北京玉米和高粱上的玉米矮花叶病毒

 北京郊区玉米和高粱上的三个汁传病毒分离物鉴定为玉米矮花叶病毒株系B (MDMV),它可被桃蚜(Myzus persicoe)由玉米传至玉米,这三个分离物不侵染约翰逊草(Sorghum halepense(L) pers)。稀释终点是10^-2-10^-3;致死温度是50-55℃;体外保毒期是1-2天。MDMV的颗拉长度是735±15毫微米,在染病高粱叶的细胞质中观察到凤轮状内含体。狗尾草(Setaria viridis(L) Beauv),马唐(Digitavia Sanguinalis(L) Scop),蟋蟀草(Eleusine indica(L) Gaertn),矛叶荩草(Arthraxan Lancelatus(Roxb) Hochst)是北京地区MDMV的天然寄主。该病毒也侵染大油芒(Spodiopogon Sibiricus Trin)。     

小米紅葉病的研究Ⅱ.小米紅葉病的寄主范圍

 上次的报告曾报道了在我国的主要小米产区所发生的小米紅叶病,是一种借蚜虫传播的病毒病害;玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch)、麦二岔蚜(Toxoptera graminum Rond)和麦长管蚜(Macrosiphum granarium Kirby)均能传病,其中特別以玉米蚜最为重要,因为这种蚜虫,在自然环境条件下,时常在大田內的小米上面普遍的发生,同时它的传病效能极高。     

新疆小麦线条花叶病毒(WSMV)的研究

 在新疆五家渠分离到一株病毒,鉴定为小麦线条花叶病毒WSMV,致死温度55~60℃,体外存活期3~7天,稀释限点500~1000倍。病毒颗粒长度700×18毫微米,在感病的小麦叶细胞质中观察到风轮状包含体。其病原由螨(Aceria tulipae)传播,人工接种可侵染大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)小麦、(Triticum acestivum L.)、黑麦(Secale Cereale L.)、燕麦(Avenae sativa L.)、高粱(Sorghum valgare L.)、黍(Panicum miliaceum L.)、苋色藜(Chenopodium amaranitcolor Cost et Reyn)表现系统花叶病状,可通过介体感染玉米。
该病毒与玉米矮花叶病毒,大麦条纹花叶病毒,马铃薯Y病毒的血清反应为阴性。该病毒在我区的发生量约占小麦上总病毒数量的80%以上。     

广西胜红蓟黄脉病样中发现多种菜豆金色花叶病毒属的病毒

 双生病毒科(Geminiviridae)病毒是一组植物单链DNA病毒,它的特点是病毒粒子形态为孪生颗粒状。双生病毒分为菜豆金色花叶病毒属(Begomovirus)、甜菜曲顶病毒属(Curtovirus)、玉米线条病毒属(Mastrevirus)和番茄伪曲顶病毒属(Topocuvirus)^[1]。     

南郑县发现玉米蚜严重危害水稻秧苗

玉米蚜 (Ｒｈｏｐａｌｏｓｉｐｈｕｍｍａｉｄｉｓ (Ｆｉｔｃｈ)食性较杂 ,主要危害玉米、高粱、麦类、旱稻等作物 ,但未见报道其危害水稻。2 0 0 0年 5月上中旬 ,作者在南郑县喜神坝乡东兴村发现玉米蚜严重危害水稻秧苗。全村受玉米蚜危害的水稻秧苗 2 5 6ｈｍ2 ,占该村水稻播     

玉米矮花叶病毒的株系鉴定

 从白草(Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb)花叶病株上分离到1个引起玉米矮化花叶症的新毒株。病毒粒体形态、大小、内含体形状,传染方式、传毒介体和传毒特性,体外抗性,寄主范围等生物学特性与MDMV-B相似,血清学上相关;白草花叶病毒分离物可侵染Paspa-lum dilatatum和Bromus rubens而不同于SCMV;根据在鉴别寄主忻粱7号和Atlas高粱上症状反应的显著差异可与MDMV-B相区别。据此认为它是MDMV的1个新株系,称为MDMV-G。1984年测定结果,玉米、高粱和谷子都感染MDMV-B和G,二者总的比例相近,山西各地均有分布,但高粱上G多于B,而玉米B多于G。白草是G株系的主要越冬寄主,广泛分布在山西省玉米、高粱栽培区,且自然感染率较高,对玉米和高粱的生产是个潜在的威胁,应予注意。白草在我国分布广泛,G株系的重要性可能不限于山西。     

