山噪鹛繁殖习性初步观察

１９９６年—１９９７年在山西省蟒河自然保护区对山噪鹛的繁殖习性进行了初步观察。其繁殖期为每年的５月—８月,巢址多选择在阳坡灌木枝杈上,巢外径１２７ｍｍ～１４１ｍｍ,内径７９ｍｍ～９９ｍｍ,高７０ｍｍ～８５ｍｍ,深４９ｍｍ～６３ｍｍ,每巢有卵３枚～５枚,卵的长径为２９ｍｍ～３１ｍｍ,短径为１８ｍｍ～２１ｍｍ。育雏期１５ｄ。     

草履蚧的生活史及越冬卵在土壤中的分布调查

草履蚧在陕西１ 年发生１ 代,一般情况下越冬卵孵化盛期为２ 月中下旬,若虫２ 月中旬至３月下旬上树危害,雌成虫４ 月下旬至６ 月中旬下树,下树雌虫在树干周围的地面杂物下、土缝、疏松土层内产卵越夏和过冬。蚧虫卵在树冠下土壤中的分布规律、分布量与距树干的距离远近有关,集中分布于距离树干６０ ｃｍ 范围内地面以下０～５、６～１０ ｃｍ 的土层中。以土壤中草履蚧的卵量作为该虫的防治指标时,指标值确定为树冠下在离树干６０ ｃｍ 范围内、０～１５ ｃｍ 土层中１００ ｃｍ ２ 面积下有卵（８～１０）±２ 粒     

几种造林措施对墨西哥柏、银荆保存率及生长的影响

在呈贡劣质山地对墨西哥柏、银荆树植树造林进行了不同整地方式、植塘规格、种植密度、抚育方式的试验。结果：撩壕整地和水平台地的保存率及幼树生长量优于块状整地，且在阴坡深草地段尤为显著。３种植塘规格（６０ｃｍ×６０ｃｍ×６０ｃｍ，５０ｃｍ×５０ｃｍ×５０ｃｍ，４０ｃｍ×４０ｃｍ×４０ｃｍ）对墨西哥柏的保存率和高、径生长差异不显著，对银荆差异极显著，大塘优于小塘。３种种植密度（１．５ｍ×１．５ｍ，１．５ｍ×２ｍ，２ｍ×２ｍ），对幼林期的高、径生长及冠幅大小无显著影响，在３０°以上的陡坡，台地抚育优于菱形、扇形、块状抚育，与对照比较，４种抚育方式与之差异极显著。     

火炬松建筑材林栽培模式研究阶段报告

１９９２～１９９４年的试验结果表明，在低丘中层红壤上栽植火炬松，施过磷酸钙０．５ｋｇ／株效果显著；但块状整地（１．２ｍ见方）与全面整地、４０ｃｍ×４０ｃｍ×３０ｃｍ穴与７０ｃｍ×７０ｃｍ×６０ｃｍ穴以及每年５月幼林抚育１次与每年２次的其生长差异均不显著。根据上述试验结果以及对浙江与皖东丘陵现有火炬林分生长分析，初步认为火炬松建筑材林合理栽培模式为：造林密度１６６５株／ｈｍ２，１ｍ见方块状整地，挖４０ｃｍ×４０ｃｍ×３０ｃｍ植树穴，施基肥过磷酸钙０．５ｋｇ／株，造林当年抚育２次，第２～３年每年１次。上述栽培模式经经济分析表明：造林成本不到旧栽培模式（全垦大穴、大量施肥、每年抚育２次以上，造林密度１０５０株／ｈｍ２）的１／２，而收入增加２／３，旧的栽培模式造林无盈利可言，而新的栽培模式主伐时可盈利１２７５０～２３２５０元／ｈｍ２。     

黑荆木材及其KP、CTMP的纤维形态研究

研究表明黑荆木材１—３年生密度为０．５９—０．６５ｇ／ｃｍ３，５—１０年生为０．７２ｇ／ｃｍ３；１—７年生木材成分变化不大，纤维素在４５％以上，半纤维素在２５％以下，木素在２１％以下。比较６年生黑荆木材及其ＫＰ、ＣＴＭＰ的纤维形态，纤维长度在０．７６ｍｍ以上的，木材为７２．０４％、Ｋｐ为７２．２２％、ＣＴＭＰ为８２．５８％；平均纤维长度木材为０．８５６ｍｍ、ＫＰ为０．８４５ｍｍ、ＣＴＭＰ为１．１６５ｍｍ；纤维宽度在１２一２４μｍ，木材为９２．６２％、ＫＰ为９２．８６％、ＣＴＭＰ为３４．６３％；平均纤维宽度木材为１５．６μｍ、ＫＰ为１５．８μｍ、ＣＴＭＰ为３０．７μｍ；长宽比木材为５４．９、ＫＰ为５３．３、ＣＴＭＰ为３７．９。     

