First report of Porcine teschovirus (PTV), Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) and Enterovirus G (EV-G) in pig herds of Brazil

Porcine teschovirus (PTV), Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) and Enterovirus G (EV-G) have been associated with enteric, respiratory, reproductive and neurological disorders. Although Brazil is the world’s fourth largest producer and exporter of pork, no information on the occurrence of PTV, PSV and EV-G infections is available for Brazilian pig herds. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Porcine enteric picornavirus infections in pig farms located in three distinct geographical regions of Brazil. Forty randomly selected diarrhoeic and normal consistency faeces of suckling (n?=?22) and nursery (n?=?18) pigs from farms located in 21 distinct cities of the Southern, Southeast, and Midwest regions of Brazil were evaluated by nested-RT-PCR assays. Suckling piglets presented the expected amplicon size for PTV (158 bp) and EV-G (313 bp) in single and mixed infections in 40.9 % (9/22) of the faecal samples. PSV amplicon (212 bp) was not detected in this age group. For nursery pigs, Porcine enteric picornaviruses amplicons were present in 77.8 % (14/18) of the faecal samples. PTV and EV-G were detected in single and mixed infections, while PSV was detected only in two samples in co-infection with PTV and EV-G in this age group. The Brazilian regions evaluated presented at least two of the tested viruses. Sequencing analysis revealed high similarities to the related viruses (95.3 to 99.2 % for PTV, 94.2 to 98.5 % for PSV and 86 to 100 % for EV-G). For the first time PTV, PSV and EV-G have been molecularly detected and characterised in pig faecal samples in Brazil.     

National Meat Case Study 2004: Fresh product types and allocation of retail space

Fresh meat retail cases in 104 supermarkets across 5 regions of the United States were audited for product space allocation, percentage of space allocated to each fresh meat category and frequency of species among all stock keeping units (n = 14,863). The United States was divided into Mountain/Southwest, Midwest, Northeast, Southeast, and West Coast regions. Fresh meat categories for self-service cases included beef muscle cuts, ground beef, pork, veal, lamb, chicken, turkey, fresh sausage, value-added, heat and serve, ham-bone-in, ham-boneless, ham steak, other processed meats, seafood, and nonmeat items. Fresh meat categories for the full-service case included seafood, beef, pork, chicken, and other. Whole muscle beef, pork, and chicken products were available in all stores. Ground beef products and turkey were reported in almost all stores, 94.5 to 100%, respectively. The majority of the self-service meat case was dedicated to beef in all regions except for the Northeast, where chicken occupied the majority of the self-service case. Linear meters of self-service fresh meat case were greatest in the Northeast region, which was similar to Mountain and Midwest regions, but different (P = 0.003) than the Southeast and West Coast regions. However, the West Coast region best utilized the retail meat case by providing consumers with the greatest number of offerings per linear meter. The percentage of stores audited with a full-service meat case was 37.5%, and the percentage with a full-service seafood case was 60.6%. The full-service meat case was the smallest (number of linear meters, P = 0.039) in the Southeast and largest (number of linear meters, P = 0.039) in the Midwest.     

不同规模工厂化养猪的成本及效率分析

我国生猪养殖规模和水平参差不齐,本文以26家规模化猪场为研究对象,其中包括规模Ⅰ(2000头以下基础母猪)3家、规模Ⅱ(2000~3000头基础母猪)3家、规模Ⅲ(3000~4000头基础母猪)4家、规模Ⅳ(4000头以上基础母猪)16家,比较不同养殖规模工厂化养猪场的生产成本和生产效率。结果表明:不同规模的工业化猪场在生产成本与生产效率方面有显著差异。随着规模增加,生长育肥期饲料成本、兽药疫苗、固定资产折旧及人工费用降低,生长育肥阶段成本明显下降,出栏猪成本与规模呈现负相关。仔猪哺乳及仔猪保育阶段对管理水平要求较高,随着养殖规模增大,管理难度相应加大,需要强调实施精细管理,以维持平均每头基础母猪年提供断奶仔猪头数(PSY)以及平均每头基础母猪年提供出栏猪头数(MSY),达到最大限度的规模效益。     

