A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability.

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) has a submodel that predicts rates of feedstuff degradation in the rumen, the passage of undegraded feed to the lower gut, and the amount of ME and protein that is available to the animal. In the CNCPS, structural carbohydrate (SC) and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) are estimated from sequential NDF analyses of the feed. Data from the literature are used to predict fractional rates of SC and NSC degradation. Crude protein is partitioned into five fractions. Fraction A is NPN, which is trichloroacetic (TCA) acid-soluble N. Unavailable or protein bound to cell wall (Fraction C) is derived from acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIP), and slowly degraded true protein (Fraction B3) is neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIP) minus Fraction C. Rapidly degraded true protein (Fraction B1) is TCA-precipitable protein from the buffer-soluble protein minus NPN. True protein with an intermediate degradation rate (Fraction B2) is the remaining N. Protein degradation rates are estimated by an in vitro procedure that uses Streptomyces griseus protease, and a curve-peeling technique is used to identify rates for each fraction. The amount of carbohydrate or N that is digested in the rumen is determined by the relative rates of degradation and passage. Ruminal passage rates are a function of DMI, particle size, bulk density, and the type of feed that is consumed (e.g., forage vs cereal grain).     

CNCPS体系对牛日粮营养评价的研究进展

康奈尔净碳水化合物净蛋白(cornell net carbohy-drate and protein system for cattle,CNCPS)体系是美国康奈尔大学众多科学家提出的牛用动态能量、蛋白质及氨基酸体系,能够真实地反映奶牛采食的碳水化合物与蛋白质在瘤胃内的降解率、消化率、外流数量,以及能量、蛋白质的吸收效率等情况,该体系的研究目的是提供一个对牛进行营养诊断和日粮营养评价的计算体系,到目前为止CNCPS体系已发展到第6版.     

A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: III. Cattle requirements and diet adequacy.

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) has equations for predicting nutrient requirements, feed intake, and feed utilization over wide variations in cattle (frame size, body condition, and stage of growth), feed carbohydrate and protein fractions and their digestion and passage rates, and environmental conditions. Independent data were used to validate the ability of the CNCPS to predict responses compared to National Research Council (NRC) systems. With DMI in steers, the CNCPS had a 12% lower standard error of the Y estimate (Sy.x) and three percentage units less bias than the NRC system. For DMI in heifers, both systems had a similar Sy.x but the NRC had four percentage units less bias. With lactating dairy cows' DMI, the CNCPS had a 12% lower Sy.x. Observed NEm requirement averaged 5% under NRC and 6% under CNCPS predicted values at temperatures above 9 degrees C but were 18% over NRC and 9% under CNCPS at temperatures under 9 degrees C. Energy retained was predicted with an R2 of .80 and .95 and a bias of 8 and 4% for the NRC and CNCPS, respectively. Protein retained was predicted with an R2 of .75 and .85 with a bias of 0 and -1% for NRC and CNCPS, respectively. Biases due to frame size, implant, or NEg were small. Body condition scores predicted body fat percentage in dairy cows with an R2 of .93 and a Sy.x of 2.35% body fat. The CNCPS predicted metabolizable protein allowable ADG with a bias of 1.6% with a Sy.x of .07 kg compared to values of -30% and .10 kg, respectively for the NRC system.     

Ruminal fermentation and microbial ecology of buffaloes and cattle fed the same diet

Although buffaloes and cattle are ruminants, their digestive capabilities and rumen microbial compositions are considered to be different. The purpose of this study was to compare the rumen microbial ecology of crossbred water buffaloes and cattle that were fed the same diet. Cattle exhibited a higher fermentation rate than buffaloes. Methane production and methanogen density were lower in buffaloes. Phylogenetic analysis of Fibrobacter succinogenes‐specific 16S ribosomal RNA gene clone library showed that the diversity of groups within a species was significantly different (P < 0.05) between buffalo and cattle and most of the clones were affiliated with group 2 of the species. Population densities of F. succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and R. flavefaciens were higher until 6 h post‐feeding in cattle; however, buffaloes exhibited different traits. The population of anaerobic fungi decreased at 3 h in cattle compared to buffaloes and was similar at 0 h and 6 h. The diversity profiles of bacteria and fungi were similar in the two species. The present study showed that the profiles of the fermentation process, microbial population and diversity were similar in crossbred water buffaloes and crossbred cattle.     

Ruminal protein metabolism and intestinal amino acid utilization as affected by dietary protein and carbohydrate sources in sheep.

