The HPLC determination of residues of maleic hydrazide in cloves of garlic bulbs following foliar application

A method was developed for the extraction and HPLC analysis of the plant growth regulator maleic hydrazide (MH) from garlic bulbs. Recovery of MH from fortified garlic tissue was 75.8(±6.1)% at the 1 and 2 mg kg^?1 fortification levels. MH residues were determined by HPLC in cloves of garlic bulbs following treatment at three sites in southern Ontario with foliar applications at 3.75 kg ha^?1. MH residues in the cloves were in the order of 3 mg kg^?1 at two sites, and 11 mg kg^?1 at the third side.     

Fate of [14C]daminozide and [14C]maleic hydrazide in American elm (Ulmus americana L.)

Radiolabelled daminozide and maleic hydrazide (MH) were injected into American elm seedlings, kept in nutrient solution, to determine their translocation pattern and metabolic fate. Both compounds were rapidly translocated to all parts of the plant. After 21 days, 13% of the applied ¹⁴C was exuded into the nutrient solution from the roots of the plants treated with MH. Using gel-filtration and thin-layer chromatographic techniques, it was determined that daminozide did not form any metabolite, and that MH was converted into a MH-sugar complex. A significant amount of ¹⁴C was unextractable from the plant tissue.     

Effect of maleic hydrazide on parasitic fitness of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in wheat

As a growth inhibitor of the apical meristem in the plant stem, Maleic hydrazide plays an important role in modulation of plant growth. In this research, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and its host for reproduction was employed to characterize the effect of maleic hydrazide on parasitic fitness of the strain. Growth inhibition of the secondary leaves of wheat by maleic hydrazide was demonstrated. Results showed that root irrigation by maleic hydrazide at the seedling stage significantly increased the parasitic fitness of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, leading to the increase in sporulation amount, sporulation period, and germination rate of urediniospores. In addition, the ultrastructure of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici urediniospores was not affected by maleic hydrazide treatment. Out data indicate that the optimal concentration and dose for the use of maleic hydrazide is 0.35 g?l^?1 and 1.5 ml/cm², respectively, facilitating the widespread application in wheat stripe rust studies.     

Effect of maleic hydrazide and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy propionic acid on ripening and quality of mango fruit

Dipping in hot water accelerated the ripening process and reduced fungal spoilage in Mangifera indica cv. Pairi mangoes. Accelerated ripening was counteracted by incorporation of maleic hydrazide (MH) in the dip water, thereby extending the storage life with minimum fungal spoilage. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy propionic acid (2,4,5-TP) also delayed the ripening process, but did not improve skin colour. Hot water treatment with or without MH and 2,4,5-TP increased the carotene content of the flesh. These compounds did not significantly alter the chemical composition or quality of the fruit.     

THE EFFECTS OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE AND 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID ON ROADSIDE VEGETATION

Summary. Observations have been made on the effects of maleic hydrazide (MH) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), used singly or as a combined spray, on the vegetation of roadside verges, over a period of 3-4 years (1958-61). Each year, replicate plots were sprayed in spring, and assessments of growth and floristic composition of the vegetation, which was dominated by grasses, were usually made on three occasions. Treatment with MH, used singly, resulted in a general suppression of growth and flowering, particularly of the grasses. Well-marked changes in the composition of the sward were attributable to MH, notably the decline of tufted forms, e.g. Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata , and the rise to dominance of the rhizomatous grasses. These changes were associated with a progressive increase of some dicotyledonous plants, although this was effectively prevented by the combined spray of MH and 2,4-D. Two of the commonest weeds, Anthriscus sylvestris and Heracleum sphondylium , were almost eliminated from plots treated with this combined spray for 3 successive years; a low sward, fairly free from dicotyledons and dominated by Poa rather than Festuca , usually resulted. Treatment with 2,4-D alone, had relatively little effect on growth, flowering and proportion of the different grasses, but there was a reduction in the weed population.
Les effets de l'hydrazide maléique et de l'acide 2,4-dichlorophénoxyacétique sur la végetation au bord d'une route     

Effect of plant growth regulators on the shoot gall formation in mango caused by Apsylla cistellata Buckton (Psyllidae: Homoptera) in India

