湘中丘陵区石栎混交林群落物种多样性研究

通过对湘中丘陵区石栎（Ｌｉｔｈｏｃａｒｐｕｓｇｌａｂｅｒ（Ｔｈｕｎｂ．）Ｎａｋａｉ）混交林群落调查．利用Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ和Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ多样性指数及相应的均匀度和种间相遇机率．对其群落物种的多样性进行了初步研究．结果表明：湘中丘陵区石栎混交林群落乔木层与下木层的Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ多样性指数分别为１．１８４和３．１９７；Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ多样性指数分别为０．６２４和０．８１４；种间相遇机率分别为０．６２５和０．８１４；均匀度分别为４５．８０％和６３．９４％．乔木层第Ⅰ亚层多样性指数低于第Ⅱ亚层；群落的物种多样性是时间和空间的函数．     

我国湿地松栽培区区划和基地布局的研究

在全国湿地松引种区划分为３个栽培带的基础上，根据湿地松在各省（区）不同地域的生长和生产力差异，以及栽培、经营等条件，跨带区划为３类栽培区。Ⅰ类栽培区又分为３个亚区（Ⅰ１～Ⅰ３），其平均地位指数（标准年龄２０年）分别为１６以上，１４～１６，１４，平均年公顷蓄积生长量分别为１２．０，１０．５，９．０ｍ３。Ⅱ类栽培区分为２个亚区（Ⅱ１～Ⅱ２），平均地位指数１２～１４和１２，平均年公顷蓄积生长量８．２５ｍ３和７．５ｍ３。Ⅲ类栽培区，平均地位指数１０，平均年公顷蓄积生长量６．０ｍ３。在栽培区区划的基础上，对湿地松重点发展基地进行了布局，在全国共区划出１６个片，包括１１个省（区）的６７６个县市，其中属重点基地县市５０４个。     

排湖湿地自然保护区夏季鸟类群落结构及多样性分析

于2008年7月对湖北省仙桃市排湖湿地自然保护区的夏季鸟类群落结构进行了调查,共记录鸟类52种,隶属于13目29科．其中有国家Ⅱ级保护动物2种,湖北省重点保护动物24种;列入《中国濒危动物红皮书》中的易危鸟类1种;列入《濒危野生动植物国际贸易公约》中的鸟类5种．该保护区夏季鸟类以东洋界成分为主,鸟类密度为8．88只／hm^2,4种不同生境的物种多样性指数是：芦苇（3．3422）〉水域（3．1778）〉农田（2．6497）〉树林（2．4251）;均匀度指数依次是：芦苇（1．1797）〉水域（1．0793）〉农田（1．0627）〉树林（0．6767）．     

湖南浏阳大围山实验林场鸟类资源及保护对策

１９９２～１９９７年,对大围山实验林场鸟类资源进行了初步调查,共发现鸟类１１１种．隶属１４目３４科．其中东洋界种类占总种类的４６．０％;留鸟占５３．３％．属国家一级保护动物有白颈长尾雉;国家二级保护动物有白鹇、凤头鹃隼等１０种;省重点保护鸟类有环颈雉、红嘴相思鸟等１０种．其香农－维纳多样性指数为１．５１９４,均匀度指数为０．７４５５．并根据ＲＢ频率指数,确定了优势、常见、少见和偶见种．最后,就资源现状提出了保护对策     

湖北仙桃沙湖湿地自然保护区夏季鸟类群落结构及多样性分析

2006年6月对湖北仙桃沙湖湿地自然保护区的夏季鸟类群落结构进行了调查,调查结果：共记录鸟类56种,隶属于12目28科,有国家Ⅱ级保护动物3种,湖北省重点保护动物21种,列入《中国濒危动物红皮书》中的稀有鸟类1种,易危鸟类1种．该保护区夏季鸟类以东洋界成分为主,鸟类密度为6．85只／hm^2,4种不同生境的物种多样性指数是：树林（2．6570）〉芦苇（2．4095）〉水域（2．2713）〉农田（1．8697）,均匀度指数依次是：树林（0．8569）〉水域（0．8387）〉芦苇（0．7582）〉农田（0．7524）,树林生境中物种多样性和均匀度均最高．     

