饲喂次数对育肥猪与采食有关行为规癖的影响

研究了不同饲喂次数对育肥猪行为的影响.选择24头长大二元生长肥育母猪(平均初始体重60.01±0.96kg),分为3个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复一头猪,单栏饲养.3个处理分别为:(1)日饲喂2次,(2)日饲喂3次;(3)日饲喂4次.采用瞬时记录法,在采食期间观察,试验期为2个月.结果表明:育肥猪采食期间,日饲喂2次比日饲喂3次、4次有更强的采食动机,单次采食概率大,行为规癖较少.     

饲喂次数对育肥猪与采食有关行为规癖的影响

本试验研究不同饲喂次数对育肥猪行为的影响。选择24头长大二元生长肥育母猪(平均初始体重60.01±0.96kg),分为3个处理,每个处理8个重复,每栏1头猪。3个处理分别为:①日饲喂2次;②日饲喂3次;③日饲喂4次。采用瞬时记录法,在采食期间观察,试验期为2个月。结果表明:育肥猪采食期间,日饲喂2次比日饲喂3次、4次有更强的采食动机,单次采食概率大,行为规癖较少。     

饲喂次数对育肥猪非采食期间行为规癖的影响

试验研究了不同饲喂次数对育肥猪行为的影响。选择平均初始体重(60.01±0.96)kg长大二元生长肥育母猪24头,分为3个处理,每个处理8个重复,每栏一头猪。3个处理分别为:①日饲喂2次;②日饲喂3次;③日饲喂4次。采用瞬时记录法,在非采食期间观察,试验期为2个月。结果表明:育肥猪在非采食期间,日饲喂2次比日饲喂3次、4次有更强的采食动机,与采食有关行为规癖的发生频率较大。     

不同饲喂方式对断奶仔猪生长性能以及营养物质消化率的影响

选择28日龄断奶、平均体重（8．06±0．44）kg的仔猪36头,按体重相近、性别一致的原则随机分为2个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复3头猪。试验期28d,饲喂相同的饲粮,但处理1为自由采食,处理2为限制采食（每天上午8：00-10：00和下午5：00-7：00）,考察不同饲喂方式对断奶仔猪生长性能和营养物质消化率的影响。试验结果表明：①与限制采食相比,整个试验期断奶仔猪在自由采食条件下的日采食量和日增重分别提高28．0％（P〈0．05）和11．9％（P〈0．05）;②自由采食比限制采食经济效益提高6.41％;③采食量为断奶仔猪阶段首要考虑因素,因此建议规模猪场采用自由采食。本试验结论表明,自由采食可以提高断奶仔猪的日采食量和日增重,但降低了仔猪的饲料转化率。     

长白猪育肥阶段采食行为及影响因素分析

试验数据来源于2018年测定的广西某种猪场栏内444头长白猪使用自动喂料系统（FIRE）的采食情况,每日记录长白猪生长育肥阶段（90～160日龄）的采食量和采食行为。分析长白猪随日龄变化的采食行为规律,以及性别、胎次、气候因素对猪采食行为和饲料利用效率的影响,以期为育肥猪采食行为性状选育、提高经济效益及科学高效养殖提供理论依据。结果表明:①公猪和母猪采食行为区别不大,但在每日采食次数上表现出差异;②在生长育肥阶段,公猪的生长性能高于母猪;③较冷环境下的育肥猪平均每日采食量更多、平均日增重更高、采食速度更快。     

湿热环境对自由采食生长育肥猪采食行为的影响

本试验旨在研究湿热环境对自由采食情况下生长育肥猪采食行为的影响。试验选取117头平均体重为(30.26±2.19)kg的健康生长猪,随机平均分到9个测定站,每个测定站采用全自动种猪生产性能测定系统和自动温湿度记录仪分别对采食行为和舍内温湿度进行记录。结果表明:生长育肥猪采食行为表现出明显的昼夜节律变化规律,06:00—09:00和15:00—19:00 2个时间段内的采食量、采食次数、采食时间显著高于21:00—04:00(P0.05),其采食行为的52%以上都发生在这2个时段;温度、相对湿度及其互作能极显著影响生长育肥猪的单位体重采食量、采食时间(P0.01),温湿指数的增加能显著降低单位体重采食量(P0.05)。综上,湿热环境对生长育肥猪的采食行为有显著影响;其采食行为呈现昼夜节律变化。     

