Phagodeterrent response of the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini to various pyrethroids and some of their cleavage products

Feeding-avoidance response of the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini to various insecticidal and acaricidal pyrethroids and some of their cleavage products was examined using a two-choice cellulose disc bioassay. The mites were able to detect extremely low quantities of certain pyrethroids, down to 1–5ng of pesticide applied to a cellulose disc weighing 200 mg. The phagodeterrent potency of the pyrethroids was found to be in the following decreasing order: fenvalerate > cypermethrin > deltamethrin > bioresmetnrin > pyrethrin > bifenthrin > cis-permethrin > trans-permethrin. Fenpropathrin, bioallethrin, flucythrinate and tetramethrin were stimulatory up to a level of 50 ng disc^?1. A 100-ng dose of fenpropathrin deterred the mites. Chemical and photochemical cleavage products of pyrethroids possessed phagodeterrent potencies comparable to those of the intact pesticides. 3-Phenoxybenzotc acid and cis-chrysanthemic acid were the most effective deterrents followed by dibromochrysanthemic acid and the cis and trans bifenthrin acid moiety. The probable relevance of the observed phagodeterrence by pyrethroid residues and their cleavage products, as related to induction of dispersal and eventual outbreaks of mites, is discussed.     

Persistence and safety evaluation of synthetic pyrethroids on sweet orange fruits

The residues of four synthetic pyrethroids from two spray concentrations per compound on sweet orange fruits dissipated at the respective half-life values of 2.45 and 3.15 days for 0.015 and 0.02% fenvalerate; 2.28 and 2.58 days for 0.015 and 0.02% permethrin; 1.73 and 2.12 days for 0.0075 and 0.01% cyper-methrin ; and 2.6 and 2.9 days for 0.0015 and 0.002% deltamethrin, respectively. However, the comparative persistence of synthetic pyrethroids on the rind of sweet orange fruits in the tropical belt in India was found to be in the order of fenvalerate = permethrin > cypermethrin > deltamethrin. No residues were detected in the fruit pulp.     

Sublethal effects of insecticides on the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.)

The effect of sublethal concentrations (LC₁ and LC₅₀) of permethrin, fenvalerate, methamidophos and carbaryl on diamondback moth development, female fecundity and insect behaviour was investigated. All the insecticides had deleterious effects on the number of larvae surviving to pupae, the duration of the pupal period, the number of pupae surviving to adulthood, and cocoon formation in pupae. Prolonged duration of the larval period, from third instar to pupation, and deformed pupae were also observed. Permethrin, fenvalerate and carbaryl caused latent toxicity and deformed wings in the adults. Pyrethroids and methamidophos reduced the longevity of the adults whereas carbaryl increased it. Except for permethrin, the insecticides inhibited female fecundity. At LC₁ and LC₅₀ concentrations, the pyrethroids showed both repellent and antifeedant activity against larvae, and female moths preferred to oviposit on untreated leaf discs rather than on those treated with the pyrethroids at concentrations equal to their LC₅₀ values.     

Residues of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides on horticultural crops

Foliar applications of synthetic pyrethroids were made to several crops to determine residue levels at various intervals after application. On onions, residues of cypermethrin, permethrin and fenvalerate were negligible > 0.1 mg kg^?1, 7 days after application. On lettuce, residues of fenvalerate and permethrin were 0.8 mg kg^?1. On celery, residues of fenvalerate did not decline and ranged from 0.12 to 0.25 mg kg^?1 during the 14-day period. On green bush-beans, residues of permethrin and cypermethrin did not decline during the 14-day period and ranged from 0.1 to 0.6 mg kg^?1. By day 7, residues of cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate and permethrin on strawberries were less than the acceptable maximum tolerance of 0.1 mg kg^?1 with the exception of cypermethrin, applied at the rate of 0.14 kg a.i. ha^?1 which gave a residue of 0.14 mg kg^?1.     

Stability of pyrethroids on wheat in storage

The four pyrethroids, permethrin, phenothrin, fenvalerate and deltamethrin were applied to wheat which was stored for 52 weeks at 25 or 35°C, and either 12 or 15% moisture content. Rates of loss were calculated from residue analyses of the wheat at five intervals during storage. Calculated half-lives (weeks) for the pyrethroids at 25°C (12% moisture) and 35°C (15% moisture) were: permethrin 252 and 44, phenothrin 72 and 29, fenvalerate 210 and 74, and deltamethrin 114 and 35, respectively.     

