谷子抵御白发病菌侵染的生理生化及基因表达分析

白发病已成为我国谷子生产上的重要病害,不仅造成产量下降,还对谷子品质构成威胁。有关谷子品种响应白发病菌侵染的生理生化机制研究尚未见报道。本研究采用病菌卵孢子和谷粒混合的接菌方法分别接种抗病品种‘G1’和高感品种‘晋谷21’(JG21),并测定抗感谷子的植株形态指标、光合参数、防御酶活性、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量,同时结合基因表达分析,旨在明确谷子响应白发病菌侵染机制。结果表明,白发病菌侵染抗感品种后,植株高度及叶面积均表现出不同程度的下降,感病品种的株高降低幅度远大于抗病品种;与抗病品种相比,感病品种中除了胞间CO₂浓度显著升高外,其他光合参数显著下降,且均低于抗病品种。抗病品种中抗氧化酶和防御酶活性及脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量均升高,显著高于感病品种。抗病相关基因Seita.2G024600(PR1)、Seita.7G168700(PAL)、Seita.1G240200(PAL)和Seita.9G462500(POD)在抗病品种中上调,而在感病品种中表达受到抑制或下调。以上光合参数、酶活性、Pro和可溶性糖含量变化等生理生化指标可作为抗性鉴定和种质筛选的参考...     

谷子抵御白发病菌侵染的生理生化及基因表达分析

 白发病已成为我国谷子生产上的重要病害,不仅造成产量下降,还对谷子品质构成威胁。有关谷子品种响应白发病菌侵染的生理生化机制研究尚未见报道。本研究采用病菌卵孢子和谷粒混合的接菌方法分别接种抗病品种‘G1'和高感品种‘晋谷21'(JG21),并测定抗感谷子的植株形态指标、光合参数、防御酶活性、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量,同时结合基因表达分析,旨在明确谷子响应白发病菌侵染机制。结果表明,白发病菌侵染抗感品种后,植株高度及叶面积均表现出不同程度的下降,感病品种的株高降低幅度远大于抗病品种;与抗病品种相比,感病品种中除了胞间CO₂浓度显著升高外,其他光合参数显著下降,且均低于抗病品种。抗病品种中抗氧化酶和防御酶活性及脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量均升高,显著高于感病品种。抗病相关基因Seita.2G024600(PR1)、Seita.7G168700(PAL)、Seita.1G240200(PAL)和 Seita.9G462500(POD)在抗病品种中上调,而在感病品种中表达受到抑制或下调。以上光合参数、酶活性、Pro和可溶性糖含量变化等生理生化指标可作为抗性鉴定和种质筛选的参考,这些差异表达基因可能参与了谷子对白发病菌抗病调控。研究结果可为谷子抗病分子机制及分子改良育种提供理论基础。     

小麦诱导抗性基因TaWIR1b的克隆及表达分析

全蚀病是小麦上一种重要的土传病害。选育和种植抗病品种是防治小麦全蚀病的根本途径,抗病基因研究是抗病育种的基础性工作。根据基因TaWIR1b(Accession no.M94959.1)的全长序列设计引物扩增‘新农19’的cDNA,获得了完整ORF,编码85个氨基酸残基,比对后发现与TaWIR1b序列同源性达100%。根据获得的TaWIR1b基因全长序列设计定量引物,分析TaWIR1b在全蚀菌胁迫条件下不同互作模式的表达特征。结果表明接种全蚀病菌后抗病小麦品种‘新农19’中TaWIR1b基因被诱导表达,接菌后3d达到峰值143.97,感病品种‘新麦19’中峰值出现在接菌后8d,表达量仅为对照的4.22倍,提示该基因可能参与小麦对全蚀病的抗病过程。     