四川黑猪适宜能量蛋白水平的研究

选择96头70日龄四川黑猪随机分成3个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复8头猪,饲养于同一个圈,在生长猪（25～60kg）和育肥猪（60～100kg）阶段分别随机饲喂3种日粮（3个能量水平、2个蛋白水平）,以便探明生长肥育阶段四川黑猪的适宜能量和蛋白水平。试验结果表明：四川黑猪在生长猪和育肥猪阶段,生产性能表现较好的日粮营养水平分别为消化能3.2Mcal/kg、粗蛋白15%和消化能3.3Mcal/kg、粗蛋白14%。     

可溶性干酒糟（DDS）在育肥猪日粮中的应用研究

研究了可溶性干酒糟（DDS）作为饲料原料对生长育肥猪生长性能的影响。选用72头健康体重约70 kg的三元育肥猪,随机分成2个处理组,每个处理组2个重复,每个重复18头猪,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂含40%DDS的试验日粮,试验正式期20 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,试验组育肥猪的平均日增重、平均采食量和料肉比方面无明显差异（P>0.05）,从经济效益分析来看,与对照组相比,试验组猪在日采食成本和日增重成本方面分别下降了1.41元/kg和1.50元/kg,整个育肥周期每头猪可多获利约75元。试验证实在生长育肥猪的日粮中添加DDS能够完全满足育肥猪的生长需要,并可降低养殖成本,进一步提高经济效益。     

自动测定站饲喂生长育肥猪采食行为观察

试验旨在充分利用和挖掘自动测定设备在生长育肥猪养殖中获得的采食与体重数据,以广西某猪场三元杂肉猪为研究对象,收集2018年8-11月该场生产性能自动测定系统的记录数据,深入探讨育肥猪的采食行为及生长发育规律,为科学高效养殖提供理论依据。结果显示：①生长育肥猪自由采食具有明显昼夜节律特征,上午（7：00-11：00）和下午（15：00-19：00）为全天中两个采食高峰时期,并且下午采食欲望最频繁,采食时长最长,采食量最高;②采食欲望次数,采食量,采食时长三者之间具有显著或极显著的相关性;③体重水平影响猪只采食量,采食次数,采食时长,采食速度以及单次采食量。     

代乳粉的饲喂方式对犊牛体重、采食及相关行为的影响

本试验旨在研究代乳粉的饲喂方式对0～2月龄犊牛的体重和采食行为、非营养性吸吮行为及其他行为的影响。选择体重相近的新生犊牛12头，随机分成2个处理，每处理6个重复，每个重复1头牛，单笼饲养。分别用奶桶和奶瓶按体重的11％饲喂代乳粉乳液，在试验的第0周、2周、4周、6周、8周时晨饲前称重，第1周、3周、5周、7周的第3天、4天、5天、6天选取其中的一天，记录犊牛的行为参数。结果表明，两组犊牛的体重没有显著差异（P=0．8619）；犊牛的摄乳时间随周龄的增长逐渐减少，但奶瓶组摄乳时间显著高于奶桶组（P〈0．0001）：奶瓶组比奶桶组的犊牛出现更多次数的顶乳行为（P=0．0003）；奶瓶组犊牛吸吮乳头比奶桶组犊牛吸吮空桶的时间长，全期差异不显著（P=0．1160），但在第5周龄时，差异显著（P=0．0054），犊牛出现的非营养性吸吮行为（吸吮桶边缘或奶瓶、吸吮栏杆）是以奶桶组持续的时间较长，两组犊牛在其他的状态性行为方面差异不显著。在本试验中，代乳粉的饲喂方式对犊牛的生长性能影响不大，但对犊牛的行为有较大的影响，特别是在1月龄之前，故建议在1月龄之前的犊牛用奶瓶饲喂，可以减少犊牛出现异常行为的时间。     