Abstract

Trials were conducted from 1979 to 1983 at Pantnagar on the effect of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4‐D) (5 to 250 mg/litre), 2,4,5‐trichloroxyphenoxy acetic acid (2,4,5‐T) (5 to 250 mg/litre), 1‐naphthyl acetic acid (NAA) (5 to 500 mg/litre), chlorocholine chloride (CCC) (50,100 mg/litre), naleic hydrazide (MH) (50, 100 mg/litre), abscisic acid (10, 50 mg/litre), gibbrellic acid and Alar (10 and 50 mg/litre) on the gall formation in mango by Apsylla cistellata Guckton. There was no effect on the number of galls formed but abnormal, open, elongated galls were formed in the case of 2,4‐D (100 mg/litre and above) and 2,4,5‐T (150 mg/litre), in which nymphs of A. cistellata could not survive, resulting in control of the pest. No flower panicles emerged on the twigs with no nymphal population.     

A study of the fate of [14C]maleic hydrazide in white ash and black locust seedlings by high-performance liquid chromatography

The distribution and metabolic fate of [¹⁴C]maleic hydrazide in white ash and black locust seedlings were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with thin-layer chromatography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Most of the maleic hydrazide was translocated to the leaves and stems of the black locust seedlings within 1 day after treatment but in the case of the white ash seedlings it remained in the stem tissue. After 30 days, the ¹⁴C was concentrated in the leaves of the black locust seedlings, but only in the stem and at the injection point of the white ash seedlings. Approximately 40 and 10% of the applied ¹⁴C was found at the injection points of the white ash and black locust seedlings, respectively. Chromatographic analysis of extracts showed no detectable metabolite in the black locust seedlings but two metabolites were detected in the white ash seedlings.     

EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON CYNODON DACTYLON (L.) PERS., SORGHUM HALEPENSE (L.) PERS,AND CYPERUS ROTUNDUS L.*

Summary. Plants of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Sorghum helepense (L.) Pers. and Cyperus rotundus L. were treated with the following growth regulators by dipping or foliar spraying: chlormequat, N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (B–995), MH, 2-chloroethane phosphonic acid (ethephon), flurecol and chlorflurecol. Effects varied from stimulation to inhibition of aerial growth, increases in shoot number, and kill of plants. The effect of combinations of foliar spraying with ethephon, MH, flurecol or chlorflurecol followed after 2 days by spraying with the herbicides dalapon or aminotriazole activated with ammonium thiocyanate, was investigated. The herbicides applied alone had no marked effect but combinations were generally more toxic. Ethephon stimulated growth of C. dactylon but combination with dalapon was phytotoxic. MH sprayed alone and combinations of flurecol or chlorflurecol with dalapon or aminotriazole were highly inhibitory to S. halepense. None of the treatments completely inhibited regrowth of C. rotundus. Effets de diverses substances de croissance sur Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. et Cyperus rotundus L. Résumé. Des plantes de Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., de Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. et de Cyperus rotundus L. ont été traitées par trempage ou pulvérisation folaire avec les substances de croissance suivantes: chlorméquat, adde N-diméthylamine succinique (B-995), hydrazide maléique, acide 2-chloroéthane phosphonique (éthéphon), flurécol et chlorflurécol. Les effets furent variables, depuis la stimulation jusqu'à l'inhibition de la partie aérienne, l'accroissement du nombre de tiges et la mort de la plante. L'auteur a étudié l'effet de combinaisons de pulvérisations foliaires avec l'éthéphon, I'hydrazide malélque. le flurécol ou le chlorflurécol suivies deux jours plus tard de traitements au dalapon ou à l'aminotriazole activé avec le thyocyanate d'ammonium. Les herbicides appliqués seuls n'eurent pas un effet marqué mais les combinaisons furent en général plus toxiques. L'éthéphon stimule la croissance de Cynodon dactylon, mais la combinaison avec le dalapon fut phytotoxique. L'hydrazide maléique appliqué seul et les combinaisons de flurécol ou de chlorflurécol avec le dalapon ou I'aminotriazole furent hautement inhibiteurs pour Sorghum halepense. Aucun des traitements n'inhiba completement la repousse de Cyperus rotundus. Wirkung von Wackstunsregulatoren auf Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. und Cyperus rotundus L. Zusammenfassung. Pflanzen von Cyrwdon dactylon (L.) Pers., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. und Cyperus rotundus L. wurden durch Eintauchen oder Blattspritzung mit folgenden Wachslun Lsregulatoren behandelt: Chlormequat, B-995, MH, 2-Chlorächanphosphonsaure (Ethephon), Flurenol und Chlorflurenol. Die erzielten Effekte variierten zwischen Stimulierung und Hemmung des Sprosswachstums, Erhöhung der Zahl der Triebe und Abtötung der Pflanzen. Die Herbizide Dalapon und Aminotriazol, letzteres mit Ammoniumthiocyanat aktiviert, wurden zwei Tage nach Blattsprilzung mit Ethephon, MH, Flurenol oder Chlorflurrnol angewandt und der Effekt der Kombinationen untersucht. Die kombinierten Behandlungen erhöhten die Toxizität, hingegen blieb die Anwendung von Herbiziden allein ohne merkliche Wirkung. Ethephon stimulierte das Wachstum von C dactylon, aber eine Kombination mit Dalapon war phytotoxisch. MH allein sowie Kombinationen von Flurenol oder Chlorflurenol mit Dalapon oder Aminotriazol wirkten auf S. halepense stark hemmend. Keine dieser Behandlungen konnte das Wiederaustreiben von C. rotundus vollständig verhindern     