刺槐溃疡病病原菌的研究

刺槐溃疡病在山东沿海地区发生严重。研究结果表明主要病原菌为尖镰孢（ＦｕｓａｒｉｕｍｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍＳｃｈｌｅｃｈｔ．），其次为腐皮镰孢（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｏｌａｎｉ（Ｍａｒｔ．）Ｓａｃｃ．）。尖镰孢的小型分生孢子头状，聚生于短的单出瓶梗上，分生孢子椭圆形至腊肠形，７．６～１５．４μｍ×２．５～３．８μｍ；大型分生孢子镰刀形至纺锤形，３～５分隔，２８．２～３８．４μｍ×４．６～５．１μｍ；厚垣孢子直径８．９～１２．８μｍ。腐皮镰孢的小型分生孢子生于伸长的分生孢子梗上，阔卵形至椭圆形，５．１～１０．２μｍ×２．５～４．８μｍ，孢子梗长３０～８０μｍ；大型分生孢子两端较钝，３～５分隔，２０．１～３３．３μｍ×２．６～５．４μｍ；厚垣孢子直径７．７～１０．２μｍ。菌落生长适温为２５～３０℃，最适温度２８℃；ｐＨ范围５～９，最适微酸至中性；碳源以蔗糖和葡萄糖最好，氮源以蛋白胨最好。     

草履蚧的生活史及赵冬卵在土壤中的分布调查

草履蚧在陕西１年发生１代,一般情况下越冬卵 孵化盛期为２月中下旬,若虫２月中旬至３上旬上树危害,雌成虫４月下旬至６月中旬下树,下树雌虫在树干周围的地面杂物下、土缝、疏松土层内产卵越夏和过冬。蚧虫卵在树完下土壤中的分布规律、分布量与距树干的距离远近有关,集中分布于距离树干６０ｃｍ范围内地面以下－～５．６～１０ｃｍ的土层中。以土壤中草履蚧的卵量作为该虫的防治指标时,指标值确定为树冠下在离树干６０ｃｍ范     

草履蚧的生活史及赵冬卵在土壤中的分布调查

草履蚧在陕西１年发生１代,一般情况下越冬卵 孵化盛期为２月中下旬,若虫２月中旬至３上旬上树危害,雌成虫４月下旬至６月中旬下树,下树雌虫在树干周围的地面杂物下、土缝、疏松土层内产卵越夏和过冬。蚧虫卵在树完下土壤中的分布规律、分布量与距树干的距离远近有关,集中分布于距离树干６０ｃｍ范围内地面以下－～５．６～１０ｃｍ的土层中。以土壤中草履蚧的卵量作为该虫的防治指标时,指标值确定为树冠下在离树干６０ｃｍ范     

肚倍蚜过夏越冬若蚜人工培育技术

肚倍蚜过夏越冬若蚜人工培育技术平利县肚倍课题组（陕西平利，７２５５００）在每年４～５月．将美灰藓（Ｅｕｒｏｈｙｐｎｕｍｌｅｐｔｏｔｈａｌｌｕｍ）以３ｃｍ×３ｃｍ的小块，每块间隔３ｃｍ植于石砾含量为３０％左右的石渣土基质上，用山竹或木板制作藓盘，以利通...     

太岳灵空山油松人工林下土壤水分状况

测定了山西太岳灵空山地区油松人工林下土壤水分的物理性质和动态变化，结果表明：林地土壤田间持水量为２８．７３Ｖ％，稳定凋萎含水量７．０２Ｖ％，有效水分范围２１．７１Ｖ％；土壤水分的季节变化分为３个时期：即春末夏初水分消耗失墒期，夏季水分恢复蓄墒期，秋季水分缓慢消耗减少期；土壤水分的剖面变化分为３层：即活跃层（土壤深度０～３０ｃｍ），次活跃层（３０～５０ｃｍ），深墒较稳层（５０ｃｍ以下）；春、夏、秋３个季节（１９８９年）林地的贮水量分别为９８．８、１３９．８、１４６．３ｍｍ，蒸发散量分别为１．０３２、１．２４２，０．８１４ｍｍ／ｄ     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.