夏季不同饲喂方式对两广小耳花猪哺乳母猪生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究夏季不同饲喂次数和料水比对两广小耳花猪生产性能的影响,选择48头两广小耳花猪哺乳母猪,分为4组,每组12头母猪。4个处理组的饲喂方式分别为饲喂2次/d和料水比为1∶2.5(对照组)、饲喂2次/d和料水比为1∶3.5、饲喂3次/d和料水比为1∶2.5、饲喂3次/d和料水比为1∶3.5。监测母猪从产后至断奶25 d的采食量、仔猪生长性能以及环境温湿度等指标。结果表明:饲喂3次/d与2次/d母猪的日平均采食量分别为3.33、2.41 kg,哺乳期间母猪平均总采食量前者较后者高23 kg/头;哺乳仔猪平均断奶窝重分别为32.35、29.14 kg,窝增重前者较后者高3.17 kg/窝。综上,通过增加饲喂次数和选择与人工作息时间不一致的时间点饲喂可以提高哺乳母猪的采食量,但需要智能化自动化饲喂设备相配套。     

Effect of Feeding Environment on Performance,Injuries, Plasma Cortisol and Behaviour in Growing-finishing Pigs: Studies on Individual Pigs Housed in Groups

The effect of feeding environment on individual pigs (small, medium and large barrows) housed in groups of 16 pigs was studied. The experiment comprised the following four treatments: trough feeding, four dry feeders, one dry feeder and one wet/dry feeder per 16 pigs, respectively. Performance, skin injuries, plasma cortisol, agonistic behaviour, ingestive behaviour and activity were studied. The effect of competition for feed was most clearly evident for the small pigs. The small animals in the one dry feeder treatment were forced to eat more during the night, had more forced withdrawals from the feeder, and tended to have more scratches and skin injuries than did the small animals in the four dry feeder treatment. It was concluded that this competition led to impaired well-being in the smallest pigs. No significant differences were detected in plasma cortisol levels, when comparing the different feeding systems within each pig size category. Trough feeding greatly affected pig feed intake pattern: during the growing period when pigs had ad libitum access to feed, the pigs fed in a trough ate mostly at feeding times, while the pigs in the four dry feeder treatment ate at times spread out over the entire 24 h period. It was concluded that there was a confounding effect between pig size category (small or large) and feeding system with regard to ingestive behaviour and aggressive interactions at feeding.     

Behaviour of pigs of Slovenian local indigenous breed and modern hybrid fed with concentrate and hay

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the feeding behaviour differences between Kr?kopolje pig (KP) and a modern hybrid (MH) pig. The behaviour was recorded during concentrate and hay consumption after the body weight of pigs was 100 kg. Animals (N=24) were observed in a straw-bedded system in eight pens of three pigs. During concentrate consumption, feeding, drinking and displacement at the trough (when a pig changed a feeding place) were directly recorded. During hay consumption, hay chewing, resting, exploring, playing and synchronisation while hay chewing were scored. MH ate faster and drank less than KP; however, they changed their feeding places more often and showed a higher probability to chew hay (overall P<0.01). MH pigs tended to chew hay more synchronously than KP (P<0.10). The results show that concentrate and hay consumption habits vary between the Slovene KP and the MH pig.     

Influence of increased feeding frequency on behavior and integument lesions in growing-finishing restricted-fed pigs