同一养殖模式下不同地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药性比较

本试验旨在比较新疆相同养殖模式下不同地区猪源大肠杆菌的耐药情况。分别在某规模化养猪场呼图壁(207份)、玛纳斯(210份)和昌吉(210份)地区采集粪样,共计627份样品,各地区猪源大肠杆菌的分离率均为100.0%。采用微量肉汤稀释法对分离出的大肠杆菌进行临床常用抗菌药物的药敏试验,并通过卡方检验比较3个地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药率的差异。结果显示,呼图壁地区猪源大肠杆菌对安普霉素、阿米卡星、阿莫西林—克拉维酸和头孢噻呋的耐药率均极显著高于另外两地区(P< 0.01);玛纳斯地区猪源大肠杆菌对环丙沙星的耐药率显著高于另外两地区(P< 0.05),对诺氟沙星的耐药率极显著高于另外两地区(P< 0.01);昌吉地区猪源大肠杆菌对诺氟沙星的耐药率极显著高于呼图壁地区(P< 0.01),而对阿莫西林—克拉维酸和氨苄西林的耐药率均显著高于玛纳斯地区(P< 0.05)。呼图壁地区3~8耐菌株占94.7%,玛纳斯地区3~7耐菌株占89.5%,昌吉地区4~8耐菌株占82.4%。不同地区之间3~7耐菌株数差异不显著(P> 0.05)。结果表明,在相同的养殖模式下,不同地区猪源大肠杆菌的耐药情况不同。此外,养殖场猪源大肠杆菌的耐药问题严重,以多药耐药为主,耐药谱型呈多样化。     

Comparison of Drug Resistance of E.coli from Pigs in Different Regions under the Same Breeding Mode

In order to compare the resistance of E.coli from pigs of different regions under same breeding mode in Xinjiang, we collected fecal samples from pig farms of Hutubi (207), Manasi (210) and Changji (210) in a certain scale, respectively, a total of 627 samples, and isolation rate of E.coli from fecal samples were all 100.0%.The broth dilution method was used to detect resistance of E.coli to antimicrobials, and we compared the differences of resistance rate of E.coli from pig farms in three regions by chi square test. E.coli from pig farms of Hutubi region to apramycin, amikacin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and ceftiofur existed extremely significant differences comparing with another two regions (P< 0.01).E.coli from pig farms of Manasi region to ciprofloxacin existed significant differences comparing with another two regions (P< 0.05), and existed extremely significant differences to norfloxacin (P< 0.01).E.coli from pig farms of Changji region to norfloxacin had extremely significant differences comparing with Hutubi region (P< 0.01), and existed significant differences to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and ampicillin comparing with Manasi region (P< 0.05).3 to 8 resistant E.coli strains accounted for 94.7% in Hutubi region, 3 to 7 resistant E.coli strains accounted for 89.5% in Manasi region and 4 to 8 resistant E.coli strains accounted for 82.4% in Changji region, respectively.There was no significant difference among different regions on multi-drug resistance (P> 0.05).The results indicated that E.coli from pigs of different regions under the same breeding mode had different characteristics of resistance.In addition, the resistance of E.coli from pigs were very serious and mainly multi-drug resistant, drug resistance patterns were diversified.     