水稻幼穗与Ustilaginoidea virens互作早期的转录组分析

 由子囊菌门真菌稻绿核菌Ustilaginoidea virens引起的稻曲病是世界范围内水稻生产上的重要病害之一。但是,对水稻抗稻曲病的抗性机制仍不清楚。为初步探明水稻与稻曲病菌之间互作早期的分子调控机制,本研究采用比较转录组测序技术对稻曲病菌接种抗病品种‘IR28’和感病品种‘两优培九’(LYP9)6 h的测序数据进行了分析,试图初步阐明水稻抗病分子机制。分析发现,在抗病和感病品种中均差异表达基因有1 005个共表达,在这些基因中,抗病品种中表达上调基因(697个)多于感病品种中表达上调的基因(626个),下调的基因(308个)少于感病品种中下调表达的基因(379个);随后通过GO富集和KEGG代谢途径分析,发现苯丙烷类代谢途径和双萜植保素合成途径相关的基因、几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、糖基水解酶和过氧化物酶等基因在抗病品种中被显著诱导上调表达,而在感病品种中基因表达低于抗病品种或下调表达,推测这些基因很可能在水稻与稻曲病菌识别早期发挥重要的抗病作用。该研究结果可为水稻抗稻曲病基因克隆及抗稻曲病分子育种提供理论基础。     

甘蔗新品种及主栽品种对甘蔗梢腐病的自然抗性

为筛选抗梢腐病的甘蔗品种,于2016—2019年采用田间自然发病率调查方法对我国近年选育的60个新品种及云南省临沧市、普洱市、玉溪市和广西壮族自治区宜州区甘蔗梢腐病高发蔗区的31个主栽品种进行自然抗性评价。结果表明：在60个甘蔗新品种中,35个表现为高抗、抗病和中抗,所占比例为58.3%,其中高抗品种5个、抗病品种15个、中抗品种15个,所占比例分别为8.3%、25.0%、25.0%;在31个甘蔗主栽品种中,15个表现为高抗、抗病、中抗,所占比例为48.4%。目前大面积种植的新台糖25号、粤糖93-159、盈育91-59、柳城03-1137、云蔗03-258、川糖79-15、新台糖1号、桂糖11号、桂糖42号9个主栽品种对甘蔗梢腐病高度感病,而近年选育的粤甘49号、福农11-2907、闽糖11-610、闽糖12-1404、桂糖11-1076五个新品种对甘蔗梢腐病高抗,粤甘46号、粤甘47号、福农09-2201、福农09-6201、福农09-7111、福农10-14405、闽糖06-1405、桂糖40号、桂糖44号、桂糖06-1492、桂糖06-2081、桂糖08-1180、桂糖08-1589、云蔗11-1074和德蔗07-36共15个新品种对甘蔗梢腐病表现抗病。     

茎基腐亚洲镰孢菌侵染抗感小麦品种的组织病理学观察

小麦茎基腐是由多种镰孢菌侵染的世界性土传病害,亚洲镰孢菌(Fusarium asiaticum)是我国冬小麦主产区茎基腐镰孢菌的优势种群,对小麦生产造成巨大损失。本研究利用绿色荧光蛋白报告基因标记亚洲镰孢菌,研究其侵染抗感小麦的病理组织学过程,建立了茎基腐病菌与寄主互作的直观性的研究体系,对病害防治及抗病育种具有重要意义。基于PEG-CaCl_2介导原生质体转化法将gfp导入亚洲镰孢菌株CF0915,对转化子进行荧光表达、PCR验证、遗传稳定性、生长特性及致病力分析,选取与野生型表现相近的转化子进行侵染分析。结果表明,绿色荧光蛋白基因(gfp)与潮霉素基因(hyg)PCR扩增表明gfp已整合入真菌基因组中,转化子菌丝与分生孢子表现强烈绿色荧光信号,gfp能够在转化子中稳定遗传,菌落形态、生长速度及致病力与野生型菌株无显著差异;将gfp标记病菌分生孢子接种感病品种1 d后,大量孢子附着于根毛及根表皮细胞开始萌发,接种2 d后观察到抗性品种分生孢子萌发;感病品种接种3 d后,菌丝直接侵入表皮细胞或沿表皮细胞间层定殖生长,扩展至皮层组织,8 d后菌丝从根部迅速扩展至茎基部,至第10 d大量菌丝充塞根皮层细胞,叶鞘维管束也被菌丝侵染,并产生大量大型分生孢子,植株表现褐色病斑,14 d后根部及茎维管束被大量菌丝体填充,而后产生大量厚垣孢子,至25 d大部分感病品种幼苗萎蔫死亡;与感病品种相比,抗性品种在整个侵染过程中表现时间滞后。本研究对引起茎基腐病的亚洲镰孢菌侵染小麦的组织学过程观察,为病菌致病机理的阐释及抗病资源的利用提供了重要理论依据。     