Insecticide resistance patterns among colorado potato beetle,leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: chrysomelidae), populations in north carolina

A residual bioassay was used to determine insecticide susceptibility in populations of Colarado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), in eastern North Carolina. Mean bioassay mortalities were subjected to correlation analysis to assess patterns of resistance among tested insecticides. Within insecticide classes, cross-resistance patterns were observed between carbaryl and carbofuran (carbamates), fenvalerate and permethrin (pyrethroids), and among azinphosmethyl, methamidophos, and phosmet (organophosphates). Significant associations between insecticides from different insecticide classes were concluded to be due to multiple resistance. Knowledge of multiple and cross-resistance patterns are discussed in relation to the bioassay as a tool for monitoring insecticide resistance.     

Pharmacokinetics of pyrethroids in twospotted spider mites

The penetration and degradation of six pyrethroids were examined in the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and the results were related to their toxicity as measured by inhibition of respiration using the Warburg technique and mortality using the slide-dip bioassay. FMC-54800 [1,1′-biphenyl-3ylmethyl cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] was the most toxic pyrethroid to the mites based on both respiration and mortality studies. It and flucythrinate had the highest pharmacokinetic efficiency as determined by delivery and maintenance of internal levels of parent compounds. Permethrin, fenvalerate, and fluvalinate were intermediate in pharmacokinetic efficiency, whereas cypermethrin was significantly lower. The highest intrinsic activity, as estimated by the percentage inhibition of respiration per microgram of internal parent, was possessed by cypermethrin and FMC-54800. Fenvalerate and fluvalinate had intermediate levels, while permethrin and flucythrinate had significantly lower capacities to inhibit respiration. The combination of relatively high pharmacokinetic efficiency and intrinsic activity of FMC-54800 appeared to be responsible for its high toxicity. In addition to these findings, differences in the kinetics for cis and trans isomers were observed for permethrin but not cypermethrin. This study has yielded evidence that acaricidal activity of pyrethroids can be enhanced by optimizing the structure for increased pharmacokinetic efficiency and increased intrinsic activity.     

Efficacy of selected pesticides against synanthropic mites under laboratory assay

BACKGROUND: The efficacies of organophosphate pesticides, single‐compound versus multicompound pyrethroid formulations and relatively novel unclassified insecticides/acaricides were compared to find the lowest dosage and highest efficacy for the control of Dermatophagoides farina (Hughes), D. pteronyssinus (Trouessart) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank). Formulated active ingredients (AIs) were diluted in water and applied onto filter paper in experimental chambers with ten unsexed adult mites in six replicates. Mite mortality was checked after 24 h. The security index (SI) was calculated for all of the AIs by dividing the recommended rate by the LD₉₀ determined for each species. RESULTS: The tested organophosphates had high LD₉₀ and low SI values. The single‐compound pyrethroids were ineffective (deltamethrin and beta‐cyfluthrin) or had high LD₉₀ and low SI values (cyphenothrin, permethrin, pyrethrum and bifenthrin). The multicompound miticides had low LD₉₀ and high SI values which increased from deltamethrin/S‐bioallethrin to permethrin/S‐bioallethrin/piperonyl butoxide to permethrin/pyriproxyfen/benzyl benzoate. Abamectin, pyridaben, propargite and flufenoxuron were highly active against Dermatophagoides spp. Neem (Acarosan duo) was highly active against all mite species tested. CONCLUSION: The available formulations of multicompound pyrethroids (permethrin/S‐bioallethrin/piperonyl butoxide, permethrin/pyriproxyfen/benzyl benzoate), benzyl benzoate, neem and some field acaricides are effective in suppression of synanthropic mites in laboratory assays. Their LD₉₀ are lower than those of traditionally used organophosphates or single‐compound pyrethroid formulations. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Targeting Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) adults with low‐volume applications of insecticides alone and in combination with sex pheromone