Evaluation of hepatitis E virus infection between different production systems of pigs in Brazil

The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the occurrence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in pigs from large-scale and family-scale farms, (2) genetically characterize the strains isolated, and (3) study the pathogenesis of swine HEV infection via immunohistochemistry. A total of 50 pigs from 10 farms in Mato Grosso State, Brazil were divided according to type of production system into either large-scale farms (n?=?5) or family-scale farms (n?=?5). Samples of liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines, bile, and feces from the pigs were analyzed by nested PCR with primers targeting the ORF2 region of HEV and by immunohistochemistry. Of the eight HEV-positive samples from pigs of family-scale farms, phylogenetic analysis revealed that seven of the swine HEV isolates clustered with subtype 3b of genotype 3 and one isolate was categorized with subtype 3 f. The HEV antigen was detected mainly in the small intestine samples from family-scale farms, suggesting an early stage HEV infection. HEV was not detected in the samples of pigs from large-scale farms, reinforcing the need for additional studies to evaluate the risk of transmission of HEV to humans from pigs from family-scale farms in Mato Grosso State.     

Productive efficiency, environmental efficiency and their determinants in farrow-to-finish pig farming in Taiwan

Two sub-technologies, pig production and wastewater control, in pig farm operation are considered. This paper develops a multi-activity DEA (data envelopment analysis) model to simultaneously measure productive efficiency (PE) and environmental efficiency (EE) in farrow-to-finish pig production in Taiwan, and to explore several theorized causal relationships between performance and farm-specific knowledge. The empirical results prove that the estimated PE and EE do not belong to the same distribution. That suggests that using an identical ‘technical efficiency’ index to represent PE and EE would get a biased result when undesirable outputs are considered. PE is higher than EE, but the two are positively correlated. Analytical results support the presence of economies of scale in sample farms. Providing training to farmers and computerizing farm operations are critical determinants of PE; providing training to operators of wastewater control facilities and the operator's education level showed a positive impact on EE. Such information is valuable for both farmers and the authorities in making decisions to enhance productivity and environmental protection in the pig sector in Taiwan.     

Characterisation of smallholder pig production in Kikuyu Division, central Kenya

A three-phase study was conducted in high-potential farming and peri-urban area in Kikuyu Division central Kenya to obtain farm and management data and to monitor health and productivity of pigs in smallholder farms. The first phase was a cross-sectional study in which 87 farms (that had been selected from a total of 179 farms using a simple random selection) were visited once and data on important farm and management factors were gathered using semi-structured questionnaires. The second phase was a pilot study that was conducted in the 87 study farms for a period of 3 months to pretest the data-collection tools and to evaluate the general research methodology for the longitudinal study. The third phase was a prospective 12-month observational study in which health and productivity of pigs were monitored monthly in 76 herds that were still active and had participated in the previous studies.

The initial voluntary enrolment among the eligible farms was 99%. The median farm size was 1 acre. All the farms kept crossbreed pigs of Large White or Landrace (median nine pigs per farm). The median number of sows per herd was one. Most farmers engaged in farrow-to-finish pig-production system and most (60%) did not keep a breeding boar. The pigs were stall-fed the year round. Guard rails/piglet devices were present in 22% of the herds. Few (8%) farmers disinfected pig pens (especially the farrowing area). None of the farmers reported the use of vaccination against pig diseases. Most farmers (84 and 96%) indicated that they controlled for mange and worm infestations, respectively. To control mange, 50% of the farmers used acaricides, 34% used engine oil and 12% used both. Anthelmintics were used to control worms. No farmer had a particular control programme in place for both worms and mange. Artificial heating for piglets was not used in any of the farms. High costs of feeds (which were of variable qualities) lack of credit and genetically high-quality breeding boars and diseases were ranked highly by the farmers as the main production constraints. Thirteen percent (11/87) of farmers withdrew during the pilot study; 10 farmers had sold their pigs and one had died. Thirty-three percent (25/76) of the farms withdrew during the longitudinal study for various reasons that included death of pigs (3%; 2/76) and sale of the pigs (30%; 23/76)—mainly because of financial need.     