甘蔗梢腐病病原菌Fusarium sacchari Nep1-like蛋白的筛选鉴定及功能分析

 甘蔗镰孢菌Fusarium sacchari(F. sacchari)引起的甘蔗梢腐病严重影响了甘蔗的产量和质量。解析病原菌的致病机理,对指导甘蔗抗病育种和绿色防控具有重要意义。研究发现NLPs (Nep1-like proteins)类基因在真菌侵染及定殖过程中发挥重要作用。本实验在对梢腐病病原菌基因组测序(尚未公布)基础上,通过BLASTP分析得到甘蔗梢腐病病原菌F. sacchari中4个NLP家族基因Fs_00548、Fs_03159、Fs_06646、Fs_11062。将克隆到的3个基因(Fs_00548、Fs_03159、Fs_11062;Fs_06646未克隆到)构建至PVX载体,利用农杆菌介导的烟草叶片瞬时表达系统,发现只有Fs_00548可以诱导细胞产生与Bax相似的坏死,Fs_03159和Fs_11062则不能。利用酵母信号肽分泌功能验证方法,发现Fs_00548和Fs_03159的信号肽具有分泌活性。并且Fs_00548的信号肽区域对其发挥功能具有重要作用。qRT-PCR结果显示该基因在侵染过程中均有表达,其中72 h表达量最高,是菌丝中该基因表达量的48倍。以上研究结果表明,Fs_00548在病原菌侵染过程中发挥重要作用,研究结果为进一步探究病原菌与甘蔗互作提供参考。     

二、经济作物病害

甘蔗梢腐病(Fusarium moniliformis Sheld)是百色市局部性甘蔗病害.虽然发生面积不大,但为害较重.一般病株率在15—35%,严重的达65—90%,不同程度地影响甘蔗的产量和质量.在病区大田调查中,我们发现不同品种发病率差异很大.为了摸清不同品种的抗病性,以便指导生产.我们在重病区的东增屯种植了6个品种,作3个重复,在同一管理条件下,连续两年(1984、1985年)对甘蔗品种抗梢腐病性作了观察.各品种两年的病株率、烂梢株率平均数分别为:粤糖63/237,病株率为0;桂糖1号,病株率为1.6%,烂梢株率为0;桂糖7号,病株率为5.5%,烂梢株率为0;桂糖11号,病株率为41.0%,烂梢株率为7.7%;粤糖7号,病株率为73.6%,烂梢株率为49.3%;台糖134;病株率为84.3%,烂梢株率为68.4%.在两年观察中,各品种的抗、感表现基本稳定.     

禾谷镰孢漆酶样多铜氧化酶的鉴定及其表达模式

 子囊菌禾谷镰孢(Fusarium graminearum)可侵染玉米茎部造成严重的玉米茎腐病。漆酶样多铜氧化酶(Laccase-like multicopper oxidase)具有广泛的作用底物且在植物病原真菌中参与病菌侵染,促进病菌定殖。利用已知真菌漆酶的蛋白序列在禾谷镰孢中鉴定得到14个漆酶样多铜氧化酶,分属5种亚家族。通过对其在侵染玉米茎部不同时间后的芯片数据分析表明FGSG_02142、FGSG_05159在菌丝、孢子及侵染各阶段表达量均较高,FGSG_02328、FGSG_13185和FGSG_00142在侵染阶段表达量明显增加,其他基因表达量相对较低;试验进而利用qPCR检测了部分差异基因在接种玉米感病种质资源B73和抗病种质资源Mo17中的相对表达量,结果显示,禾谷镰孢FGSG_00142基因在B73中的表达量明显高于在抗病材料Mo17中的表达量,而毒素相关基因FGSG_02328在接种Mo17时表达也出现延迟,推测这2个基因均参与了禾谷镰孢的侵染过程。     

