringent persimmon fruits were compared for phenolic compounds, and their antioxidant capacity was studied in both peel and pulp. Fruits that were astringent generally had significantly higher concentrations of phenolics and greater capacities in either tissue. Pulp from astringent persimmons had more phenolics and higher capacity whereas the same was true for peels from non-astringent fruits. Among the methods tested for determining antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, TBARS, SRSA, and HRSA), ABTS showed the best correlation with phenolics concentration while HRSA assays were not sufficiently sensitive to distinguish among genotypes or between fruit tissues. Therefore, we suggest that, for monitoring antioxidant capacity in persimmon, the ABTS method is most suitable.     

Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of six apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh) grown in southern Brazil

The objective of this study was to compare the physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of six apple cultivars grown in southern Brazil. Apple peel color, dry matter, total soluble solids, pH, total sugars, titratable acidity, total phenolics, total monomeric anthocyanin and total antioxidant activity were measured in the apple cultivars Imperatriz, Daiane, Fred Hough, Fuji Suprema, Galaxy and Baronesa. The results showed great quantitative differences in the composition of the apple cultivars. Of all the cultivars, the peel of Galaxy was slightly more red-colored and that of Fred Hough was the least red-colored. The dry matter varied from 15.24% (Galaxy) to 19.55% (Fuji Suprema), the soluble solids content was between 11.8 (Fred Hough) and 14.0 (Daiane) °Brix, pH values varied from 3.90 (Imperatriz) to 4.27 (Fred Hough), the total sugar content (g 100 g⁻¹) ranged from 11.54 (Imperatriz) to 14.78 (Fuji Suprema) and the titratable acidity content (g 100 g⁻¹) varied from 0.20 (Baronesa) to 0.36 (Imperatriz). The total phenolic content (GAE 100 g⁻¹ fresh matter) observed in the apple cultivars was between 105.4 (Baronesa) and 269.7 mg (Imperatriz). The values of the total anthocyanin content (mg 100 g⁻¹ FM) ranged from 4.79 (Fred Hough) to 41.96 (Galaxy). The highest total antioxidant activity was observed in Imperatriz (739 μmol TEAC 100 g⁻¹ FM), while the lowest value was found in Fuji Suprema (335 μmol TEAC 100 g⁻¹ FM). There was a strong correlation between total monomeric anthocyanin content and all peel color measurements and between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The results suggested that genotype is the main factor that determines the composition of bioactive compounds in apples and this provides important information on how to make the best use of the apple cultivars investigated.     

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the apple flesh and peel of eleven cultivars grown in Brazil

The total phenolic, flavanol, monomeric anthocyanin contents and the antioxidant activity of flesh and peel of 11 apple cultivars from Brazil were investigated. Concentrations of the parameters measured differed significantly among the apple cultivars and were highest in the peel compared to the flesh. Total phenolic content (mg GAE/100 g fresh matter) ranged from 128.3 (Golden Delicious) to 212.0 (Epagri-F₅P₂₈₃) in the flesh and 304.6 (Golden Delicious) to 712.6 (Catarina) in the peel. Total flavanol content (mg CAE/100 g fm) varied from 11.7 (Epagri-SJ11) to 28.2 (Epagri-F₄₃P₂₃) and from 32.4 (Epagri-SJ11) to 147.7 (Catarina) in the flesh and peel, respectively. COOP-24 peel had the highest total anthocyanin content. The Epagri-F5P283 and Epagri-F43P23 flesh and Catarina peel had the highest antioxidant activity while Golden Delicious flesh and peel had the lowest. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were significantly correlated in both flesh (R² = 0.717) and peel (R² = 0.716). The contribution of phenolics to the antioxidant activity in peel suggests that their removal may induce a significant loss of antioxidants.     