Comparison of root- and shoot-acting growth retardants on a grass/clover sward

The effects of six grass growth retardants, maleic hydrazide (±2,4-D), mefluidide, paclobutrazol, EL500 and a mixture of mefluidide with paclobutrazol on a grass/clover sward were compared over a 3-year period. Maleic hydrazide, which is the most commonly used retardant, gave poor levels of growth control except when used with 2,4-D. Greatest growth suppression, a 38% reduction in dry matter production from May to July, was obtained from a mixture of mefluidide and paclobutrazol. Differences were observed between the effects of the shoot-acting retardants, maleic hydrazide and mefluidide and the root-acting retardants, paclobutrazol and EL500. Shoot-acting retardants were less effective in wet weather and lasted for a shorter period than root-acting retardants. They also increased compensatory growth after a period of growth suppression, and increased the proportion of clover in the sward.     

Degradation of 14C-maleic hydrazide in soil as influenced by adsorption on activated carbon

Maleic hydrazide was found to be adsorbed on activated carbon when carbon was added to an aqueous solution of maleic hydrazide. The value for Freundlich k was 2300 μg/g. Addition of 200, 1000 and 5000 ppm of activated carbon to soil containing 20 ppm of ¹⁴C-maleic hydrazide markedly delayed the decomposition of the herbicide as determined by the evolution of ¹⁴CO₂. After 4 months of incubation almost equal amounts of ¹⁴CO₂ were evolved from all treatments, indicating that most of the adsorbed herbicide had gradually been made accessible lo decomposition. The degradation rate of maleic hydrazide follows first-order kinetics but the larger the concentration of carbon the more the degradation rate approaches zero-order kinetics. The degradation rate of maleic hydrazide was not delayed, when it was added to soil containing activated carbon which previously had been incubated for 4 months. Thus the activated carbon seemed to have lost its capacity to adsorb maleic hydrazide during the incubation. The correlation between carbon concentration and degradation rate of 10 and 20 ppm maleic hydrazide was found to be: log x = k log 1/c_abs. x = degradation rate, C_ads= concentration of adsorbent (carbon), k expresses the slope of the curve. Dégradation de l'hydrazide maléique-¹⁴C dans le sol en relation avec l'adsorption sur charbon actif Il a été constaté que l'hydrazide maléique est adsorbé par le charbon actif lorsque celui-ci est ajoutéà une solution acqueuse d'hydrazide maléique. La valeur du k de Freundlich a été de 2300 μg/g. L'addition de 200. 1000 et 5000 ppm de charbon actif à un sol contcnant 20 ppm d'hydrazide maléiquc-¹⁴C a retardé notablement la décomposition de l'herbicide. La décomposition a été estimée en fonction de l'évolution du ¹⁴CO₂. Aprés 4 mois d'incubation, des quantités presque égales de ¹⁴CO₂ furent dégagées par tous les traitements indiquant que la plus grande partie de l'herbicide adsorbéétait graduellement devenu susceptible d'être decomposé. Le taux de dégradation de l'herhicide suit une cinétique du premier ordre, mais plus la concentration du charbon est élevée, plus le taux de dégradation se rapproche d'une cinétique d'ordre zéro. La vitesse de dégradation de l'hydrazide maléique ne fut pas retardée lorsqu'il fut ajoutéà un sol contenant du charbon actif qui avait été préalablement mis à incuber pendant 4 mois. Ainsi, le charbon actif semblait avoir perdu sa capacité d'adsorbcr l'hydrazide maléique durant l'incubation. Il a été constaté que la corrélation entre la concentration en charbon actif et le taux de dégradation pour 10 et 20 ppm d'hydrazide maléique fut établie comme suit: log x=k log 1/C_ads. x= taux de dégradation, C_ads.