大草蛉幼虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食能力评价

为明确大草蛉对草地贪夜蛾的控害潜能,本试验在室内评价了大草蛉幼虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食及搜寻能力,并观察总结了大草蛉的捕食行为特点。结果表明：大草蛉2龄、3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄、2龄幼虫均表现出积极的取食行为和较强的捕食能力,尤其对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日均捕食量较大,分别为78.5头、89.9头,理论条件下日最大捕食量可达125头、167头,其捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ模型。大草蛉3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食量、搜寻能力及控害效能均显著高于2龄幼虫,对猎物的瞬时攻击率更强,处理时间更短。本研究结果证实大草蛉幼虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫均具有较强的控害能力,这对利用草蛉类天敌持续防治草地贪夜蛾具有重要的实践指导意义。     

丽草蛉三龄幼虫对斜纹夜蛾卵及低龄幼虫的捕食作用

为探明丽草蛉对斜纹夜蛾的捕食作用,本研究在室内测定了丽草蛉3龄幼虫对斜纹夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食能力及其功能反应。结果表明,丽草蛉3龄幼虫对斜纹夜蛾的卵及1龄、2龄和3龄幼虫均表现出积极捕食行为和较强的捕食能力,其捕食功能反应符合Holling II型,模型可信度较高。猎物的龄期和密度能显著影响丽草蛉的捕食能力,随斜纹夜蛾龄期增大,丽草蛉3龄幼虫的日均最大捕食量、对猎物的攻击系数和控害效能均显著下降,但对猎物的处理时间明显延长;当斜纹夜蛾密度增加时,丽草蛉3龄幼虫的捕食效率逐渐下降。综合各项捕食作用参数,丽草蛉3龄幼虫对斜纹夜蛾卵的捕食能力最高,其理论日最大捕食量为313.7粒,控害效能为23.5;其次是对斜纹夜蛾1龄幼虫,其理论日最大捕食量为130.5头,控害效能为9.9。本研究结果证实了丽草蛉是斜纹夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的重要天敌,且具较高的控害潜能,可用于斜纹夜蛾的生物防治。     

龟纹瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食作用

为明确龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的控害潜力,在(25±1)℃、L∥D=16 h//8 h、RH (60±5)%的条件下研究了龟纹瓢虫雌、雄成虫和4龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵、1龄和2龄幼虫的捕食能力。结果表明,龟纹瓢虫4龄幼虫和雌、雄成虫对草地贪夜蛾卵、1龄和2龄幼虫的捕食反应均符合HollingⅡ模型。龟纹瓢虫雌、雄成虫和4龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵的日最大捕食量分别为204.6、110.9粒和124.7粒,瞬时攻击率分别为1.125、1.658和1.429,处理时间分别为0.004 9、0.009 0 d和0.008 0 d;对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为242.4、265.5头和109.4头,瞬时攻击率分别为1.233、1.038和1.411,处理时间分别为0.004 1、0.003 8 d和0.009 1 d;对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为41.2、40.3头和27.6头,瞬时攻击率分别为1.386、1.226和1.685,处理时间分别为0.024 3、0.024 8 d和0.036 2 d。雌、雄成虫和4龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的搜寻效应均随着猎物密度的增加而降低。龟纹瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和1龄幼虫的捕食量高于2龄幼虫。结果表明龟纹瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫具有较好的控制作用,为利用龟纹瓢虫控制草地贪夜蛾提供了理论依据。     

大草蛉对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食功能评价

为评价大草蛉Chrysopa pallens对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda低龄幼虫的捕食功能,在室内条件下观察大草蛉对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食行为,并设置不同密度的草地贪夜蛾1～3龄幼虫供大草蛉成虫取食,测定其对草地贪夜蛾1～3龄幼虫的捕食效能。结果表明,大草蛉成虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合Holling-模型,对草地贪夜蛾1、2和3龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率分别为1.023、0.618、0.313,处理时间分别为0.070、0.097、0.305 d,日最大捕食量分别为14.37、10.31、3.28头;大草蛉成虫的搜寻效应随着草地贪夜蛾幼虫密度的增加而降低,干扰作用随着大草蛉自身密度的增加而加强,且在草地贪夜蛾幼虫不同龄期,大草蛉自身密度对其捕食能力的干扰作用不同,幼虫为1龄时,大草蛉自身密度对其捕食能力的干扰作用最大,幼虫为2、3龄时的干扰作用次之。表明大草蛉成虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫具有较好的捕食作用,可作为有效防控草地贪夜蛾的备选天敌资源。     