Analysis of meat juice ELISA results and questionnaire data to investigate farm-level risk factors for Salmonella infection in UK pigs

The study set out to explore risk factors for Salmonella infection in pigs, based on seroprevalence amongst slaughtered pigs, using a large study population of holdings and a comprehensive list of farm characteristics. Farm data were collected from pig quality assurance schemes and supplemented by a postal questionnaire. These data were used with meat juice serology results from ongoing abattoir Salmonella surveillance, for a multivariable risk factor analysis, modelling the ELISA sample to positive ratio directly (ELISA ratio). The study population contained 566 farms, covering a geographically representative spread of farms within the United Kingdom, with a mean average of 224 sample results per holding over a 4-year period. The model highlighted that temporal factors (quarterly and yearly cycles) and monthly meteorological summaries for rainfall, sunshine and temperature were associated with Salmonella presence (P < 0.01). The ELISA ratio was found to be highest in autumn and lowest in spring and summer, whereas yearly averages showed a greater degree of variation than seasonal. Two feed variables (homemix and barley) were found to be protective factors, as was a conventional, rather than organic or freedom foods, farm enterprise type. The number of annual pig deliveries and dead stock collections, and the main cause of pig mortality on the farm were found to be associated with Salmonella infection. Scottish farms had a lower ELISA ratio than other regions, and an increased number of pig farms within a 10-km radius was associated with a higher ELISA ratio. The study demonstrated that the analysis of routinely collected data from surveillance and quality assurance schemes was cost-effective, with sufficient power to detect modest associations between Salmonella and exposure variables. The model results can be used to inform on-farm Salmonella control policies and could target-specific geographical regions and seasons to assist the efficiency of surveillance.     

养猪场生物安全体系的建设

近年来中国养猪企业疫病频发,给养猪业带来很大的经济损失。为了减少养猪场猪的发病,保证猪场的正常生产秩序,猪场生物安全体系的建设尤为重要。笔者根据猪场的生产实际,总结出相应的实施方案,供广大养殖户参考使用。     

Phenotypic and genetic characterization of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated from pigs in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

This study aimed to investigate the relatedness of porcine Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (S.) serovar Typhimurium strains isolated in Southern Brazil. Sixty-six isolates from pigs belonging to three commercial companies were submitted to phage typing, XbaI-macrorestriction (PFGE), IS200 hybridization, rep-PCR, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and PCR assay targeting the spvR region. All strains presented a unique rep-PCR pattern and 63 strains had a common IS200 profile. One pulse-type (XA) was the most prevalent (39/66 strains) and included strains of phage types DT177, DT192, DT194 and RDNC. The spvR region was detected in three strains, which harboured plasmids of 90 kb. High rates of tetracycline, sulfonamide and streptomycin resistance were found. Isolates from farms located in different geographic regions but associated to the same commercial companies clustered together and presented a common resistance profile. Results suggested that clonal groups of S. Typhimurium are present in pig commercial companies in Southern Brazil.     

浅析当前生长受阻仔猪形成原因及防治策略

在当前集约化生产的猪场中，约有10%的仔猪由于各种原因导致生长受阻形成“僵猪”。僵猪生长发育迟缓，饲料转换率低，免疫力差、易染病而成为猪群的传染源。对僵猪的处理方式不当会造成饲料的浪费与猪只的损失，期间给猪场或养殖户造成较大的经济损失。文章浅析了生长受阻仔猪形成的原因，提出了一些相对应的防治策略，以期为从事养猪的工作者提供参考。     

Opportunities and challenges for smallholder pig production systems in a mountainous region of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China