Eight wether lambs fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design to study the effects of carbohydrate and protein sources on ruminal protein metabolism and carbohydrate fermentation and intestinal amino acid (AA) absorption. Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial. Carbohydrate sources were corn and barley; protein sources were soybean meal (SBM) and fish meal (FM). Diets contained 15.5% CP, of which 40% was supplied by SBM or FM. Corn or barley provided 39% of dietary DM that contained equal amounts of grass hay and wheat straw. Fish meal diets produced a lower (P less than .05) ruminal NH3 concentration and resulted in less CP degradation and bacterial protein flow to the duodenum than did SBM diets. Replacing SBM with FM increased (P less than .05) ruminal digestion of all fiber fractions. In addition, cellulose and hemicellulose digestibilities in the rumen tended to increase (P greater than .05) when barley replaced corn in the FM diets. Carbohydrate x protein interactions (P less than .05) were observed for OM digestion in the rumen and AA absorption in the small intestine (percentage of AA entering); these interactions were highest for the barley-FM diet. These results suggest that feeding FM with barley, which is high in both degradable carbohydrate and protein, might benefit ruminants more than feeding FM with corn, which is high in degradable carbohydrate but relatively low in degradable protein.     

Simplified calculation of the NRC estimates for net energy for maintenance in beef cattle diets

Calculation of dietary intake for beef cattle using the equation outlined by the NRC (1984) is confounded by the need to know the net energy for maintenance content of the diet (NEmkg). Intake cannot be calculated until NEmkg is specified, but intake must be indicated before performance can be predicted. To calculate NEmkg, dietary intake must be known or estimated, or it can be calculated using a complicated quartic equation. This quartic equation, when solved, gives the percentages of selected feedstuffs necessary to balance a diet. Placing the resulting percentages of feedstuffs necessary back into the generalized net energy equation solves for NEmkg. The quartic equation may be simplified by inserting imaginary nutrient values that optimize the equation for simplicity. It remains a quartic equation, but the coefficients for the first three factors of the equation are fixed, with only the unary X term and the coefficient containing variables. A modified version of Newton's method of approximating roots of equations estimates the percentage of feed necessary and when incorporated into the generalized net energy equation solves for NEmkg. The final reduced form results in simplified equations for NEmkg for each of the classes of beef cattle that are easily solved by the hand-held calculator.     

后备牛蛋白质营养需要研究进展

为培育优质泌乳奶牛,研究不同生理阶段后备牛日粮的最佳蛋白质水平。采用生长比较试验、消化代谢试验和屠宰试验研究蛋白质水平对后备牛的影响。结果表明,①0～2月龄哺乳期犊牛,代乳粉中粗蛋白水平22%为宜;②3～4月龄断奶犊牛,开食料中粗蛋白水平20%最佳;③8～10月龄后备母牛,在日粮消化能为13.17MJ/kg时,粗蛋白水平约12%,蛋白能量比为37.9:1(g/Mcal),可满足ADG为0.9kg/d时的生长需要。结论,蛋白水平对后备奶牛的生长发育非常重要。     

Escape protein for beef cows: I. Source and level in corn plant diets

Two gestating cow winter grazing trials and two lactating cow drylot trials were conducted to evaluate the use of a slowly degraded protein source in corn plant diets for mature beef cows. Gestating beef cows grazing cornstalks were supplemented with .86 kg/(cow.d) of a 20% crude protein equivalent (CPE) pellet (DM basis). In Trial 1 cows fed diets containing 80% dehydrated alfalfa meal (high DEHY) gained more weight (P less than .05) than those fed diets containing 40% dehydrated alfalfa meal (low DEHY) or urea but not more than the cows fed soybean meal (SBM); however, no differences among treatments were observed in Trial 2. Four lactation diets composed of ground corncobs and corn silage were supplemented with either urea, SBM, or two levels of dehydrated alfalfa meal (DEHY) as N sources. The same amount of supplemental N was fed in both trials, consisting of .31 kg of natural protein for the SBM and low DEHY treatments or .42 kg for high DEHY. Ammoniated corncobs replaced 35% of the ground corncobs in Trial 4. Diets were calculated to contain (DM basis) 55% TDN and 9% CPE in Trial 3 and 11% CPE in Trial 4. In Trial 3, lactating cows supplemented with DEHY gained more weight (P less than .10) than those fed the urea supplement but not more than those fed SBM. Gains by cows fed the urea- and SBM-supplemented diets were not different (P greater than .10). Cow weight gains in Trial 4 were not affected by type of protein supplementation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Influence of rumen protein degradability and supplementation frequency on steers consuming low-quality forage: II. Ruminal fermentation characteristics