= concentration de l'adsorbant (charbon actif); k rexprimant la pente de la courbe. Einfluss der Adsorption von ¹⁴C-Mahinsäurehydrazid an Aktivkohle auf den Abbau des Herbizids Aktivkohle adsorbierte Malensäurehydrazid aus wässerigen Lösungen. Der Freundlich k-Wert betrug 2300 μg/g. Boden, der auf einen Aktivkohlegehalt von 200. 1 000 und 5 000 ppm gebracht worden war, baute 20 ppm ¹⁴C-Maleinsäurchydrazid deutlich langsamer ab. Der Abbuu wurde über die ¹⁴CO₂-Abgabe bestimmt. Nach viermonatiger Inkubationszeit wurden von alien Behandlungen nahezu gleiche Mengen an ¹⁴CO₂ abgegeben. was darauf hinweist, dass der grösste Teil des adsorbierten Herbizids nach und nach fur die Abbauprozesse frei wurde. Die Abbaugeschwindigkeit von Maleinsäurehydrazid verläuft nach Kinetik I. Ordnung, aber bei zunehmenden Kohlekonzentrationen nähert sichdie Abbaurateeiner Kineliko, Ordnung. Der Abbau von Maleinsäurehydrazid verliefnichi langsamer, wenn das Herbizid einem Boden zugesetzt wurde, der vier Monate zuvor mil Aktivkohle bebandelt worden war. Es wird deshalb angenommen, dass die Aktivkohle während dieser Inkubationszeit ibre Sorptionskapazität gegenuber Maleinsäurebydrazid verloren hat. Folgende Korrelation wurde zwischen Kohlekonzentration und Abbaurate von 10 und 20 ppm Maleinsäurehydrazid gcfunden: log x=k log 1/c_ads; x= Abbaurate; c_ads.= Koozentration des Adsorbens (Kohle); k gibt die Steigung der Kurve an     

Suppression of seed-borne Alternaria arborescens and growth enhancement of wheat with biorational fungicides

Alternaria spp. are among the major fungal contaminants of wheat grain under postharvest and storage conditions, where A. arborescens was recently detected as a new member of this complex in Argentina causing black point. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of some biorational agents to control A. arborescens and their plant growth promoting of wheat. Seed treatments with spore suspensions of Trichoderma harzianum and Eppicoccum nigrum, extracts from Lippia alba and garlic, sodium bicarbonate, salicylic acid (SA), potassium chloride and dibasic sodium phosphate (SP) were applied to grains of wheat cultivar BIOINTA 1004 before their inoculation with the pathogen. After 7 days, seed germination and infection, necrotic symptoms on emerged seedlings and fresh weight were evaluated. Remarkable results were obtained with L. alba, SA and SP treatments that reduced symptoms markedly compared with the control. Interestingly, necrosis of radicles was significantly reduced by the application of all treatments tested. Moreover, fresh weight of seedlings was significantly increased with the application of the two antagonists, diluted garlic juice and the three tested salts in comparison with controls. Therefore, a positive role as growth promoters can be elucidated. It is concluded that compounds here tested have potential as ecofriendly alternatives to control seed-borne Alternaria fungi of wheat.     

Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of hydrazine in maleic hydrazide formulations and in samples stored at an elevated temperature

A method is described for the analysis of small amounts of hydrazine in maleic hydrazide formulations. Following derivative formation with pentafluorobenz-aldehyde, the pentafluorobenzaldehyde azine was extracted with hexane and determined by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection. Recoveries of 72-80% were obtained from samples fortified with 1 and 10 μg of hydrazine. The limit of detection was 0.05 mg kg^?1. Fourteen commercial formulations with maleic hydrazide concentrations ranging from 180-360 g litre^?1 were investigated. The hydrazine content of the maleic hydrazide used in these formulations ranged from less than 0.05 to 53 mg kg^?1. During the storage of two samples at 50°C for 10 weeks, the hydrazine contents increased from 2.2 to 124 and 0.4 to 54 mg litre^?1, respectively.     

Degradation of 14C-labelled maleic hydrazide in soil as influenced by sterilization, concentration and pretreatment

Twenty days after addition of 26 ppm of ¹⁴C-labelled maleic hydrazide (MH) to unsterilized soil, 45 % of the added radioactivity was liberated in ¹⁴CO₂, and after 255 days of incubation 56% was liberated. From autoclaved soil only 5% of added ¹⁴C was liberated in CO₂ after 255 days of incubation. At MH-concentrations below 20 ppm the degradation approaches first-order kinetics, while the degradation of 120 ppm could be described by zero-order kinetics. No lag phase before the start of degradation was observed and the degradation of ¹⁴C-MH was not enhanced by pre-incubating the soil with high concentrations of unlabelled MH for 3 months. Degradation of ¹⁴C-maleic hydrazide was also demonstrated by autoradiography. After 40 and 127 days of incubation only traces of MH could be extracted with ethanol from unsterilized soil, while unchanged herbicide could still be extracted from autoclaved soil. After 9 days of incubation about 4% of the radioactivity from ¹⁴C labelled maleic hydrazide was found in the amino acid fraction of soil. The fraction of added activity found in amino acids decreased to about 2% after 112 days of incubation, following a gradual decrease in the total remaining ¹⁴C in the soil. Attempts to isolate micro-organisms able to use maleic hydrazide as a sole source of C or N did not give positive results. The results here quoted indicate the initial decomposition, if microbial, to be a case of co-metabolism. Degradation de l'hydrazide maléique marqué au ¹⁴C sous l'influence de la stérilisation, de la concentration et d'un prétraitement Vingt jours après addition de 26 ppm d'hydrazide maléique (HM) marqué au ¹⁴C á un sol non stérilisé, 45 % de la radio-activité ajoutée a été libérée sous forme de ¹⁴CO₂ et 56% après 255 jours d'incubation. A partir d'un sol stériliséà l'autoclave, 5% seulement du ¹⁴C ajouté a été libéré sous forme de CO₂ apres 255 jours d'incubation. A des concentrations d'hydrazide maléique inférieures á 20 ppm, la dégradation s'apparente á une cinélique du ler ordre, alors que la dégradation de 120 ppm pourrait être décrite par une cinétique d'ordre zéro. II n'a pas été observé de retard de phase avant le début de la dégradation et la dégradation de ¹⁴C-HM n'a pas été activée par la pré-incubation du sol avec des concentrations élevées d'hydrazide maléique, pendant trois mois. La dégradation de l'hydrazide maléique marque au ¹⁴C a étéégalement demontrée par autoradiographie. Après 40 et 127 jours d'incubation, il n'a été possible d'extraire que des traces d'hydrazide maléique, par l'ethanol, d'un sol non stérilisé, alors que l'herbicide non transformé pouvait encore être extrait d'un sol stérilisé A l'autoclave. Aprés 9 jours d'incubation, environ 4% de la radio-activité de l'hydrazide maléique marqué au ¹⁴C a été retrouvée dans la fraction amino-acide du sol. La fraction de radio-activity ajoutée retrouvée dans les amino-acides décrut d'en-viron 2% après 112 jours d'incubation, suivant une decrois-sance graduelle du ¹⁴C total restant dans le sol. Des tentaiives pour isoler des micro-organismes capables d'utiliser l'hydrazide maléique comme unique source de C ou de N n'ont pas donné de résultats positifs. Les résultats rapportes ici indiquent que la décomposition initiale, si elle est microbienne, est un cas de co- métabolisme. Der Einfluss von Sterilisation, Konzentration und Vorbehandlung aufden Abbau von ¹⁴C-markiertem Maleinsäurehydrazid im Boden 20 Tage nach Zusatz von 26 ppm von ¹⁴C-markiertem Maleinsäurehydrazid (MH) zu nicht-sterilisiertem Boden, wurden 45% der zugesetzten Radioaktivitat als ¹⁴CO₂ freigesetzt; nach 255 Tagen Inkubationszeit waren es 56%. Von autolaviertem Boden wurden nach 255 Tagen nur 5% des zugegebenen ¹⁴C als CO₂ freigesetzt. Bei MH-Konzentrationen von weniger als 20 ppm entspricht der Abbau etwa einer Kinetik 1. Ordnung, während der Abbau von 120 ppm als Kinetik O. Ordnung beschrieben werden könnte. Vor Beginn des Abbaus wurde keine lag-Phase beobachtet. Eine Vorbehandlung des Bodens mit hohen Konzentralionen von nicht-markiertem MH liber drei Monate, wirkte sich nicht beschleunigend aufden Abbau von ¹⁴C-MH aus. Der Abbau von ¹⁴C-Maleinsaurehydrazid wurde auch mit Hilfe der Autoradiographie nachgewiesen. Nach 40 und nach 127 Tagen Inkubationszeit kon_nten aus nicht-sterilisiertem Boden nur Spuren von MH mit Athanol extrahiert werden, wahrend aus dem autoklavierten Boden noch das unveränderte Her-bizid extrahiert werden konnte. Nach 9 Tagen Inkubatioti wurden etwa 4% der Radioaktivität aus dem ¹⁴C-markiertea Maleinsäurehydrazid in der Aminosäurefraktion des Bodens gefunden. Der Anteil zugesetzter Aktivität der in den Amino-säuren gefunden wurde, nahm nach 112 Tagen Inkubation bis auf etwa 2% ab; anschlieBend nahm dasgesamte reslliche ¹⁴C im Boden allmählich ab. Versuche, Mikroorganismen zu isolieren, die Maleinsäurehydrazid als alleinige C- oder N-Quelle verwerten könnten, führten zu keinem positiven Ergebnis. Die angeführten Ergebnisse zeigen, daB es sich beim anfänglichen Abbau, falls er mikrobiell bedingt ist, um Cometabotismus handelt.     

