Nanotechnologies applied to the analysis of the animal genome

Whole genome sequence information and high throughput technologies are speeding up the investigation of cellular processes leading to the phenotypic expression of genetic information. Nanotechnologies provide innovative tools to accomplish this task, increasing throughput and sensitivity and decreasing cost and time of analyses. Goals as ambitious as the sequencing of a mammalian-sized genome in a matter of hours, and of detecting gene expression from a single cell, are just around the corner. Animal breeding will benefit from these advances in the understanding of the genetic basis of complex traits and in the application of molecular information for marker and gene assisted selection.     

棕榈粕和椰子粕在畜牧行业中的应用

<正>近年来,饲料资源短缺,新的替代资源研究已成为行业热点。棕榈粕、椰子粕作为饲料原料在国外畜牧行业已经应用多年,目前其应用技术     

发酵豆粕在动物生产中的应用

发酵豆粕营养丰富且含有多种生物活性因子,是优质的蛋白质来源.本文就近年来发酵豆粕在动物生产上的应用研究作一综述,以期为其今后的深入研究提供参考.     

肉骨粉在水产饲料中的应用

本文综述了肉骨粉在水产饲料中的应用、影响肉骨粉使用的因素及改善水产动物对肉骨粉利用率的途径,以期为其深入研究和合理应用提供理论依据。     

Identification and characterization of hierarchical structures in dog breeding schemes, a novel method applied to the Norfolk Terrier

Popular sires, a limited population size, and the founder event are widely considered the main reasons for the low genetic diversity observed in many dog breeds. However, these factors have had only a small role in the historic decrease in diversity observed in the Norfolk Terrier breed. We show that the decrease in this breed has been mainly due to large, popular kennels. Dogs from these kennels have, on average, larger genetic contributions to subsequent generations than others. A test for the presence of a popular kennel effect is proposed and applied (P < 0.001). These kennels were found to be the same as nuclei of selection existing in other livestock species. This result revealed a hierarchical structure of dog breeding schemes, with an asymmetric gene flow predominantly from the nuclei toward the main population. Possible reasons for this structure and implications for future population management are discussed. The main reason is probably that the breed type was established by large, popular kennels and that small kennel breeders used their stud dogs to benefit from the achievements of the popular kennels. Many kennels, however, were unable to make their own substantial genetic contributions to the breed.     

Molecular and pedigree analysis applied to conservation of animal genetic resources: the case of Brazilian Somali hair sheep

The first registers of Somali sheep in Brazil are from the beginning of the 1900s. This breed, adapted to the dry climate and scarce food supply, is restricted in the northeast region of the country. Molecular marker technologies, especially those based on genotyping microsatellite and mtDNA loci, can be used in conjunction with breeding (pedigree analysis) and consequently the maintenance of genetic variation in herds. Animals from the Brazilian Somali Conservation Nuclei from Embrapa Sheep and Goats in Ceará State were used to validate genetic monitoring by traditional pedigree methods and molecular markers. Nineteen microsatellite markers and 404 base pairs from the control region of mtDNA were used. For total herd diversity, an average 5.32 alleles were found, with expected heterozygosity of 0.5896, observed heterozygosity of 0.6451, 0.4126 for molecular coancestrality, and coefficient of inbreeding (F _IS) was −0.095. Comparing molecular coancestrality means over the years, there was a consistent increase in this parameter within the herd, increasing from 0.4157 to 0.4769 in 2 years (approx. 12% variation). Sixteen mtDNA haplotypes were identified. Inbreeding and other estimates from genealogical analyses confirm the results from molecular markers. From these results, it is possible to state that microsatellites are useful tools in genetic management of herds, especially when routine herd recording is not carried out, or there were gaps in recent generations. As well as pedigree control, genetic diversity can be optimized. Based on the results, and despite herd recording in the herd of Brazilian Somali of Embrapa Sheep and Goats, additional management measures need to be carried out in this herd to reduce inbreeding and optimize genetic variation.     

玉米胚芽粕在动物营养中的研究进展

玉米胚芽粕是玉米深加工的重要副产品之一,营养成分较为全面,适口性好、价格低廉,是一种宝贵的饲料资源。本文对其营养成分、实际应用以及对畜禽的饲用效果等方面进行阐述,旨在为科学配制日粮和畜禽养殖提供依据。     

肉骨粉类饲料在畜牧业上的应用与研究

肉骨粉类饲料营养价值较高,营养成分的变异性很大,其养分的利用率属于中等水平,存在一定的安全性问题。本文就肉骨粉类饲料的营养特点、饲用安全性和肉骨粉的可利用性及其在畜牧业上的应用作一简要综述。     

油桐树饼(粕)在动物生长上的应用

本文主要介绍油桐饼(粕)资源的特点、营养价值、脱毒方法及其在畜牧生产上的应用。     

甜菜粕在动物生产中的饲用价值和研究进展

甜菜粕是甜菜制糖的副产物,由甜菜渣制粒而成.甜菜粕产量大,作为非粮饲料原料利用潜力巨大.甜菜粕营养丰富、适口性好、果胶含量较高,可在动物生产中用作能量饲料.文章综述甜菜粕的营养价值和在动物生产中的应用研究进展,为甜菜粕进一步的应用和研究提供参考.     