Seven ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers (264 +/- 8 kg BW) consuming low-quality forage (5% CP; 61% NDF; 31% ADF) were used to determine the influence of CP degradability and supplementation frequency (SF) on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Treatments included an unsupplemented control and degradable intake protein (DIP) or undegradable intake protein (UIP) provided daily, every 3 d, or every 6 d. The DIP treatments (18% UIP) were calculated to provide 100% of the DIP requirement, while the UIP treatments (60% UIP) were provided on an isonitrogenous basis compared with DIP. Ruminal NH3-N was increased on the day all supplements were provided with supplemental CP (P = 0.04) and for DIP compared with UIP (P < 0.01). Also, because ruminal NH3-N increased at a greater rate with DIP compared with UIP as SF decreased, a linear effect of SF x CP degradability interaction (P = 0.02) was observed. In addition, NH3-N was greater on the day only daily supplements were provided for supplemented treatments (P = 0.04), and decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as SF decreased. Concentration of total VFA increased linearly (P = 0.02) as SF decreased on the day all supplements were provided, whereas on the day only daily supplements were provided, total VFA were greater for UIP compared with DIP (P = 0.01), and decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as SF decreased. An interaction concerning the linear effect of SF and CP degradability (P = 0.02) was observed for ruminal liquid volume on the day all supplements were provided. This was the result of an increase in liquid volume with DIP as SF decreased compared with a minimal effect with UIP. In contrast, there was no influence of supplementation on liquid volume the day only daily supplements were provided. Ruminal liquid dilution rate was greater (P = 0.02) with CP supplementation on the day all supplements were provided. We did observe a quadratic effect of SF x CP degradability interaction (P = 0.01) for dilution rate because of a quadratic response with DIP (greatest value with the every-third-day treatment) compared with a decrease as SF decreased for UIP. On the day only daily supplements were provided, ruminal liquid dilution rate decreased linearly (P = 0.02) as SF decreased. These results suggest that DIP and UIP elicit different effects on ruminal fermentation when supplemented infrequently to ruminants consuming low-quality forage while not adversely affecting nutrient intake and digestibility.     

RDP相同NFC及硫水平不同的日粮对人工奶牛瘤胃发酵影响

文章研究的目的是瘤胃降解蛋白(RDP)相同,非结构性碳水化合物(NFC)及硫水平不同的日粮对人工奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响。试验选择3头健康的荷斯坦奶牛提供瘤胃液,试验采用双因素试验设计[3×4:NFC与RDP比值分别为3.35、4和4.8,硫(S)的水平分别为0.15%、0.20%、0.25%和0.30%],试验结果表明,不同NFC/RDP水平的日粮体外发酵,pH值(2 h除外)、产气量、丙酸、丁酸、菌体蛋白(MCP)差异显著(P0.05);NH_3-N浓度在8、12 h和24 h差异显著(P0.05);乙酸在2、4、8 h和12 h差异显著(P0.05);干物质降解率(DMD)在2、4、8 h和24 h差异显著(P0.05)。硫对pH值和NH_3-N浓度在12 h和24 h的影响显著(P0.05),而且产气量、丙酸、丁酸和菌体蛋白含量也有明显的影响(P0.05);但对乙酸浓度的影响不显著。总的来说,当NFC/RDP值为4时,瘤胃pH值、产气量、乙酸、微生物粗蛋白含量和干物质降解率(DMD)增加,但NH_3-N、丙酸和丁酸浓度降低,适当的补充硫(硫含量为0.25%),瘤胃pH值、产气量、丙酸、丁酸、MCP含量会增加,然而NH_3-N浓度降低,同时两者之间存在这交互作用。综合各项指标表明日粮NFC/RDP值为4、硫水平为0.25%的日粮可明显改善瘤胃内环境、促进瘤胃发酵提高饲料各成分的降解率。     

不同蛋白质来源的日粮对瘤胃发酵特性及蛋白质消化的影响

以4只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的白山羊作为采集瘤胃液的供体,用体外法研究了4种不同蛋白质来源（玉米-豆粕型、玉米-豆粕-棉粕型、玉米-豆粕-菜粕型、玉米-棉粕-菜粕型）的日粮对不同培养时间的发酵底物的干物质和蛋白质消化率、产气量、瘤胃pH值和NH3-N质量浓度的影响。结果表明：经24 h人工瘤胃培养后,干物质和蛋白质的消化率由高到低顺序依次为：玉米-豆粕型>玉米-豆粕-棉粕型>玉米-豆粕-菜粕型>玉米-棉粕-菜粕型。发酵底物产气量由高到低依次为：玉米-豆粕-菜粕型>玉米-豆粕-棉粕型>玉米-豆粕型>玉米-棉粕-菜粕型。瘤胃NH3-N质量浓度由高到低依次为：玉米-豆粕-棉粕型>玉米-豆粕-菜粕型>玉米-豆粕型>玉米-棉粕-菜粕型。 各组的瘤胃pH值基本一致,处于正常瘤胃生理范围。     