新疆17个杏品种的抗氧化指标与总酚含量的测定

为了研究新疆杏的遗传多样性,寻找抗氧化能力较强的功能性杏品种,为保护利用杏资源提供基础,试验采用铁离子还原法(FRAP)、二苯代苦味酰基自由基法(DPPH.)清除法和邻二氮菲-Fe2+氧化法3种方法从总抗氧化能力、DPPH.自由基清除能力和羟基自由基清除能力的角度测评了不同杏品种的抗氧化活性;用Folin-Ciocalteau法测定总酚含量。3种抗氧化指标显示:17个参试杏品种都具有强抗氧化性,并且大多数品种间差异显著,其中骆驼黄和奎克皮曼的抗氧化能力最强,不同品种间的总酚含量差异较大,变化值为1554.47μg/g,最大含量是最小含量的6.05倍,其中骆驼黄的总酚含量最高为1862.18μg/g,黑叶杏的总酚含量最低为307.71μg/g。各种抗氧化指标与总酚含量呈显著正相关,多酚类物质应该是其抗氧化的主要物质基础。     

套袋对苹果果实钙素吸收与分布的影响

以红富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.cv.Fuji)为试材,进行了套袋处理,以不套袋果实为对照,测定其果实的Ca含量,研究套袋对果实钙素吸收与分布的影响。结果表明,果实套袋后,在花后40～90d,整果钙吸收量高于对照果实;从花后120d开始,对照果实整果钙含量一直高于套袋果实。此外,苹果果实在整个生长发育过程中对Ca都有吸收,花后40d内,苹果果实吸收整果钙含量的20%左右;从花后40d(套袋)到90d,果实钙吸收量迅速升高,对照果实可吸收整果钙含量的66.1%,套纸袋果实可吸收整果钙含量的73.8%;此外,在果实的成熟期仍有少量的钙吸收。果实套袋后,果实各个部分的钙含量变化与对照果实相比,果皮中钙含量明显低于对照果实,而果肉和果心的钙含量却高于对照果实。     

Rootstock influence on ‘delicious’ and ‘golden delicious’ apple fruit quality at harvest and after storage

The influence of 9 rootstocks (M2, M7, M25, M26, MM104, MM106, MM109, MM111 and seedling) on fruit quality at harvest and after storage of ‘Wellspur Delicious’ (WS) and ‘Goldspur’ (GS), and of 3 rootstocks (M7, M26 and MM106) on fruit quality of ‘Red King Delicious’ (RK) and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was evaluated during a 4-year period. Fruits from trees on M26 were larger, developed earlier color and soluble solids (SS), and maintained higher levels of acidity (at harvest and during storage) in comparison with other rootstocks. Fruit from trees on M2 tended to have high SS. Fruit color from trees on MM104, MM106 and MM109 tended to be comparatively poor. There were significant rootstock effects on SS, starch, acidity, color, circumference, weight and box size.     

轮纹病菌对不同抗性苹果品种防御酶的影响

实验研究了3个苹果品种被轮纹病菌(Botryosphaeriaberengrianaf.piricola)侵染后苹果枝干轮纹病防御酶系的变化。结果表明,在受病菌侵染后,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)均表现为先升后降的趋势,且抗病品种的峰值出现较晚。抗病品种鸡冠的PAL、SOD和POD活性变化峰值和均值要高于国光和富士,而PPO活性变化的峰值和均值则低于国光和富士。     

果袋透光性对宁海白枇杷果实品质及抗氧化能力的影响

以白沙枇杷品种宁海白为试材,分析了白色单层、黄色单层、外浅黄内白双层、黄色双层和外灰内黑双层等5种不同透光率纸袋套袋对枇杷果实品质以及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,套袋能提高果实表面的明亮度。套袋后果实的总糖含量较对照下降,下降程度随果袋透光率性的下降而增强,其中外灰内黑纸袋与对照相比差异达到显著水平。套袋还降低了果实的总酚含量、类黄酮含量和果实的抗氧化能力,其中以透光性低的外灰内黑双层纸袋下降最大;但对类胡萝卜素含量影响较少。套袋后果实的抗氧化能力下降,与总酚和类黄酮含量降低呈显著正相关。     

几个早熟苹果品种果实糖酸组分及风味品质的评价

采用高效毛细管电泳仪分离测定了6个早熟苹果品种果实的糖酸组分,并对早丰甜、贝拉、辽伏3个品种可溶性糖、可滴定酸、糖酸比及主要香气成分含量与风味品质的关系进行了研究.结果表明,(1)所有参试品种均以果糖含量最高,品种间变异系数最小,仅为14.59%,但蔗糖和葡萄糖含量与果糖明显不同,在不同品种间存在较大差异,品种间变异系数分别为67.58%和29.94%,果糖和蔗糖含量是影响早熟苹果品种糖类总含量的主要因素.有机酸中苹果酸含量在不同早熟苹果品种也存在较大差异,最高为6.61 mg/g,最低仅为1.55 mg/g;(2)果实可溶性糖、可滴定酸、糖酸比及3种主要香气成分测定和官能鉴评结论在早丰甜、贝拉和辽伏3个品种间存在显著差异,官能鉴评的这种差异性与糖、酸及香气成分等成分测定结果基本一致,因此,在试验条件下,3个早熟苹果品种风味品质评价指标应包括可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、糖酸比及1-丁醇、(E)-2-己烯醛和乙酸丁酯等3种主要香气成分的总含量.     