This study evaluated how feeding frequency affects behavior and the occurrence of skin lesions in growing-finishing pigs. One hundred eighty pigs (27 to 112 kg of BW) were reared in one environmentally controlled room (20 pens; 9 pigs/pen). Pigs in 10 pens were fed 3 times daily (reference group), whereas the others were fed 9 times daily (experimental group). Both groups received the same total amount of liquid feed. Rations were adjusted to the mean pen weights. Behavioral observations (scan sampling, as well as continuous focal pig observations) were made in wk 4, 10, and 14 of the growing-finishing period. After each observation, skin lesions were assessed individually for each pig. Pigs fed 9 times daily tended to lie laterally for less time (P = 0.083) and tended to be active (P = 0.054) during the day, especially in growing-finishing wk 4 (P = 0.007). With continuously observed focal pigs, no differences in time allocations for feeding were found between groups. During feeding in growing-finishing wk 4, focal pigs belonging to the experimental group displayed more aggressive actions (P = 0.019), tended to perform aggressive actions for a longer time (P = 0.076), and tended to be belly-nosed for a longer time (P = 0.083) compared with the reference group. In addition, in growing-finishing wk 14, pigs in the experimental group had greater scores for skin lesions (head, P = 0.001; belly, P < 0.001; caudal part, P < 0.001) and tended to be belly-nosed for a longer time (P = 0.084). In the case of pigs restricted-fed liquid feed, a greater frequency of feeding per day appears to be a condition that results in greater competitive feeding than with a lower feeding frequency.     

Increasing daily feeding occasions in restricted feeding strategies does not improve performance or well being of fattening pigs

Background

The natural feeding behaviour of the pig is searching for feed by rooting activities throughout the day; self-feeding pigs randomly space their eating and drinking periods throughout the day consuming ten to twelve meals per day. Pigs in conventional fattening pig production are normally fed 2–3 times daily with the feed consumed within 15 minutes. The aim of this study was to determine if more frequent feedings could improve the performance of conventionally kept fattening pigs.

Methods

The experiment was carried out on 360 fattening pigs (27–112 kg live weight), weighed and assigned to pens stratified by weight and sex. Each treatment group consisted of 180 pigs, allocated to 20 pens with nine pigs in each pen. To evaluate how more feeding occasions affects performance and well-being the pigs were divided into two groups and fed three (control group) or nine (treatment group) times daily. The same total amount of liquid feed was fed to each group and the feed ration was correlated to the live weight of the pigs. All weight and slaughter recordings were made individually and recordings of feed consumption were made pen-wise. At slaughter the stomach of each pig was examined for lesions in the pars oesophagea and scored on a scale from 1–6.

Results

Frequent feeding occasions influenced both performance and status of gastric lesions of the pigs adversely. Pigs in the treatment group grew slower compared to pigs in the control group; 697 g/day (± 6.76) versus 804 g/day (± 6.78) (P < 0.001) with no difference in within-pen variation. There was also a lower prevalence of gastric lesions within pigs in the control group (2.4 (± 0.12) compared to 3.0 (± 0.12) (P < 0.01)). There was a positive correlation between gastric lesions in the treatment group and daily weight gain (r = 0.19; P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Increased daily feeding occasions among group housed pigs resulted in a poorer daily weight gain and increased mean gastric lesion score as compared with pigs fed three times daily. This may be a consequence of more frequently occurring competition for feed in the treatment group. The present study does not support increased daily feeding occasions in fattening pigs.     

Detailed genetic analysis of feeding behaviour in Romane lambs and links with residual feed intake

Breeding strategies based on feed efficiency are now implemented in most animal species using residual feed intake (RFI) criteria. Although relevant, the correlated responses of feeding behaviour traits resulting from such selection on RFI are poorly documented. We report the estimated feeding behaviour at three time levels (visit, meal and day) and genetic parameters between the feeding behaviour traits and their links with RFI and its components. Feed intake, feeding duration at three time levels (per visit, meal and day), feeding rate, number of visits and time‐between‐visits were estimated for 951 Romane lambs fed via automatic concentrate feeders. Heritability estimates of feeding behaviour traits ranged from 0.19 to 0.54 with higher estimates for the day level than the visit level. Daily feed intake was not genetically linked to feed intake at the visit level, whereas feeding duration between visit and day levels was moderately correlated (R_g = +0.41 ± 0.12). RFI was not significantly correlated with feeding rate, but was positively linked to feed intake and feeding duration at the day level (+0.73 ± 0.09 and +0.41 ± 0.13, respectively) and negatively at the visit level (?0.33 ± 0.14 and ?0.22 ± 0.17, respectively). Selecting animals with lower RFI values might modify their feeding behaviour by increasing feed intake and feeding duration at the visit level but decrease the number of visits per day (+0.51 ± 0.14).     