China’s small-scale pig keepers are the largest community of pork producers worldwide. About 56 % of the world's pigs originate from such systems, each producing 2–5 head per year. This study analyzes pig smallholders in Xishuangbanna, a prefecture of Yunnan Province. Categorical principal component analysis and two-step cluster analysis were used to identify three main production systems: livestock-corn-based (LB; 41 %), rubber based (RB; 39 %), and pig based (PB; 20 %) systems. RB farms earn high income from rubber and fatten cross-bred pigs, often using purchased feeds. PB farms own similar-sized rubber plantations and raise pigs, with fodder mainly being cultivated and collected in the forest. LB farms grow corn, rice, and tea while also raising pigs, fed with collected and cultivated fodder as well. About one third of pigs were marketed (LB, 20 %; RB, 42 %; PB, 25 %), and local pig meat is highly appreciated in the nearby town. High mortality, low reproductive performance, and widespread malnourishment are the systems' main constraints. Basic training in hygiene and reproduction management could significantly increase production; most effective measures would be counterbalancing seasonal malnourishment and exploration of locally available protein feeds. Through support by external expertise, farmers could more effectively trade their pigs at lucrative town markets.     

Occurrence of MRSA in air and housing environment of pig barns

A high prevalence of MRSA among farm animals, especially pigs, has been observed for some time. However, knowledge on transmission routes of MRSA in livestock production is still scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of MRSA in pig house air as well as in samples from pigs and their housing environment in 27 MRSA positive pig barns of different sizes and production types. In 85.2% of all barns MRSA was detected in the animal house air. Impingement turned out to be a more sensitive sampling technique than filtration. Other environmental samples such as boot swabs or faeces showed prevalences of MRSA from 55.6% to 85.2% at sample level. The level of MRSA was 88.3% for pooled and 82.1% for single nasal swabs, in skin swabs the one was 87.7%, the others was 78.7%. Spa typing of isolates from air and nasal swabs showed predominantly spa types t011 and t034. MRSA prevalences in pigs as well as in various environmental samples were significantly higher in fattening farms than in breeding farms. This study provides good reference that there could be an airborne transmission of MRSA within pig herds indicating a potential contamination of the environment of barns.     

Torque teno sus virus infection in suckling piglets from Brazilian pig herds

Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) is responsible for the infection of pig herds around the world. The aim of this study was to analyse the presence of natural infection by both species of TTSuV in suckling piglets from major pig-producing regions of Brazil. Faecal samples (n?=?135) from 1 to 3-week-old suckling piglets from the Southern, Southeast and Midwest regions of Brazil were analysed by PCR assay to detect TTSuV1 and 2. TTSuV1 and 2 DNA was identified in 65 (48.1?%) and 23 (17?%) of piglet faecal samples, respectively. Co-infection by both species of TTSuV was detected in 17 (12.6?%) samples. Detection of TTSuV1 was significantly higher than that of TTSuV2 in the three Brazilian regions together (p?<?0.05). Based on age of animals, TTSuV1 infection was statistically higher than TTSuV2 in each age group (p?<?0.05). For all of the age groups together, no statistical difference was detected in the number of TTSuV1 and 2 positive results (p?>?0.05). These findings revealed that TTSuV infection has disseminated in pig herds from different geographic Brazilian regions, and the presence of TTSuV in suckling piglet faecal samples suggested the early infection by the virus and the potential of these animals in spreading the virus.     

安徽省六安市猪预混料市场营销现状调查和分析

为了解安徽省六安市猪预混料市场营销现状,并为生猪养殖户科学选择预混料以及预混料生产企业制定销售策略提供参考,通过电话调查和走访的方式,对该市生猪养殖场的猪预混料使用情况进行了调查。结果表明：随着猪场养殖年限的增加会提高预混料的使用率;对于不同养殖模式的生猪养殖场,以养殖育肥猪为主的猪场更愿意使用预混料;年出栏育肥猪数量的增加会提高预混料的使用率;合理的价格、稳定的质量、及时的供货以及优惠政策的制订,均有利于维持养殖户对预混料产品的忠诚度。根据调查结果,提出以下建议：预混料厂家应以兽药饲料经销商作为主要分销渠道,将以出售育肥猪为主业且规模较大、养殖时间较长的猪场列为重点目标客户,加强售后服务,同时配合灵活的销售政策,培育忠诚的客户群,不断提高产品的市场竞争力;猪场采购预混料时要选择品牌形象好、价格合理、质量稳定、服务良好的产品。     