高粱刺盘孢Colletotrichum sublineola是四川地区高粱炭疽病的主要致病菌

 高粱是四川省主要经济作物,在高粱生产上普遍发生炭疽病。关于高粱炭疽病菌多数文献描述为禾生刺盘孢Colletotrichum graminicola。已有文献通过分子生物学和基因组学分析证明高粱炭疽病的病原菌是高粱刺盘孢C. sublineola,并非C. graminicola。为明确四川省和国内高粱主产区炭疽菌的种类,本研究从四川省泸州泸县等11个地区以及重庆等其他6个省市,总共采集了198份病样,经分离纯化共获得225个炭疽菌株。通过形态学观察,结合ITS和GAPDH基因序列及进化树分析,发现其中215个来源于17个地区的菌株为C. sublineola,且分生孢子形态均为月牙型。其余10个分别来源于两个地区的菌株为兰花刺盘孢C. cliviicola,其分生孢子形态均为圆柱型。通过另外3个基因(CHS、ACT和TUB2)的系统发育分析,进一步证明来自不同地区的17个代表性的炭疽菌菌株分类相同,且均属于C. sublineola。研究结果表明,分生孢子形态及ITS和GAPDH等基因序列可以作为高粱炭疽菌的主要分类依据。在常规高粱品种Hui1等3个材料上接种19个代表性菌株,发现17个C. sublineola菌株的致病能力存在差异,2个C. cliviicola菌株均不能致病。本文研究结果表明,C. sublineola是四川高粱主产区炭疽病的致病菌。另外,通过人工接种试验,证明高粱品种402B对强致病力菌株ZG-FS-1具有较强抗性,402B具有抗病育种应用潜力。     

水稻瘤矮病毒越冬研究

 1982~1984年研究结果,广东水稻瘤矮病毒田间的自然越冬寄主植物主要是再生稻、自生稻,带毒率分别为63.95~100%和28.57~41.20%;还新发现看麦娘(Alopecurus aequulis)是越冬寄主植物,但只个别株发病,故不重要。人工接种成功的寄主植物还有小麦(Triticum aestivum)、燕麦(Arena sativa)、野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)和玉米(Zea mays)。玉米是本研究接种成功的新寄主。稗草(Echinochloa crus-gallis)和李氏禾(Leersia hexandra)不受侵染。在自然情况下,迄未发现越冬的小麦和野生稻有感染此病的。     

大豆花叶病毒病的鉴定

 1978年到1979年在江苏南京和扬州进行了大豆上发生最普遍的一种花叶病毒病的鉴定工作。系统地观察了病害的症状。发病初期表现明脉,并发展为斑驳花叶,叶缘自下呈波纹状卷曲,以后出现皱缩或沿叶脉两侧呈泡状突起等症状。病株根系发育差,产生的根瘤少而小,并常常形成无绒毛的豆荚和褐色斑纹的种子,病株有恋青情况。
病株种子的传毒率可高达58.1%。测定的6种蚜虫中有桃蚜(Myzus per-sicae)、大豆蚜(Aphis glycine),首蓿蚜(Aphis craccivera)、棉蚜(Aphis gossgpii)、菜蚜(Rhopalosiphuns pseudobrassicae)能传病,而麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)不能传病。
这种病毒的寄主范围很窄,测定的14种植物中只能侵染大豆,不能侵染其它豆科植物,也不能侵染烟草、心叶烟、千日红、百日菊、曼陀罗和小藜等。
抗性测定的致死温度为65~68℃,稀释限点是1:2000~1:10,000倍,体外保毒期6天。
用浸出法和磷钨酸负染的电子显微镜观察为大小±750×13nm的线条状病毒粒体。
根据以上性状,这种大豆病毒病的病原鉴定为大豆花叶病毒(SMV)属马铃薯Y病毒群(Poly virus group)。     

肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)对植物影响的研究进展

 肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)不仅是重要的人和动物的条件致病菌和食源性致病菌,也是一种能够跨界侵染植物的病原菌。K. pneumoniae能够以植物作为回到人和动物寄主的载体,在植物的附生或内生生长是其生命周期的重要组成部分。它还能够跨越生物界直接侵染玉米、香蕉、石榴、高粱等,引起植物病害。在不同环境中生存的生态适应性是K. pneumoniae跨界侵染的机制。K. pneumoniae很可能利用与感染动物相同或不同的策略来侵染植物,但其机制有待进一步研究。本文综述了K. pneumoniae对植物影响的研究进展,重点介绍了其对植物的致病性,并对其众多的生态位进行了讨论。     

低剂量啶虫脒和双丙环虫酯对棉蚜茧蜂寄生功能的影响

为明确低剂量化学杀虫剂对寄生性天敌昆虫的影响，以棉蚜茧蜂为对象，测定了常用杀虫剂啶虫脒和新型杀虫剂双丙环虫酯在LC₅和LC₃₀剂量下对棉蚜茧蜂寄生功能反应的影响。结果表明:啶虫脒和双丙环虫酯对棉蚜的LC₅₀值分别为442.6和1.67 mg/L，对棉蚜茧蜂的LD₅₀值分别为0.007和20.58 μg/cm2。经低剂量的2种杀虫剂处理后，棉蚜茧蜂寄生量与棉蚜密度呈负加速曲线，随棉蚜密度的增加棉蚜茧蜂寄生量逐渐增大，最终趋于平缓。模型拟合结果表明，寄生功能反应模型的基本结构仍然属于Holling-Ⅱ模型，但模型的各项参数均发生了改变。在棉蚜密度为20、40和100 头/皿时，除LC₅剂量双丙环虫酯处理棉蚜 (间接处理) 组棉蚜茧蜂的寄生量与对照组无显著差异外，其他各药剂处理组的寄生量均显著低于对照组，其中LD₃₀剂量啶虫脒直接处理棉蚜茧蜂对其寄生能力的抑制作用最强。经低剂量药剂间接处理后，棉蚜茧蜂处理每头棉蚜所用的时间与对照相比均显著延长，且药剂处理组的最大日寄生量均显著低于对照组。此外，低剂量的啶虫脒和双丙环虫酯均能显著抑制棉蚜茧蜂的寻找效应。研究表明，低剂量啶虫脒和双丙环虫酯对棉蚜茧蜂的寄生作用存在负面影响，这对保护和利用天敌以及指导农药科学合理使用均具有重要参考意义。     

Ultrastructure of the apical glandular region of the scolex of Proteocephalus torulosus (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae)

In the apical glandular region of the adult Proteocephalus torulosus (Batsch, 1786), two types of eccrine gland cells are present. The first type of unicellular gland produces large electron-dense granules of various sizes. The second type contains small electron-dense granules. Most cells form glands with large granules; glands with small granules are infrequent. The secretion of both types of gland cells is concentrated in the apical parts of the cyton and in the ducts opening to the exterior. On the scolex of P. torulosus, there are regional structural differences of the microthrix border. The apical glandular region bears filamentous microtriches only. On the remaining frontal part, surrounding the glandular region, there are blade-like and filamentous microtriches. The lateral parts of the scolex and suckers bear blade-like microtriches. Possible functions of both types of gland cells and different parts of the scolex microthrix border are discussed. The unique structure of the frontal part of the scolex of P. torulosus and its differences from Proteocephalus macrocephalus, P. longicollis and P. percae correlate well with the putative basal phylogenetic position of P. torulosus among European species of Proteocephalus.     

烟粉虱与温室白粉虱羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶性质的比较研究

对温室白粉虱 Trialeurodes vaporariorum和烟粉虱 Bemisia tabaci羧酸酯酶(Car E)、乙酰胆碱酯酶 (ACh E)和谷胱甘肽转移酶 (GSTs)的生物化学性质进行了初步研究。比较 Car E活性 ,烟粉虱显著高于温室白粉虱 ,烟粉虱和温室白粉虱 Car E对底物乙酸 -α-萘酯的 Km 分别为 0 .073mmol/ L 和 3.458mmol/ L。烟粉虱 ACh E活性分布高峰在 2～3m OD/ (min·头 )之间 ,而温室白粉虱 ACh E活性分布高峰在 10～ 15 m OD/ (min·头 )之间 ,烟粉虱 ACh E的 Km 值是温室白粉虱 Km 值的 12 .6倍。烟粉虱的 GSTs比活力为2 .218OD/ (mg pro·min) ,显著高于温室白粉虱的 GSTs比活力 0 .663OD/ (mg pro· min) ,差异达极显著水平 ,烟粉虱 GSTs对底物的亲和力比温室白粉虱高。     