EFFECT OF FEEDING REGIMEN ON GASTRIC ULCERATION OF THE PARS OESOPHAGEA OF INTENSIVELY RAISED PIGS

Three groups of pigs (total 23 pigs) were fed ad libitum from weaning until market weight and these were compared with three groups of pigs (total 26 pigs) fed ad libitum until 12 weeks of age, and then fed on a restricted regimen (twice per day) until marketed.
There was a significant difference in degree of ulceration between the two feeding regimens; those pigs fed ad libitum had the most severe gastric ulcers.
The pigs fed ad libitum , had significantly less agonistic interactions per minute than did the restricted fed pigs. Growth rates of the pigs from weaning to market weight did not differ significantly in the two regimens, although the average pig on ad libitum feeding consumed 182.9 kg, and the restricted fed pigs ate 148.2 kg per pig.     

Effects of dietary ingredients on manure characteristics and odorous emissions from swine

Two feeding studies were conducted to examine the impact of dietary inclusion of specific feed ingredients on manure characteristics and manure odor. In one study, 72 finishing pigs were used to evaluate the effects of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on pig performance, manure characteristics, and odorous emissions. Three diets containing 0, 5, and 10% DDGS were fed during six 4-wk feeding periods. Week 1 served as a dietary adjustment period. Animals were housed in two feeding rooms (six pigs/room) with one treatment/room. A new group of animals (average initial BW = 85.8 kg) was used for each feeding period. Diets were replicated four times. Rooms were equipped with individual shallow manure storage pits that were cleaned once weekly (d 7). On d 4 and 7 of each week, manure pit samples, for chemical analyses, and air samples, for olfactometry analysis, were collected from each room. Odor dilution threshold was greater on d 7 than on d 4 of manure storage across all treatments (P < 0.01). No treatment differences in manure composition were noted. In the second study, weaned pigs (approximately 5 wk old) were fed isonitrogenous diets containing 0, 1.5, or 3% bloodmeal. Pigs were housed by diet (three pigs/diet) in one of four individual feeding rooms. A new group of pigs was used for each of the two, 4-wk feeding periods. During period 1, the 3% bloodmeal diet was fed in two of the four rooms; the 0% bloodmeal diet was fed in two rooms during period 2. Manure samples, for chemical analyses, and air samples, for olfactometry analysis, were collected 2 d per week (d 4 and d 6) from each room during wk 2 through 4. No significant treatment differences were observed for odor dilution threshold (P = 0.30). Longer manure storage time, 6 d vs 4 d, resulted in a larger odor dilution ratio (P < 0.01). Manure composition was unaltered by storage time. Results suggest that odor intensifies during storage.     

不同机械干清粪频次对生长猪舍内环境和粪污排放的影响

本试验以刮板式机械干清粪系统为对象,研究不同清粪频次对生长猪舍内环境和粪污排放的影响。选取216头90日龄、体重39 kg左右的三元杂交生长猪,随机分配在12个猪栏中,根据猪的排泄特征设置2种清粪频次作为试验处理(2次/d、3次/d),试验期间每个处理重复7次。结果表明:与日清粪3次相比,日清粪2次猪呼吸高度处与人呼吸高度处的舍内氨气(NH_3)浓度都有所降低(P>0.05),猪呼吸高度处的舍内CO_2浓度降低8.78%(P<0.01),均能满足猪舍空气质量要求;单位体重粪便收集量提高32.3%(P<0.05),单位体重污水收集量降低3.39%(P>0.05);与日清粪3次相比,日清粪2次污水中各污染物浓度除TN外均有所降低(P>0.05)。结果表明生长猪舍运用机械干清粪系统清粪时采用2次/d的清粪频次可以满足猪舍空气质量要求和污水处理难度。