禾谷镰孢漆酶样多铜氧化酶的鉴定及其表达模式

 子囊菌禾谷镰孢(Fusarium graminearum)可侵染玉米茎部造成严重的玉米茎腐病。漆酶样多铜氧化酶(Laccase-like multicopper oxidase)具有广泛的作用底物且在植物病原真菌中参与病菌侵染,促进病菌定殖。利用已知真菌漆酶的蛋白序列在禾谷镰孢中鉴定得到14个漆酶样多铜氧化酶,分属5种亚家族。通过对其在侵染玉米茎部不同时间后的芯片数据分析表明FGSG_02142、FGSG_05159在菌丝、孢子及侵染各阶段表达量均较高,FGSG_02328、FGSG_13185和FGSG_00142在侵染阶段表达量明显增加,其他基因表达量相对较低;试验进而利用qPCR检测了部分差异基因在接种玉米感病种质资源B73和抗病种质资源Mo17中的相对表达量,结果显示,禾谷镰孢FGSG_00142基因在B73中的表达量明显高于在抗病材料Mo17中的表达量,而毒素相关基因FGSG_02328在接种Mo17时表达也出现延迟,推测这2个基因均参与了禾谷镰孢的侵染过程。     

水稻纹枯病发病过程PR1和PBZ1的表达动态

 采用从福建省稻田分离纯化的纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)菌株FJ-15接种籼稻9311,分析了水稻在纹枯病菌侵染致病过程中,编码病程相关蛋白的基因表达动态,并观察了症状的变化。Northern blot分析表明:PR1在接种12 h后开始表达,在之后的4个时间段其表达量逐步增强;而PBZ1也在12 h开始表达,在48 h表达量激剧增强几乎与72 h表达量相当。组织和症状观察表明,接种12 h后叶鞘表面菌丝纵横分枝,接种36 h后出现零星病斑,接种48 h后表现典型的受害症状,接种72 h后病斑继续扩大,并可蔓延到非接种叶鞘。结果表明,PR1和PBZ1的表达与水稻和纹枯病菌亲和互作的过程存在对应关系。     

云南景洪疣粒野生稻抗白叶枯病相关基因表达分析

从已经构建的白叶枯病菌胁迫的景洪疣粒野生稻抑制差减杂交文库(SSH文库)中筛选一批应答基因。通过测序比对,文库中抗逆基因占了绝大部分,涉及抗病、耐旱、抗冻、耐盐相关基因片段以及信号转导因子和植物激素调控蛋白等。其中NBS-LRR和STK类抗病基因各1个,ME207基因与泛素结合酶相似,与过敏性反应信号传导相关。ME022基因与金属硫蛋白MT2基因同源,通过降低细胞内的自由金属离子浓度阻止病症的进一步扩展。综合抗逆相关基因功能的分析,初步推断景洪疣粒野生稻高抗白叶枯病是以抗病基因、信号传导因子和其他抗逆相关基因共同调控的过程。     

High and low pre-inoculation temperatures decrease the effectiveness of the Lr 20 and Sr 15 rust resistance genes in wheat

Spring wheat seedlings containing Lr 20 and Sr 15 resistance alleles were raised at 30° C, prior to inoculation with leaf rust ( Puccinia recondita race 76–2,3) and stem rust ( Puccinia graminis f.sp, tritici race 343–1,2,3,5,6) pathogens, respectively. Infected plants were then grown at one of seven temperatures in the range 18–30 C and infection types were scored at 10 days post-inoculation. These results were compared with those obtained for plants raised at a pre-inoculation temperature of 18° C. In both 18° C and 30° C pre-grown plants, a progressive increase in infection type was observed on resistant lines as post-inoculation temperature increased. However, resistant lines raised at 30°C had significantly higher infection types than plants raised at 18° C at all post-inoculation temperatures for which some degree of resistance was still evident in the plants raised at 18°C, The maximum temperature for expression of resistance was significantly higher for Lr 20 than for Sr 15. irrespective of pre-inoculation temperature. A lowering of the resistance expression was also evident in Sr 15 -bearing lines raised at a very low pre-inoculation temperature (4°C). The effects of low pre-inoculation temperature on resistance were assessed in both winter and spring wheat lines. These results are discussed in the light of current ideas concerning the host membrane location of pathogen recognition events.     