Induced non-enzymatic browning of soybean meal. II. Ruminal escape and net portal absorption of soybean protein treated with xylose

Non-enzymatic browning was tested as a means of increasing ruminal escape of soybean meal N. Soybean meal was treated with xylose (3 mol/mol SBM-lysine), sodium hydroxide (pH 8.5) and enough water to achieve an 83% dry matter mixture and then heated at 150 C for 30 min (XTS-30). Trial 1 evaluated ruminal escape of N from XTS-30 compared with commercial soybean meal (CS) or urea (U) in a replicated 3 X 3 Latin square design using six duodenally cannulated Angus X Hereford steers (24.7 kg). Duodenal flow of dietary N was higher (P less than for steers fed XTS-30 (47.9 g/d) than for steers fed CS (39.5 g/d). The ruminal escape estimate for XTS-30 (33.7%) was higher (P less than .10) than CS (13.1%), whereas total tract apparent N digestibility was not different among treatments. In trial 2, net portal absorption of alpha-amino N was measured in Finnsheep X Suffolk ram lambs (24.7 kg) fed U, CS or XTS-30 in a 3 X 3 Latin square design. Portal blood flow was measured by primed, continuous infusion of para-aminohippuric acid. Portal blood flow was lower (P less than .05) for U.fed lambs than for lambs fed CS or XTS-30, and tended to be lower for lambs fed CS than those fed XTS-30. Net portal absorption of alpha-amino N tended to be lowest for lambs fed U (281 mmol/d) and highest for lambs fed XTS-30 (578 mmol/d). The results are interpreted to show that non-enzymatic browning increased flow of soybean meal N to the intestine.     

Diagnostic considerations for evaluating nutritional problems in cattle.

The advances in testing methodology and in our understanding of the normal nutritional physiology of cattle have given veterinarians valuable tools to assess the nutritional status of cattle. By taking a representative number of appropriate samples, it is now relatively easy and inexpensive to determine the nutritional status of an individual or a group of animals. Also, the effectiveness of supplementation programs can be measured over time as part of an overall preventive medicine program.     

Effect of carbohydrate sources and cotton seed meal in the concentrate: II. Feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in beef cattle

Four, rumen fistulated crossbred (Brahman × native) beef cattle steers were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Factor A was carbohydrate source; cassava chip (CC) or CC + rice bran at a ratio 3:1 (CR3:1) and Factor B was cotton seed meal level (CM); and 109 g CP/kg (LCM) and 328 g CP/kg (HCM) at similar overall CP levels (490 g CP/kg). The animals were fed 5 g concentrate/kg BW, and urea-treated rice straw (UTS) (50 g urea/kg DM) was fed ad libitum. Carbohydrate source did not affect feed intake, nutrient digestibility, blood urea nitrogen, rumen fermentation, or microbial protein synthesis; however, animals fed with CC had a higher population of total viable bacteria than the CR3:1 treatment (P < 0.05). Animals that received HCM had a lower total feed intake while ruminal pH was higher than the LCM fed treatment (P < 0.05). The population of total viable and cellulolytic bacteria in animals that received HCM were lower than the LCM fed treatment (P < 0.05). Moreover, use of HCM in beef cattle diets resulted in lower microbial protein synthesis when compared with the LCM fed treatment (P < 0.05) although efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was nonsignificantly different among treatments. Therefore, cassava chip combined with rice bran can be used in a concentrate diet for beef cattle. It is also noted that a high level of cotton seed meal in the concentrate may impact rumen fermentation and animal performance.     

Scoring system for evaluating the stress to cattle of commercial loading and unloading

The loading and unloading of cattle for road transport is stressful but the stress is difficult to evaluate in terms of the welfare of the cattle. Over one year, 40 normal commercial journeys in northern Spain were analysed in terms of time limits and behavioural events in order to design an objective method for assessing the stresses imposed on the animals, and a scoring method was developed for assessing the welfare of the animals during loading and unloading. Several definitions of time intervals were assessed to calculate a time score per animal, and easily observable behavioural events were scored and combined with the time score to obtain a total loading/unloading score. More than half of the loadings and unloadings involved turns, slips and vocalisations. Mounts and bouts of fighting were infrequent and balks and falls were significantly more frequent during loading than unloading. The plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose and lactate, the activity of creatine kinase and the pH of the meat 24 hours after the animals were slaughtered were also measured. The results indicated that loading was more stressful than unloading and that higher scores implied significantly higher levels of stress.     