Evaluation of proposed amended names of several pseudomonads and xanthomonads and recommendations

ABSTRACT In 1980, over 90% of all plant-pathogenic pseudomonads and xanthomonads were lumped into Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris, respectively, as pathovars. The term "pathovar" was created to preserve the name of plant pathogens, but has no official standing in nomenclature. Proposals to elevate and rename several pathovars of the genera Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas to the rank of species has caused great confusion in the literature. We believe the following changes have merit and expect to adopt them for publication in a future American Phytopathological Society Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Upon review of published data and the Rules of The International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, we make the following recommendations. We reject the proposal to change the name of P. syringae pvs. phaseolicola and glycinea to P. savastanoi pvs. phaseolicola and glycinea, respectively, because both pathogens are easily differentiated phenotypically from pv. savastanoi and convincing genetic data to support such a change are lacking. We accept the elevation of P. syringae pv. savastanoi to the rank of species. We accept the reinstatement of X. oryzae to the rank of species with the inclusion of X. oryzicola as a pathovar of X. oryzae and we accept the species X. populi. We agree with the elevation of the pvs. cassavae, cucurbitae, hyacinthi, pisi, and translucens to the rank of species but not pvs. melonis, theicola, and vesicatoria type B. We recommend that all type A X. vesicatoria be retained as X. campestris pv. vesicatoria and all type B X. vesicatoria be named X. exitiosa. We reject the newly proposed epithets arboricola, bromi, codiaei (poinsettiicola type B), hortorum, sacchari, and vasicola and the transfer of many pathovars of X. campestris to X. axonopodis. The proposed pathovars of X. axonopodis should be retained as pathovars of X. campestris.     

THE EFFECT OF DEPTH OF BURYING AND FREQUENCY OF CULTIVATION ON SURVIVAL AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF WILD OATS (AVENA FATUA L. AND AVENA LUDOVICIANA DUR.)

Summary. Seeds of Avena fatua and A. ludoviciana were sown at a depth of 15 cm or mixed into the top 5 cm of soil in small field-plots at Rothamsted and subjected to 5 different regimes of depth and frequency of cultivation for 3 years, after which all plots were dug to 15 cm in spring and autumn for a further 4 years. Seedlings were counted and no plants were allowed to produce seeds. After 7 years, soil-samples showed that very few intact seeds of A. fatua and none of A. ludoviciana remained, although less than 20% of the seeds sown had produced seedlings. Laboratory tests after 4 to 8 years'dry slorage showed seeds of both species to be viable. The maximum survival of viable seeds, estimated by seedling-emergence, was 61 months for A. fatua and 33 months for A. Indoviciana . Seeds of A. fatua survived slightly longer at 15 cm than in the top 5 cm of soil. Survival of A. ludoviciana was less affected by depth and cultivation, except that birds ate some shallow-sown spikelets in the first fortnight after sowing. A. fatua germinated in spring and autumn, and A. tudoviciana in winter, irrespective of age of seed and cultivation of soil. Frozen soil delayed emergence of A. ludoviciana seedlings lor varying periods between December and March. Seedlings of A. ludoviciana were slightly more winter-hardy than A. fatua . More seedlings of A. fatua appeared in the second spring than at any other time, but 80% of the seedlings of A. ludoviciana appeared in the first autumn and winter.
Effets de la profondeur d'enfouissement des graines et de la fréquence des façons culturalles sur la longévité et la germination des semences de Folle-Avoine (Avena fatua L. et A. ludoviciana Dur .)     

中间寄主对甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂寄生行为的影响

麦蛾卵和米蛾卵作繁蜂寄主对甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂G和F两个品系的寄生行为是有影响的。尽管两种卵均可作为甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂繁蜂寄主 ,但用米蛾卵繁殖甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂比用麦蛾卵繁蜂更好。甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂G和F品系在米蛾卵上的总寄生卵量分别为 75.90粒和 67.00粒 ,明显高于在麦蛾卵上的总寄生卵量。用麦蛾卵和米蛾卵作繁蜂寄主 ,将甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂G和F品系各 20头进行5d的逐日寄生试验 ,结果表明 :每日平均的寄生卵量、子代羽化率、子代发育历期以及子代性比均随寄生日期的推延而降低。     