多伦县沙地云杉混交林物种多样性研究

以多伦县沙地云杉林3条样带的群落调查数据为基础,研究了沙地云杉混交林的物种组成结构,分析了3个典型群落乔木层、灌木层、草本层的物种多样性。结果表明:沙地云杉混交林植物种类丰富,乔木层、灌木层、草本层共有植物71种,群落垂直结构分层明显;多伦县沙地云杉与白桦混交林物种多样性较丰富,在群落梯度上,群落Ⅰ为52种,群落Ⅱ为45种,群落Ⅲ为47种,物种丰富度指数大小顺序为群落Ⅰ>群落Ⅲ>群落Ⅱ;群落的物种多样性指数变化规律大致相同,均为草本层>灌木层>乔木层;3个典型群落的物种均匀度指数变化规律基本一致,为乔木层最大,灌木层其次,草本层最小。通过对多伦县沙地云杉混交林物种多样性的研究,为加强沙地云杉生物多样性的保护和经营管理提供理论依据。     

四川海子山自然保护区鸟类群落结构及多样性

应用样线法,调查海子山自然保护区鸟类的组成和群落结构,经调查确认保护区内有鸟类16目48科210种,以留鸟和夏候鸟为主,鸟类区系成分复杂,古北界种类略占优势。根据鸟类栖息地的生境类型,将保护区鸟类划分为5个群落。调查得知,不同群落的优势种、常见种有较大差异;同一群落类型的物种组成、数量、遇见频次的季节差异明显。运用Shannon Weinner指数计算各群落的多样性;采用E=H／Hmax。计算群落中各群落物种的均匀度;用百分率相似性数（index of percent similarity）对各群落做相似性比较。结果表明：保护区内鸟类群落结构与各群落类型内部的空间异质性程度密切相关,群落的空间结构越复杂,则物种多样性就越高;湿地鸟类群落的均匀度指数最高,而高山灌丛鸟类群落的均匀度指数最低;各群落类型百分比相似性指数均较低;鸟类群落结构具有较大差异。     

西气东输工程江西段沿线植物群落物种多样性及生物量特征

采用遥感图解译、样地调查与定性描述相结合的方法,对西气东输工程江西段沿线植物群落进行了分类,并对主要群落生物多样性、生物量等基本特征进行测量与分析。结果表明：①天然植被主要有4个植被型组14个群系,人工群落有6个植被型组17个群系;②群落间物种多样性变异较大,枫香群落最高,草丛群落最低。同时还表现出天然林群落比人工林群落高的特点;③不同群落间的生物量差异也较明显,杉木林最大为110.15 t/hm（2单位下同）,其次是马尾松人工林（97.28）、马尾松天然林（81.01）、枫香林（70.23）、木荷林（64.05）、毛竹林（64.00）、湿地松林（63.21）、苦槠林（32.00）、灌丛（5.15）、油茶林（3.57）,最小的是草丛群落,仅为0.45t/hm2。     

越南安息香不同分布区的群落特征

2009年8—9月在福建南平芒荡山(Ⅰ)、贵州从江瑶人山(Ⅱ)、广西金秀大瑶山(Ⅲ)、云南屏边大围山(Ⅳ)和西双版纳南糯山(Ⅴ)等5个不同类型的分布区内设置样地,对越南安息香群落进行实地调查,研究了群落结构特征与物种多样性。结果表明:5个分布区的越南安息香群落均含有相对较少的物种数,越南安息香在各群落多与壳斗科、松科、杉科、桦木科、金缕梅科和山茶科等物种共优组成乔木层,或是壳斗科、杉科和漆树科的伴生物种;灌木层和草本层物种数量也较少,灌木层和草本层间还有一定数量的层间植物;群落丰富度指数(D_ma)为乔木层>灌木层>草本层,优势度指数(D)和多样性指数(H)较小,变化趋势为Ⅴ>Ⅱ>Ⅳ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ。分布区气候类型的不同导致群落间共有物种数目少,相似性系数维持在较低水平。     

新疆哈巴河公益林区植物群落多样性研究

采用物种重要值计算多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数,对哈巴河公益林区植物物种多样性进行了研究,结果表明：多样性指数（H和D）和丰富度指数（R）反映出基本一致的趋势,总体顺序为野蔷薇＋沙拐枣群落物〉兔耳条＋沙拐枣群落〉铃铛刺群落〉旱柳＋沙拐枣群落〉额河杨＋沙拐枣群落〉白桦群落〉旱柳群落物种;各群落总的丰富度和多样性较低,均匀度差异不大。未来公益林经营管理应利用这些特征,实现生态效益最大化。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.