CNCPS体系评定反刍动物常用饲料营养价值

本试验采用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)中划分蛋白质和碳水化合物的方法,测定反刍动物常见9种饲料中的营养成分,并对其碳水化合物和蛋白质组分进行计算、分析.结果 表明:粗饲料的可溶性粗蛋白质(SCP)中以非氮白蛋(NPN)为主,真蛋白质含量较低;苜蓿粗蛋白质(CP)和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量较高,P...     

Hydrolyzed protein diets for dogs and cats.

The primary aim of a hydrolyzed protein diet is to disrupt the proteins within the diet sufficiently to remove existing allergens. Published assessment of hydrolyzed protein diets includes physiochemical and immunologic assays as well as nutritional and clinical feeding trials. Potential problems include poor palatability, hypoosmotic diarrhea, and a reduced nutritional value, although persistent allergenicity is the most significant. The primary indications for a hydrolyzed protein diet are use in elimination trials for the diagnosis of adverse food reactions, and the initial management of inflammatory bowel disease. Initial studies of hydrolyzed diet efficacy are encouraging. Consideration of the source ingredients should be given when using hydrolyzed protein diets in elimination feeding trials because antigenic sites may not be fully destroyed.     

Canola and sunflower meal in beef cattle diets.

It is apparent from the limited research that sunflower meal is a biologically and economically useful protein source for growing and finishing cattle. Similarly, beef cows can be provided supplemental protein effectively with sunflower meal. Sunflower meal may be especially useful in diets where degradable protein is required, such as lower quality forage or high corn finishing rations. The increased bulk of this relatively high fiber meal may affect logistics, but ruminants are positioned to be more tolerant of high fiber levels than other species. Additional research is warranted to evaluate practical and economic aspects of using sunflower meal in beef cattle diets.     

A practical longitudinal model for evaluating growth in Gelbvieh cattle

Genetic evaluation of growth in Gelbvieh beef cattle was examined by multiple-trait (MTM) and random regression (RRM) analysis. The data set comprised 541,108 animals with 1,120,086 records. Approximately 15% of the animals in the data set had at least one record measured outside of the accepted MTM age ranges for weaning weight (Wwt) and yearling weight (Ywt). Fourteen percent of Wwt records and 19% of Ywt records were measured outside the accepted ranges for MTM analysis, and thus were excluded from MTM evaluations. Two RRM evaluations were performed using cubic Legendre polynomials (RRML) and linear splines (RRMS) with three knots at 1, 205, and 365 d of age. Data Set 1 (d1) utilized all available records, whereas Data Set 2 (d2) included only records measured within MTM ranges (1 d, 160 to 250 d, and 320 to 410 d). The RRML models did not reach convergence until diagonalization was imposed. After diagonalization, it was found that all longitudinal models required fewer iterations to converge than the MTM. Correlations between the MTM, RRML-d2, and RRMS-d2 evaluations were >or=0.99 for all three traits, indicating that these models were equivalent when predicting breeding values from data within the MTM age ranges. Correlations between MTM, RRML-d1, and RRMS-d1 were >0.99 for Bwt and >0.95 for Wwt and Ywt. The lower correlations for Wwt and Ywt indicate that the added information does affect breeding value prediction. The RRM has the capability to incorporate records measured at all ages into genetic evaluations at a computing cost similar to the MTM.     

A chick growth test for the evaluation of protein quality in cereal-based diets. I. Development of the method

A chick growth test of the protein efficiency ratio (PER) type has been developed in which chicks previously fed a normal starting diet containing 21 per cent protein are given, from 14 to 28 days of age, diets containing 18.5 per cent protein of which 12 per cent is provided by the test supplement and the remainder by cereals with the inclusion of a small quantity of yeast. The total protein efficiency (TPE) of the test supplement is calculated as the weight gain of the chicks divided by the total weight of the protein (supplement, cereals and yeast) eaten by the chicks.

The method is flexible and the diets used allow the testing of supplements varying in crude protein content from 20 to 100 per cent. Reproducibility of results and discrimination between samples is good. The method is particularly adapted to examining the supplementary values of proteins whose inability to support satisfactory growth unaided precludes their evaluation by a normal PER procedure.

Exploratory experiments to study the influence of various factors upon performance are described.