群体感应系统对甜瓜果斑病菌MH21致病力的影响

 以N-乙酰高丝氨酸内酯（N-acyl-homoserine lactone, AHL）为信号分子的群体感应（quorum-sensing, QS）系统是很多病原细菌的重要致病性调控因子。本文自甜瓜果斑病菌——西瓜食酸菌（Acidovorax citrulli）菌株MH21中克隆到AHL信号合成基因luxI_MH21,并构建了其缺失突变体MΔluxI_MH21及转化有AHL信号降解酶编码基因aiiA和aidH的工程菌株MAiiA和MAidH。信号检测结果显示MΔluxI_MH21、MAiiA和MAidH菌株均无AHL信号产生,同时细菌的游动能力及在基本培养基中的生长速率均显著下降,但对细菌生物膜形成和在非寄主植物烟草上诱导过敏性坏死反应的能力没有影响。盆栽条件下,经低浓度（10⁴ CFU/mL）MΔluxI_MH21、MAiiA和MAidH菌株处理的甜瓜种子萌发后幼苗死亡率显著低于野生型MH21和luxI_MH21基因互补菌株MΔluxI_MH21HB的处理;而高浓度细菌（10⁸ CFU/mL）处理种子后,除MAidH菌株处理引起的死苗率明显低于野生型MH21处理,其他菌株与MH21没有显著差异。子叶注射试验也得到相似的结果,以低浓度细菌（10⁴ CFU/mL）注射甜瓜子叶后发现MΔluxI_MH21、 MAiiA和MAidH菌株甜瓜子叶中的繁殖速率及对子叶的致病力与野生型MH21相比均显著下降;而高浓度细菌（10⁸ CFU/mL）处理子叶时,MΔluxI_MH21和MAiiA菌株与野生菌MH21相比致病力无显著差异,仅有MAidH菌株的致病力明显下降。说明QS系统影响菌株MH21在低细菌浓度下对甜瓜幼苗的致病力,这种作用可能与影响细菌生长有关。     