畜禽用凝结芽孢杆菌菌剂制备工艺的初步研究

试验对畜禽用凝结芽孢杆菌的菌剂制备工艺进行了研究,结果表明:最适吸附载体为麦麸,发酵液经离心吸附菌体损失率较高,最适干燥方式为40℃恒温干燥,制剂生产过程中粉碎时间应严格控制在15 s内,在当前益生菌和抗生素联用的客观背景下,建议和金霉素联合使用,紫外吸收剂2(3,5-二叔丁基-2-羟苯基)-5氯苯并三唑对凝结芽孢杆菌制剂在紫外环境下保护作用最佳。     

一种先进的动物育种值估计方法--动物模型BLUP法

文章介绍了动物模型BLUP法的基本原理、特征、应用现状 ,合理运用该方法对育种值估计有实用价值。     

Effect of dietary soybean meal on the microscopic anatomy of the small intestine in the early-weaned pig

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of soybean meal in postweaning diets on villus height (VH), villus shape and lamina propria depth (LPD) in the small intestine. Intestinal samples were taken at 25, 50 and 75% of the small intestine's length. The first experiment determined the normal effects of age on these structures in nursing pigs from 9 to 36 d of age. Villus height decreased (P less than .01 at the 50 and 75% locations) and LPD increased (P less than .01 at the 25% location) in a quadratic fashion with increasing age. In the second experiment, pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and fed one of three 20% protein diets: 1) protein from hydrolyzed casein (CAS), 2) soybean meal (SBM) or 3) a conventional corn-soybean meal diet (CSBM). Intestinal samples were taken 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 d post-weaning. Villus height decreased dramatically the first 3 d postweaning, with a continuing decline until 12 d post-weaning. Averaged over the d 3 to 15 interval, VH were generally greater for pigs fed CAS than for pigs fed CSBM or SBM. Pigs fed SBM or CSBM had deformed villi, and pigs fed SBM had greater (P less than .05) LPD at all intestinal locations, suggesting less mature enterocytes on the villi. These data suggest that feeding high concentrations of soybean meal to the pig post-weaning has a detrimental effect on the small intestine, but this effect was minimized when soybean meal was fed as part of a corn-based diet.     

羽毛粉蛋白饲料的开发及其在畜牧生产中的应用

近年来,随着我国畜牧业的迅速发展,对饲粮蛋白质的需要量也越来越高。目前,我国主要靠进口鱼粉来解决蛋白质资源的不足。所以,如何开发新的蛋白质资源是目前研究的热点。禽类羽毛的蛋白含量高,一般在75%～90%,但禽类羽毛主要由角蛋白质构成,本身氨基酸不平衡,畜禽对其消化率较低。利用禽类羽毛作为饲料,近十几年来,国内外进行了大量的研究,并取得了一定的成果。徐墨莲(1994)、杨景培(1995)、林东康(2001)等人研究均表明,将禽类的羽毛经过一定的处理制成羽毛粉,可破坏其角质蛋白的空间结构,使羽毛蛋白转化为易被动物消化吸收的氨基酸,从而提…     

去皮豆粕的价值及其在畜牧生产中的作用

去皮豆粕是指大豆经清理、调质、破裂、去皮、压片，并在特定条件下由有机溶剂正己炕及其同类碳氢化合物脱脂，再经烘烤、粉碎后制成的粉状物。去皮豆粕作为大豆去皮浸出新工艺的产物．其商业化生产始于20世纪90年代初期．我国于20世纪90年代后期开始引进。目前。越来越多的大型制油企业已经建立或准备采用国际先进的去皮浸提工艺．将有越来越多的去皮豆粕进入市场。     

豆粕替代物在单胃动物饲料中的应用研究现状

大豆饼粕是以大豆为原料去油后的副产品,由于工艺不同,通常将用压榨法或夯榨法去油后的副产品称为大豆饼;将用浸提法或经预压后再浸提去油后的副产品称为大豆粕。加工适当的大豆饼粕以其色泽佳、风味好、营养丰富、不宜变质等特点在配合饲料加工中占据植物性蛋白质饲料原料之首