The incidence of Alternaria spp. and Leptosphaeria maculans in commercial brassica seed in the United Kingdom

Tests on samples of oilseed rape seed ( Brassica napus ) sown in the UK between 1981 and 1984 indicated that on average 25% of samples were infected with Alternaria brassicae and 61% with Leptosphaeria maculans , with maximum incidences of infection of 19 and 4.2% respectively. Much infection by Alternaria spp. occurred on vegetable and forage brassica seed produced in the UK between 1979 and 1983. In B. oleracea types A. brassicicola occurred most frequently, affecting 88% of samples and up to 55% of seeds. A. brassicae was detected in 44% of B. oleracea samples and in up to 13% of seeds. Little Alternaria infection occurred in swede or forage rape samples (B. napus ), but A. brassicae affected up to 8–5% of seeds in turnip samples ( B. campestris ). L. maculans occurred in 44% of samples of vegetable and forage brassica seed produced in the UK, with a maximum of 4–6% infected seeds. A. brassicicola was present in 73% of samples of imported B. oleracea seed, affecting up to 25.5% of seeds. A. brassicae was absent from these samples and little L. maculans was detected. Pathogenicity tests on isolates of L. maculans from infected seeds indicated that virulent pathotypes were present in 16 rape seed samples but in only one sample (swede) of vegetable or forage brassica seed. The high incidence of seed infection by these pathogens emphasizes the importance of applying fungicide treatments to all types of brassica seed.     

大青沟水曲柳、蒙古栎、大果榆苗木根系生物量与土壤养分及pH值关系的研究

通过野外调查和室内实验相结合的研究方法,测定了水曲柳（Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr.）、大果榆（Ulums macrocarpa Hance.）和蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica Fisch.ex Turcz.）植物群落土壤养分含量及pH值,测定了7年生水曲柳、大果榆和蒙古栎苗木根系生...     

柠条种子小蜂在不同柠条寄主上的种群动态

2017年6月－7月, 系统调查了树锦鸡儿、甘蒙锦鸡儿、荒漠锦鸡儿和中间锦鸡儿4种植物上第一代柠条种子小蜂种群动态及寄主荚果发育进程。结果表明, 不同寄主植物上的柠条种子小蜂幼虫、蛹、成虫数量有显著性差异, 密度大小依次为: 树锦鸡儿＞中间锦鸡儿＞甘蒙锦鸡儿＞荒漠锦鸡儿。在发生时间动态上, 柠条种子小蜂幼虫、蛹和成虫的数量基本呈现先逐渐上升后下降的趋势, 4种寄主植物上不同虫态的柠条种子小蜂高峰期出现时间各不相同。甘蒙锦鸡儿上的小蜂出现最早, 6月17日幼虫达到高峰期; 中间锦鸡儿上的小蜂出现最晚, 7月2日幼虫高峰期, 7月14日成虫高峰期; 树锦鸡儿与荒漠锦鸡儿居中。柠条种子小蜂发育进程与锦鸡儿植物的荚果发育进程吻合。本文讨论了柠条种子小蜂种群动态与寄主植物的关系, 明确了柠条种子小蜂发生和达到高峰的时间, 为柠条种子小蜂预测预报和综合治理提供依据。     

石柱黄连根腐病发生的相关生态因子及防治对策

为明确石柱黄连根腐病发生的生态条件、危害特点和防治对策,对67块石柱黄连地块的海拔、土壤质地类型、植被类型、坡度、荫蔽度、黄连耕作制度、生长年限等生态因子与根腐病发病情况进行了相关性分析,并测定了几种杀菌剂对黄连根腐病的防治效果。结果表明,黄连根腐病的发生程度与土壤质地呈显著相关,相关系数为0.290,与耕作制度呈极显著相关,相关系数为0.503;轮作8年地块以3%甲霜·噁霉灵AS处理对黄连根腐病的防治效果最好,为48.38%;轮作5年地块以75%百菌清WP处理对黄连根腐病的防治效果最好,为52.07%;而连作地以50%多菌灵WP+80%代森锰锌WP(1∶1)混合药剂处理对黄连根腐病的防治效果最好,为33.34%。综上所述,选择沙壤或壤土且间隔8年以上轮作黄连,结合化学防治可有效控制黄连根腐病的发生。