BACKGROUND: Studies surveyed the toxicity of several insecticides against adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and examined the field effectiveness of applying low‐volume (12 L ha^?1) sprays alone or in combination with a microencapsulated (MEC) sex pheromone formulation. RESULTS: Neonicotinyls, organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroids significantly reduced fecundity at concentrations nearly 100‐fold lower than their maximum labeled field rate. Field studies in 2005 demonstrated that six applications of esfenvalerate resulted in > 90% reduction in fruit injury versus the untreated check. The addition of the MEC pheromone formulation did not further improve control. Five sprays of esfenvalerate, phosmet and acetamiprid all significantly reduced levels of fruit injury compared with the untreated control in 2006. Esfenvalerate and acetamiprid mixed with the MEC pheromone significantly reduced fruit injury compared with the MEC‐only treatment. Significant increases in pest and decreases in predator mite densities occurred in plots treated with esfenvalerate in both years. Low‐volume sprays of phosmet and acetamiprid did not disrupt mites. CONCLUSION: Low‐volume insecticide sprays can effectively manage codling moth and are less disruptive of integrated mite management. Developing an effective ‘attract and kill’ technology with this approach will require optimization of the attractant(s) to maximize moth exposure to insecticide residues. Published 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Field and laboratory experiments on the response and development of resistance to pesticides and population density ofTetranychus cinnabarinus in ISRAEL

Dosage mortality data for 12 pesticides were determined with females of an insecticide-susceptible strain of the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.), by the slide dip method; for four of the pesticides which are specific acaricides, also the Munger cell method was used. The LC₅₀s ranged from 0.00078% to 0.041%, with the synthetic pyrethroids being more toxic than the specific acaricides. There were no differences in results between the two assay methods. Four synthetic pyrethroids that were very active againstT. cinnabarinus in laboratory tests were examined in an unsprayed apple orchard for their effect on the population density of spider mites. An upsurge of tetranychid mites was noted 4 weeks after a single application     

Effect of Neurotoxic Pesticides on the Feeding Rate of Marine Mussels (Mytilus edulis)

The effects of selected neurotoxic pesticides on the feeding rate of marine mussels (Mytilus edulis) were determined. Two organochlorine pesticides, lindane and endrin, two acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting compounds, dichlorvos and carbaryl and two pyrethroids, flucythrinate and permethrin, were studied. No evidence was found for any specific neurotoxic effect of the organochlorines and pyrethroids on feeding efficiency. In contrast, dichlorvos and carbaryl inhibited the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in mussel gills and were more toxic to feeding efficiency than could be explained by a narcotic mechanism of toxicity alone. Dichlorvos also caused clear behavioural changes in the mussels. The significance of these observations for the application of mussels to impact assessment in the marine environment is discussed. © 1997 SCI.     

A novel approach to spider mite control based on expression of sarcotoxin IA peptidevia a virus-vector system in plants

Control of the spider miteTetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval is problematic, and there is a pressing need for efficient, non-hazardous and inexpensive strategies for limiting the damage it causes. The gene for the anti-bacterial peptide sarcotoxin IA of the flesh flySarcophaga peregrina was cloned into the nonpathogenic potyvirus-based vector system ZYMV-AGII (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus-AGII). Expression of this peptidevia the AGII vector was detected in infected squash leaves and was not deleterious to the host plant. Leaf discs of squash infected with the recombinant virus AGII-sarcotoxin IA were tested for spider mite control under laboratory conditions. Spider mite egg production on plants expressing the sarcotoxin IA gene was decreased by a factor of two or three compared with that on AGII-infected plants or healthy leaf discs, respectively. In contrast to its effect on oviposition, sarcotoxin IA expressing squash did not significantly affect the mortality and the ability to repel spider mites. Crude extract from squash leaves infected with AGII-sarcotoxin IA was also found to cause a significant decrease of mite fecundity compared with extracts from AGII-treated or healthy plants and also caused a rise in mite mortality. Our results demonstrate that sarcotoxin IA affects mite fecundity and, to a lesser degree, mortality, and shows potential for controlling spider mites in the field.     