Rice Defense Mechanisms Against Cochliobolus miyabeanus and Magnaporthe grisea Are Distinct

ABSTRACT Responses of rice to Magnaporthe grisea and Cochliobolus miyabeanus were compared. In Tetep, a rice cultivar resistant to both fungi, pathogen inoculation rapidly triggered the hypersensitive reaction (HR), resulting in microscopic cell death. In rice cv. Nakdong, susceptible to both pathogens, M. grisea did not cause HR, whereas C. miyabeanus caused rapid cell death similar to that associated with HR, which appeared similar to that observed in cv. Tetep, yet failed to block fungal ramification. Treatment with conidial germination fluid (CGF) from C. miyabeanus induced rapid cell death in both cultivars, suggesting the presence of phytotoxins in CGF. Pretreatment of cv. Nakdong with CGF significantly increased resistance to M. grisea, while the same treatment was ineffective against C. miyabeanus. Similarly, in cv. Nakdong, benzothiadiazole (BTH) significantly increased resistance to M. grisea, but was ineffective against C. miyabeanus. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment appeared to be ineffective against either fungus. Increased resistance of cv. Nakdong to M. grisea by BTH or CCF treatment was correlated with more rapid induction of three monitored PR genes. Application of MeJA resulted in the expression of JAmyb in cv. Nakdong being induced faster than in untreated plants in response to M. grisea infection. In contrast, the expression pattern of the PR and JAmyb genes in response to C. miyabeanus was nearly identical between cvs. Nakdong and Tetep, and neither BTH nor MeJA treatment significantly modified their expression patterns in response to C. miyabeanus infection. Our results suggest that rice employs distinct mechanisms for its defense against M. grisea versus C. miyabeanus.     

Isolation of nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat and kinase resistance gene analogues from sugarcane (Saccharum spp.)

BACKGROUND: Resistance gene analogues (RGAs) have been isolated from many crops and offer potential in breeding for disease resistance through marker-assisted selection, either as closely linked or as perfect markers. Many R-gene sequences contain kinase domains, and indeed kinase genes have been reported as being proximal to R-genes, making kinase analogues an additionally promising target. The first step towards utilizing RGAs as markers for disease resistance is isolation and characterization of the sequences. RESULTS: Sugarcane clone US01-1158 was identified as resistant to yellow leaf caused by the sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) and moderately resistant to rust caused by Puccinia melanocephala Sydow & Sydow. Degenerate primers that had previously proved useful for isolating RGAs and kinase analogues in wheat and soybean were used to amplify DNA from sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) clone US-01-1158. Sequences generated from 1512 positive clones were assembled into 134 contigs of between two and 105 sequences. Comparison of the contig consensuses with the NCBI sequence database using BLASTx showed that 20 had sequence homology to nuclear binding site and leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) RGAs, and eight to kinase genes. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences with similar sequences from the NCBI database allowed the identification of several conserved domains. The alignment and resulting phenetic tree showed that many of the sequences had greater similarity to sequences from other species than to one another. CONCLUSION: The use of degenerate primers is a useful method for isolating novel sugarcane RGA and kinase gene analogues. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of these genes in disease resistance.     

Engineered resistance against filamentous pathogens in Solanum tuberosum

Potato is one of the most important noncereal crops in the world today, and like other major crops, it is prone to substantial yield losses because of various factors including disease. Recent molecular advancements in plant–pathogen studies have led to the identification of various host genes involved in the plant’s defense against pathogen attack. These genes may encode antimicrobial peptides, enzymes for phytoalexin production, proteins involved in defense-signaling cascades, and hydrolytic enzymes or pathogenesis-related proteins that are directly or indirectly responsible for the plant’s defense responses following a pathogen attack. A plant’s disease-resistance (R) genes are another important group of genes that have been used with varying degrees of success in crop improvement programs. Cloning and characterization of these genes and the dissection of signal-transduction components of the defense response have greatly increased the scope for transgenic disease resistance. This article highlights the current scenario and potential of the molecular approaches to improve resistance against filamentous pathogens in potato.