异色瓢虫幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食作用

为明确天敌昆虫异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的捕食能力,在室内光照培养箱中,于(25±1)℃、L//D=16 h//8 h条件下,研究了异色瓢虫幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应与寻找效应。结果表明:异色瓢虫幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ模型。异色瓢虫1龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为25.6粒、1.035和0.039 d;异色瓢虫4龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为33.3头、0.736和0.03 d。异色瓢虫幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的寻找效应随猎物密度的增加而下降。异色瓢虫幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫具有较好的控制效果,可用于对草地贪夜蛾的防控实践。     

蠼螋捕食草地贪夜蛾的行为及功能反应

为明确蠼螋对草地贪夜蛾的捕食作用,在温度（26±1）℃,相对湿度（75±5）%,光周期16L：8D的实验室条件下,观察了蠼螋5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾卵、1~6龄幼虫和成虫的捕食行为和对6龄幼虫的捕食功能反应。结果表明：蠼螋5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和1~6龄幼虫均有捕食行为,对飞行能力弱的草地贪夜蛾成虫也具有捕食能力。蠼螋5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾捕食过程中,并不取食完其整个虫体,而是咬食至猎物不动时,继续搜索捕食周围其他猎物。蠼螋5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的捕食功能拟合HollingⅡ模型,日平均捕食量为2.85头,对入侵的草地贪夜蛾的为害具有一定的防控潜能。     

异色瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾和禾谷缢管蚜的捕食功能反应及捕食选择性研究

为探究入侵害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda与本地害虫禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi同时存在时,异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis对入侵害虫草地贪夜蛾的防控效果,本研究开展了异色瓢虫成虫及4龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫、禾谷缢管蚜2龄若虫的捕食功能反应、搜寻效应、捕食选择性试验。结果表明,异色瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾、禾谷缢管蚜的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型方程,其日捕食量随物密度的增加而增加,搜寻效应均随猎物密度的增加而逐渐降低;异色瓢虫成虫对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫、禾谷缢管蚜2龄若虫的控害效能分别为221.88头和343.01头,其4龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫、禾谷缢管蚜2龄若虫的控害效能分别为140.88头和210.93头。异色瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾和禾谷缢管蚜具有较好的控害能力,其成虫对两种害虫的防控效果优于其4龄幼虫,且异色瓢虫对禾谷缢管蚜的捕食选择性强于草地贪夜蛾。     

黄带犀猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食作用

为探明天敌昆虫黄带犀猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食潜力,本试验在温度（25±1）℃,相对湿度（65±5）%,光周期16L：8D的室内条件下,观察了黄带犀猎蝽4、5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食行为特点,并研究了其捕食能力。结果表明：黄带犀猎蝽捕食草地贪夜蛾时,将口针刺进猎物体内,使其麻痹后进行取食,直至猎物干瘪,但有时并不吸取完全,而是继续攻击其他猎物。黄带犀猎蝽4、5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ模型,4、5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率为1.159和2.913,处理时间为0.297和0.261 d,日最大捕食量为3.906和3.831头。研究表明黄带犀猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的防控具有一定的潜力。     

七星瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食能力评价

为了评估七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata对重大入侵害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda（J.E.Smith）的防控效果,本试验在室内条件下开展了七星瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄、2龄幼虫的捕食功能反应和种内干扰研究。结果表明：七星瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型,七星瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为233.100头、1.204和0.103 h;对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为41.220头、1.075和0.582 h。七星瓢虫的搜寻效应随猎物密度的增加而逐渐降低。七星瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾的捕食作用受到较强的种内干扰。试验证明七星瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾具有较好的控害效果,可用于对草地贪夜蛾的防控实践。     

