New fluoro intermediates for herbicidal sulfonylureas

New pyrimidine and triazine intermediates for herbicidal sulfonylureas are prepared as follows: 2,4-dichloro-6-methylpyrimidine is converted via a halogenation, halogen exchange and substitution sequence to 2-amino-4-trifluoromethyl-6-trifluoromethoxypyrimidine. New fluoromethyl-triazines are available starting from guanidine, trichloroacetonitrile and difluoroacetic anhydride, or alternatively from thiocarbamoyl guanidine and chlorodifluoroacetic ester ring closure. To obtain new o-fluoroalkyl-benzenesulfonamide precursors, o-chlorobenzaldehyde was fluorinated with sulfur tetrafluoride, or a bromobenzene derivative was subjected to a substitution reaction with sodium pentafluoropropionate. Sulfonylureas derived from trifluoromethylpyrimidines with an m-methylthio substituent are selective post-emergence herbicides in cotton, presumably due to sulfone metabolization. Selectivity in wheat is obtained by combining 4-methoxy-6-trifluoromethylpyrimidine with a lipophilic difluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide moiety. Also in the difluoromethyl-triazine series, the combination with the difluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide moiety is a good choice for wheat selectivity. Chlorodifluoromethyl- and trifluoromethyltriazines, however, combine better with an aromatic ester for best activity and selectivity in wheat. Selected compounds are undergoing broad field tests in wheat.     

Prospects and progress for Bacillus thuringiensis-based pesticides

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-based insecticide products constitute the overwhelming majority of biopesticides but, despite having been commercially available for over 30 years, they have made little impact (<1%) on the crop-protection market as a whole. This has been largely due to poor cost-performance factors relative to synthetic organic pesticides. However, recent biotechnological advances—including genetic modification—combined with a variety of emerging opportunities, have created the prospect of the commercialisation of a new range of highly effective Bt-based biopesticides. Bioencapsulation of single-gene products—delta-endotoxins from selected Bt isolates—in killed Pseudomonad cells (Mycogen Corporation's ‘CellCap’ technology), offers a flexible delivery system with enhanced persistence. This versatile approach selects only the most appropriate biotoxins, which can be used to target a number of pest species. It is anticipated that Bt-based pesticides will continue to fill an increasing number of gaps in the panoply of synthetic crop-protection chemicals. Genetically modified products offer advantages in terms of efficacy, flexibility and safety but public concerns regarding perceived risks need to be addressed.     

Guideline for the biological evaluation of pesticides

This guideline is intended for use in association with the EPPO Guidelines for the Biological Evaluation of Pesticides, providing detailed advice on the assessment of the phytotoxicity of pesticides (including herbicides).     

防治稻象甲的药剂筛选试验

试验结果表明:防治稻象甲可使用封钻蛀600倍,40%毒死蜱乳油1 000倍作为轮换药剂。     

防治西花蓟马药剂筛选试验

测定6种药剂在田问对西花蓟马防治效果，结果表明：2．5％菜喜悬浮剂、48％乐斯本乳油和0．3％印楝素乳油处理在施药3天后防效分别达到88．8％、86．0％和90．0％，7天后3种药剂防效为89．1％，91．0％；在大区试验中，筛选出的3种药剂对西花蓟马也有很好的防治效果，表明可以作为蔬菜上西花蓟马重发生时的应急防治药剂。     

Inverse modelling for estimating sorption and degradation parameters for pesticides

The leaching model PESTRAS was used to estimate sorption and degradation values for bentazone from three lysimeter datasets using the inverse modelling package PEST. Investigations were undertaken to assess the influence on calibration results of (1) values attributed to uncertain parameters not included in the calibration, and (2) starting values supplied to the inverse modelling package. Automatic calibrations with different realistic values for the Freundlich exponent n(f) yielded different combinations of K(om) and DT50. Similarly, the supply of different starting values for K(om) and DT50 revealed that different combinations of these two parameters equally calibrated PESTRAS for two of the three lysimeters. Examination of the error surface, ie the forward running of the model for different combinations of K(om) and DT50 values, and the calculation of the goodness-of-fit to the experimental data, was found useful for identifying those instances where non-uniqueness in the calibration is likely to occur. Although the derivation of sorption and degradation values through inverse modelling is expected to offer significant benefits over laboratory determinations, care should be exercised when examining values derived through this approach. Research is needed to identify data requirements for robust estimation of sorption and degradation parameters through calibration of pesticide fate models against leaching data.     

3种药剂防治晚稻褐飞虱试验

稻飞虱是桂林市水稻上最严重的害虫之一,历年发生严重,特别是最近几年,褐飞虱对吡虫啉类农药产生了很高的抗药性,防治效果明显下降。为筛选防治褐飞虱的高效药剂,作者在临桂县临桂镇秧塘村进行了晚稻田间防治褐飞虱试验,现将结果总结如下。1试验材料和方法1·1试验药剂40%万灵将SP,美国杜邦公司提供;20%好年冬EC,美国FMC公司提供;15%金好年EC,美国FMC公司提供;10%蚜虱净WP,江苏克胜集团生产(市售);25%扑虱灵WP,上海东风农药厂生产(市售)。1·2试验设计试验设40%万灵将SP 86g/667m2(约700倍),40%万灵将SP 43g/667m2 25%扑虱灵WP80g/…