Disposition kinetics of cypermethrin and fenvalerate in black bengal lactating goats

Disposition kinetics of cypermethrin and fenvalerate were investigated in lactating black Bengal goats following single dose intravenous administration at 57 and 45 mg kg^?1 respectively. The maximum and minimum blood concentrations of cypermethrin were 18.49 (±3.17) and 0.06 (±0.002) μg ml^?1, while the corresponding values for fenvalerate were 14.58 (±2.37) and 0.04 (±0.005) μg ml^?1 respectively. Both cypermethrin and fenvalerate remained present in blood for 36 h. The mean t1/2β) and Vd_area values were 5.56 (±0.28) h and 10.38 (±2.20) litre kg^?1 for cypermethrin and 5.66 (±0.35) h and 11.31 (±2.20) litre kg^?1 respectively for fenvalerate. Both cypermethrin and fenvalerate persisted in goat milk for 36 h. The t1/2β) and AUC values of fenvalerate were 7.37 (±1.84) h and 122.38 (±11.65) μg h ml^?1 whilst the corresponding values for cypermethrin were 6.66 (±1.54) h and 99.48 (±7.81) μg h ml^?1 in milk respectively.     

Synergism of pyrethroid — organophosphorus insecticide mixtures in insects and their toxicity againstspodoptera littoralis larvae

Synergism of mixtures of pyrethroids with organophosphorus (OP) compounds in insects is reviewed, and the toxicity of such combinations againstSpodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larvae is reported. Mixtures of one of the pyrethroids cypermethrin, fenvalerate or deltamethrin with one of the OP compounds monocrotophos, profenofos, azinphos-methyl or acephate were assayed at different ratios as 24-h-old dipping residues on alfalfa, which was fed toS. littoralis larvae for 48 h. With most of the binary mixtures containing various OP concentrations in excess of those of the pyrethroids, synergism was demonstrated. In the pairs fenvalerate — azinphos-methyl, deltamethrin — azinphos-methyl and deltamethrin — profenofos, however, no synergism was found. In a detailed investigation with pyrethroid concentrations causing 20% mortality and OP concentrations giving a kill of no higher than ;10%, the above findings on synergism were amply confirmed. A cypermethrinmonocrotophos mixture showed synergism also on cotton leaves sprayed in the field. Synergism could not be demonstrated by topical application of pyrethroid — OP mixtures.     

Antifeeding effect of cypermethrin and permethrin at sub-lethal levels against Pieris brassicae larvae

An antifeeding (feeding deterrent) response by first- and fifth-instar larvae of Pieris brassicae was shown to be significant at sub-lethal levels of cypermethrin and permethrin, using leaf-discs treated with the pyrethroids by dipping. Permethrin was slightly more effective than cypermethrin both as an insecticide and as an antifeedant against fifth-instar larvae, but the reverse order of effectiveness was observed, with a marked difference in mortality, against newly-hatched larvae. When 1-day-old fifth-instar larvae were continuously given leaf discs treated with a solution of the pyrethroid (1 mg litre^?1), up to the time of pupation, both cypermethrin and permethrin induced a significant extension of the larval period, with a reduction in the maximum larval and pupal weights, as well as a reduction in the total leaf-area consumed. However, at higher levels of both pyrethroids, lowering the temperature induced some irritancy, as indicated by regurgitation and frequent uncoordinated wriggling movements of the fifth-instar larvae. The advantages of cypermethrin as a protectant and as an antifeedant over permethrin are discussed.     

气相色谱法检测辣椒中7种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

建立并优化了新鲜辣椒中甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯7种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的气相色谱(GC-μECD)分析方法。采用50 mL V(乙腈):V(水)=3:1的混合溶剂提取,二氯甲烷萃取, N-正丙基乙二胺(PSA)净化,HP-1毛细管色谱柱分离,气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)测定。在添加水平为0.017~0.64 mg/kg下的平均回收率为74.0%~105.6%,相对标准偏差为3.3%~15%。该方法准确、灵敏,可同时测定辣椒中7种拟除虫菊酯类农药的残留量。     

Management of resistance in horticultural pests and beneficial species in New Zealand