滴灌施肥技术参数对苹果品质的影响及综合评价

[目的]探究不同滴灌施肥技术参数对苹果品质的影响.[方法]设置一行树单、双行管(P1、P2)、滴头间距30 cm、50 cm(D1、D2)、施肥间隔期15d、30d(T1、T2),氮肥形态尿素、尿素硝铵溶液(U、UAN),分析了苹果单果质量、可溶性糖、维生素C含量等品质指标随不同滴灌施肥技术参数的变化情况.[结果]滴灌...     

果园地面覆盖对苹果果实品质和矿质营养的影响

以‘华红’苹果为试材,研究了果园地面覆盖方式对果实品质和矿质营养含量的影响。结果表明,覆盖能降低果实可滴定酸含量,提高单果重、可溶性固形物含量和维生素C含量,改善果实质地,增加果实磷、钙、镁、硼、铁、铜含量。稻壳炭覆盖、秸秆覆盖和生草覆盖可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量分别比清耕(对照)高2.69%和4.77%以上。稻壳炭覆盖果皮穿刺强度最大,地布覆盖果肉坚实度和果肉纤维指数最大。果实钾、钙、镁含量以稻壳炭覆盖最高,氮、磷、铁含量以生草覆盖最高,钙、硼含量以秸秆覆盖最高。     

陕北苹果园绿肥种植模式对土壤物理性质及果实品质和产量的影响

在延安市洛川县苹果园行间种植毛叶苕子、豆科与十字花科轮茬,以清耕为对照,研究绿肥种植模式对土壤物理性质和苹果品质的影响。结果表明,绿肥种植模式对土壤物理性质、苹果品质和产量有显著影响。与对照相比,种植毛叶苕子土壤含水量提高164.44%～324.14%,土壤容重降低11.97%～13.67%,土壤孔隙度提高13.83%～15.08%;豆科与十字花科轮茬土壤含水量提高128.86%～217.24%,土壤容重降低9.86%～10.79%,土壤孔隙度提高11.38%～11.91%。与对照相比,种植毛叶苕子果实可溶性固形物含量提高16.41%～17.05%,硬度提高6.94%～9.86%;豆科与十字花科轮茬果实可溶性固形物含量提高14.73%～15.62%,硬度提高2.78%～5.63%,产量提高1.97%～2.10%。苹果园行间种植毛叶苕子蓄水保墒能力及其对果实品质的提高效果好于豆科与十字花科绿肥轮茬,二者产量差异不显著。     

不同位置滴灌施氮对苹果氮素利用及果实产量和品质的影响

以6年生烟富3/M26/平邑甜茶为试材,研究了树干底部滴灌施氮(T1)和1/2树冠投影处滴灌施氮(T2)对苹果氮素的利用、分配特性及果实产量品质的影响。结果表明,不同位置滴灌施氮,树体的叶片生长状况及氮素吸收、利用和损失特性差异显著。T1处理的树体叶面积、叶绿素及叶片氮含量显著高于T2处理。不同处理树体¹⁵N利用率及器官分配率显著不同,T1处理的树体¹⁵N利用率为22.11%,是T2处理的1.37倍。T1处理各器官¹⁵N分配率表现为生殖器官>贮藏器官>营养器官,而T2处理的¹⁵N分配率以生殖器官最低。T1处理的¹⁵N总残留率显著高于T2处理,其中T1处理0～60 cm土层的¹⁵N残留率为28.82%,是T2处理的1.23倍。不同位置滴灌施氮处理树体的单果重、产量、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖及糖酸比存在显著差异,以T1处理较高。因此,树干底部滴灌施氮显著增加了0～60 cm土层的¹⁵N残留率,促进了树体生长和氮素利用,提高了果实...     