多异瓢虫和异色瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食能力评价

为了评估多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata（Goeze）、异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis（Pallas）对重大入侵害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda（J.E.Smith）的防控效果,本试验在室内条件下评价了两种瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄、2龄幼虫的捕食能力。结果表明：两种瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型,多异瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为210.393头、1.279和0.005 d;对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为62.189头、1.167和0.016 d。异色瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为249.004头、1.854和0.004 d;对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为68.260头、1.281和0.015 d。多异瓢虫和异色瓢虫的搜寻效应随猎物密度的增加而逐渐降低。试验证明两种瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾具有较好的控害效果,可用于对草地贪夜蛾的防控实践。     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

棉花黄萎病菌致病型的AFLP分析

 选用41个棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)代表菌系,在温室条件下,对4个棉花品种鄂荆1号(感)、中棉所12(耐)、文-5(抗)和唐棉2号(抗)进行致病性测定,结果可将供试菌系分为落叶型与非落叶型2类。选取8对AFLP引物PCR扩增的结果中,统计带型稳定、清晰且有多态性的条带,共169条作系统聚类分析,将上述菌系分为2大类,第一类为非落叶型菌系,包括10个非落叶型菌系和1个过渡菌系;第二类为30个落叶型菌系。根据聚类分析建立树状图,发现菌系与地理来源存在一定的相关性,而依据菌系致病力强弱分类则相关关系不大。选用25对EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ引物组合,对供试的41个V.dahliae进行AFLP扩增,筛选到2对引物E64(GACTGCGTACCAATTCGAC)、M53(GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACCG)和E49(GACTGCGTACCAATTCCAG)、M65(GAT-GAGTCCTGAGTAAGAG),能分别扩增出433bp和110bp2条仅为V.dahliae非落叶型菌系独有的特异片段,可将落叶型与非落叶型菌系分开,这2条特异片段被命名为EM₄₃₃和EM₁₁₀。     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

黑麦草属DNA条形码鉴定技术研究

以毒麦、田毒麦、多花黑麦草、多年生黑麦草、硬直黑麦草、高羊茅与狗牙根等禾本科的7种植物为材料,拟采用 DNA 测序、特异性位点比对、种间遗传距离测定、建立系统树等分析候选 DNA 条形码 psbA-trnH 鉴别黑麦草属常见植物的能力。实验结果表明,以 psbA-trnH 为 DNA 条形码时,建立的系统发育树能较好区分毒麦和田毒麦与其他几种植物。psbA-trnH 序列可以作为黑麦草属植物的潜在条形码。     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

Effects of different temperature treatments on dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates of Sclerotium cepivorum

The variability of dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates ofSclerotium cepivorum was investigated. Of all isolates tested, the freshly harvested sclerotia were dormant. After drying for 48 hours the sclerotia of six isolates were able to germinate, two isolates stayed dormant and two isolates were infested by hyperparasitic fungi. After storage in soil at 5°C or 20°C, the sclerotia of the different isolates exhibited considerable differences in respect to germination capability, but all isolates showed highest germination after a treatment of 8 weeks at 20°C followed by 8 weeks at 5°C. The sclerotia of all isolates showed an increased capacity to germinate withoutAllium extracts at 10°C after pretreatment at 30°C for 28 days.     

Allelopathy of buckwheat: Assessment of allelopathic potential of extract of aerial parts of buckwheat and identification of fagomine and other related alkaloids as allelochemicals

The allelopathic potential of buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) was investigated. Field study showed that living buckwheat reduced weed biomass compared with plots without buckwheat. Laboratory study revealed that root exudates suppressed root and shoot growth of weeds and reduced weed dry weight. Sequential partitioning of the aqueous ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of buckwheat showed that the chloroform extract caused an 80% reduction in radicle elongation of lettuce seedlings at a concentration of less than 100 p.p.m. Fagomine, 4-piperidone and 2-piperidinemethanol were isolated and identified by ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance from the chloroform extract. These compounds caused a 50% inhibition of radicle elongation in lettuce seedlings at concentrations of less than 100 p.p.m. These results suggest that compounds 1, 2, and 3 might act as allelochemicals and affect the growth or germination of different plant species.