Two related insecticide resistance management programmes are under way in New Zealand horticulture. The first aims to limit the spread and impact of azinphos-methyl resistant lightbrown apple moth (LBAM) in an applegrowing district. In the second, the introduction of pyrethroid (SP) resistance in organophosphate-resistant (OP) Typhlodromus pyri makes it possible to undertake biological control of the European red mite that is compatible with SP and OP control of orchard pests. In the LBAM programme the resistant zone, which includes alternative host-plant reservoirs, has been delineated by detailed resistance monitoring with topical application of males caught using female sex pheromone. In that zone, chlorpyrifos, to which the azinphos-methyl resistant LBAM has low cross-resistance, is used in the short term to control resistant moths, while alternative measures (e. g. other insecticides and mating disruption) are investigated. Recognition of the importance of immigration from alternative host plant reservoirs has led to specific tactics such as the application of pyrethroids to non-crop areas. This resulted in a significant decrease of the resistant population. So far, however, SPs have not been registered in apple orchards because they kill OP-resistant predatory mites which control the European red mite, and also because of the lack of residue tolerances for SPs in some overseas markets. Following the assessment of the potential value of pyrethroids in pipfruit, DSIR started field selection for pyrethroid resistance in predatory mites, which was later expanded to include laboratory selection. The successful development of pyrethroid-resistant predators which retain organophosphate resistance is permitting the introduction of biological control of European red mite compatible with the use of these two classes of insecticides for control of other pests. In future, the lepidopterous pests on New Zealand apples may be controlled by pyrethroids, scales and other minor pests by organophosphates, and European red mite by multi-resistant predatory mites.     

Synthetic pyrethroids and avermectin for controlling the grapevine pestsLobesia botrana,Cryptoblabes gnidiella andDrosophila melanogaster

Field treatments in a vineyard with 0.015 or 0.01% a.i. of cypermethrin, fenvalerate, fenpropathrin or AC-222,705 were more efficient in controlling the grape-berry moth (Lobesia botrana Schiff.) and the honeydew moth (Cryptoblabes gnidiella Mill.) than four standard treatments consisting of two with 0.05% a.i. fenitrothion and two with 0.075% a.i. diazinon. In pyrethroid-treated plots, infestation at the end of the trials ranged between 2.5 and 12%, compared with 21% in the standard treatment plots and 34% in the untreated plots. Cypermethrin, fenpropathrin and AC-222,705 exhibited similar field activity, while that of fenvalerate was somewhat lower. Under laboratory conditions, cypermethrin at 0.005 and 0.01% a.i. was significantly more potent than fenvalerate, fenpropathrin and AC-222,705; at a higher concentration, 0.015% a.i., all pyrethroids were highly active, with mortality ranging between 75 and 95%. Under laboratory conditions the vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster Meig.) was in general more susceptible to pyrethroids than was the grape-berry moth. Cypermethrin and AC-222,705 at 0.005% a.i. and avermectin at 0.0035% a.i. were potent compounds against the vinegar fly and more active than fenvalerate and fenpropathrin.     

The potential of spiders of different taxa and a predacious mite to feed on the carmine spider mite — a laboratory study

Four spider species and the predacious mitePhytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) were examined in the laboratory for their capacity to feed on the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). The adult females ofChiracanthium mildei L. Koch showed the highest capacity for feeding onT. cinnabarinus (27.5 mites/day) and differed significantly from all other spider species, including the immatureC. mildei which consumed an average of 18.9 mites/day — nearly equal to that of the Oxyopidae species (16.8 mites/day). The salticid (10.1 mites/day) and theridiid (9.5 mites/day) spider species had the lowest capacity, which was nearly equal to that of the predacious miteP. persimilis (11.3 mites/day). Results indicate that spiders play an important role as mite predators.     

棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂抗性遗传力的分析

采用域性状分析法,估算了棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯和溴氟菊酯的抗性现实遗传力,并对3种菊酯的抗性风险进行了评估。结果表明,棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯和溴氟菊酯的抗性现实遗传力分别为0.2027、0.1554和0.1084。假设田间种群的抗性现实遗传力为估算值的一半,杀死率为80％,预计抗性增长到10倍时,氰戊菊酯可使用14次,三氟氯氰菊酯可使用19次,溴氟菊酯可使用31次。三氟氯氰菊酯和溴氟菊酯的抗性风险明显低于氰戊菊酯;棉铃虫对含氟菊酯的抗性发展速度明显低于不含氟的菊酯。试验结果为实际应用提供了理论依据。