气调贮藏下草酸处理对杧果果实成熟和腐烂的影响

杧果(MangiferaindicaL.)采后分别经0(对照)和5mmol/L草酸溶液浸泡10min后,在气调犤6%CO2+2%O2,(14±1)℃犦条件下贮藏。结果表明:草酸处理使果实软化和果肉可溶性固形物增加的速率减缓、果实的病情指数和腐烂率降低;同时,果皮的超氧阴离子()产量和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量降低、SOD活性提高和还原型抗坏血酸(ASA)采后损失量减少。分析认为草酸处理提高果实抗氧化能力和降低活性氧((AOS)代谢与延缓果实的成熟和抑制病情、腐烂发生相关,草酸处理是果采后贮藏保鲜的一种可选新方法。     

苹果分根交替灌溉不同水量对树体生长和水分利用效率的影响

以3 a生分根盆栽嘎拉苹果为试材,研究了不同根域交替灌溉不同水量对树体生长和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,灌水量调控了苹果新梢二次生长的发生、生长时间和速率,每一根域每次灌水量为500 mL时,仅4/4根域灌水处理的新梢出现二次生长;灌水量为750 mL时,2/4、3/4和4/4根域灌水处理的新梢均出现二次生长;灌水量为1 000 mL时,1/4、2/4、3/4和4/4处理的新梢均有二次生长,其二次生长随着灌水根域的增多而时间提早,生长速率加快。每一根域灌水量相同时,植株主干、枝条、叶片、根系和总生物量随灌水根域增多而提高,750 mL与1 000mL根域灌水处理差异不显著。植株的水分利用效率随灌水根域的增多而降低。从确保树体正常生长和提高树体水分利用效率综合分析,2/4根域每次灌水750 mL为最佳灌溉方案。     

重庆开县柑橘冬季树冠覆膜对落果及果实品质的影响研究

通过对开县长沙锦橙柑橘果园实施35．55 hm2柑橘冬季树冠覆膜防冻试验,并对该果园防冻后柑橘果实进行落果数、果实可食率、果汁率、枯水个数、可溶性固形物（TSS）含量、维生素c（vc）含量、总酸（TA）含量的测定,发现采取树冠覆膜的柑橘落果数、果实果汁率、可溶性固形物（TSS）含量、维生素c（vc）含量、总酸（TA）含量均显著减少,而果实可食率、枯水个数均没有显著的变化。     

Physico-chemical properties and antioxidant capacity of different jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) cultivars grown in loess plateau of China

The physico-chemical properties and antioxidant capacity of the five main jujube varieties: Junzao, Lingbaozao, Jinzao, Zanhuangzao and Lizao collected from loess plateau of China were determined. The analyzed components included fruit yield, moisture content, total mass per fruit, pH, titratable acidity (TA), reducing sugars, total sugars, total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid, total phenolics content, total flavonoids content and several pure phenolic compounds. The output of the analyses showed higher amounts of ascorbic acid and phenolics in these jujube varieties than in some common fruits. The antioxidative capacity of the jujube extracts, evaluated with the reducing power, the β-carotene bleaching, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydracyl (DPPH•), and the 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS•⁺) scavenging methods, showed that the antioxidant activity of the extracts of Lingbaozao was excellent for free radical scavenging and a potent natural antioxidant of commercial value. Statistically significant differences were observed between jujube cultivars investigated with regards to the measured parameters except rutin content of fruit. These results demonstrated that the cultivar was the main factor which influences the physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of jujubes.     

AgNO_3对梨叶片不定梢再生过程中抗氧化酶活性的影响

为探讨AgNO3在离体培养物形态发生中的作用,以金水和金花梨组培苗为外植体,研究了不同质量浓度AgNO3对梨叶片再生不定梢过程中抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,0.1mg/LAgNO3能明显提高金水叶片不定梢再生率和再生数;金花叶片不定梢再生有效促进的AgNO3为0.1～0.5mg/L。经AgNO3处理后,2品种抗氧化物酶活性与对照差异显著。在暗培养期间,叶片中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均有较大幅度变化,特别是经0.1mg/LAgNO3处理后,金花叶片中POD活性及金水叶片中CAT活性增幅均高于其余3个处理。叶片中O·2产生速率和H2O2含量也增加但上升幅度不及对照。在进入光培养阶段后,添加适当的AgNO3可提高叶片原有的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)峰值,且H2O2含量和O·2产生速率随之下降,但较高含量AgNO3处理易引起H2O2含量和O·2产生速率回升。虽然品种间抗氧化物酶活性变化不完全一致,但通过比较发现0.1mg/LAgNO3对提高金花和金水叶片抗氧化物酶活性效果最佳。