粪污资源化利用对生猪产业影响的经济视角分析

为了解粪污资源化利用对生猪产业的影响及粪污资源化利用中存在的问题,本文对河南、广东、浙江与吉林4省大型生猪养殖企业进行了调研。结果表明:粪污资源化利用对生猪产业区域布局、养殖成本、养殖规模与产销对接方式均会产生影响,具体表现为区域内布局逐步优化,区域间"南猪北养西进";养殖成本适度增加;大中型养殖企业占比增加以及家庭牧场涌现;跨区域冷鲜肉调运部分替代活猪和热鲜肉调运。建议政府加大对生猪粪污资源化利用的政策支持,积极培育有机肥市场,对养殖企业、社会专业治理企业、种植主体等多方进行引导,促进粪污-有机肥生产-有机肥消纳产业链条的良性运转。     

Effect of Pseudorabies Purification on the Production Performance in Pig

In order to identify the effect of pseudorabies purification on pig production performance, this paper based on the survey of 63 large-scale pig farms in 9 provinces of China, analyzed the effects of pseudorabies purification on the mortality of pigs, the positive rate of gE, the maternal abortion rate and so on, and compared pig production performance between purification and non-purifucation farms in different scale and different stages of purification. The results showed that the pig production performance was improved by the implementation of vaccine immunization, quarantine diagnosis, elimination of positive animals and culture of healthy animals; Pseudorabies purification had the best effect of improving production performance for the farms with the scale of 16 500 to 84 700 head. The longer the time of pseudorabies purification, the greater the production performance of pigs.     

猪伪狂犬病净化对猪生产性能影响的研究

为了评定猪伪狂犬病净化对猪生产性能的影响,作者调查了中国9个省63个规模化猪养殖场,以调查数据为基础,统计分析了伪狂犬病净化对猪死亡率、猪群伪狂犬gE阳性率、母猪流产率等生产性能的影响,对比了不同规模、不同净化阶段养殖场的猪生产性能的差异。统计结果表明,通过实施疫苗免疫、检疫诊断、淘汰阳性动物、培养健康动物等净化措施,生猪的生产性能明显提高;养殖规模在1.65~8.47万头的养殖场其生产性能提高的效果最优;伪狂犬病净化时间越长,猪的生产性能提高的幅度越大。     

Characterization of smallholder pig production system: productive and reproductive performances of local and crossbred pigs in Sikkim Himalayan region

The present study was conducted to know the smallholder pig production system in tribal areas of Sikkim State, India. Two hundred tribal farmers were selected randomly from the North and East District of the state. Information on socio-economic characteristics of farmers (gender, occupation, educational status, and farming experience), management practices, disease prevalence, and economics in pig production was collected. The study recorded the mean land holding as 1.2?±?0.8 ha, and the number of pigs per farm was 5.0?±?0.28. Pigs were mainly kept as a source of income, and 70 % of farmers reared crossbreed pigs. Ninety percent (90 %) of respondents practiced the intensive system of management whereby kitchen wastes along with cooked mixture comprising maize bhusa, mustard oil cake, pseudostem of banana, tuber, stem, and plant leaves were used to feed their animals. About 40.5 % of farmers procured their breeding stock from government farms that had good records and utilized veterinary services like timely vaccination and deworming. The diseases prevalent in the study area were swine fever, diarrhea, helminthoses, sarcoptic mange, pneumonia, etc. The litter sizes at birth (local, 4.3?±?0.45; crossbreed, 7.2?±?0.33), at weaning (local, 2.79?±?0.24; crossbreed, 6.1?±?0.21), and age at first farrowing (local, 365.39?±?7.96 days; crossbreed, 337.24?±?8.79 days) were recorded. Production costs of meat extracted from local and crossbred pigs were 1.08 $/kg and 0.86 $/kg, respectively.