Synthesis and fungicidal activity of N-(p-sulfonylphenyl)-N1 -carbamoylureas

A series of 11 N-(p-sulfonylphenyl)-N¹-carbamoylureas was prepared by reaction of 1,6-diphenyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-s-triazine with chlorosulfonic acid and thionyl chloride. The resultant N-(p-chlorosulfonylphenyl)-N¹-carbamoylurea was subsequently condensed with amines, butanol, hydrazine and sodium azide. The hydrazide was reacted with carbonyl compounds and the azide with trimethyl phosphite. The products were tested for in-vivo fungicidal activity against barley powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis); the acetone hydrazone derivative showed the highest activity. © 1998 SCI.     

Inhibition of seedling growth by wild myrtle (Myrtus communis L.)

Plants of wild myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) collected at full bloom contained substances inhibitory to the germination and seedling growth of perennial ryegrass. (Lolium perenne L. cv Hollandi) Tissue suspensions had a greater inhibitory activity than water extracts of the plant tissue. Boiling the plant material also increased the inhibitory activity of suspensions and extracts. Flower, and buds, fruit covers and leaves had the greatest inhibitory effect/unit weight ot tissue but inhibitory activity was also present in stems and roots at lower concentrations. The effect of myrtle leaf suspensions on germination of seed of thirteen common garden flowers was also examined: Germination of Petunia. Antirrhinum, Liaum. Cheiranthus and Lathyrus was inhibited completely or substantially depressed. Germination of Zinnia, Tagrtes. Verbena and Dianthus was not much affected, while that of Brllis. Gaillardia. and Viola was affected to an intermediate extent. These results suggest that the possible use of wild myrtle as an evergreen hedge plant needs to be examined further because of possible interference with the growth of nearby lawns and flowers.     

Intraspecific variation in Capsella bursa-pastoris in plant quality traits for insect herbivores

The arable plant Capsella bursa‐pastoris is phenotypically variable in many life history traits, particularly time from germination to flowering. The hypothesis was investigated that, associated with this variation, there are differences in traits that influence plant quality for insect herbivores. Significant within‐species variation was found in plant growth, leaf surface characteristics and tissue nutrient composition among 21 accessions of Capsella. Short flowering time plants exhibited slow vegetative growth, relatively large shoot nitrogen content, high leaf hair densities and differences in phloem composition, compared with long flowering time plants. Insect herbivore response to distinctive trait combinations was assessed on a subset of seven accessions using the phloem‐feeding aphids Aphis fabae and Myzus persicae. Variation in aphid performance was small but significant, with 15–25% fewer nymphs produced on plant variants that exhibited greater tissue water content and low tissue C:N ratio (A. fabae) or on variants with less phloem nitrogen (M. persicae). The differential responses exhibited by the two aphid species to the test accessions confirmed that quantifying intraspecific plant variation is a necessary first step in understanding plant functional diversity and its impact on consumers in arable systems.     

Survival of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xanthomonas campestris</Emphasis> pv<Emphasis Type="Italic">. vitians</Emphasis> on lettuce in crop debris,irrigation water,and weeds in south Florida

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, has become a serious threat to canola (Brassica napus) production in western Canada. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of rate of metam sodium fumigant (dithiocarbamate; sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate; trade name Vapam) and application methods including watering, soil surface covering, and soil incorporation on clubroot of canola. At higher rates (0.4–1.6 mL^?1 L soil) metam sodium increased canola seedling emergence and plant health, and reduced root hair infection, gall weight and clubroot severity under greenhouse conditions. Metam sodium application improved subsequent plant growth and reduced clubroot severity, but land preparation and volume of water applied did not affect efficacy. The incorporation of metam sodium into the soil and plastic covering after application improved fumigant efficacy. The study showed that soil fumigation with metam sodium can reduce clubroot severity and improve plant health in the subsequent canola crop.     

Surfactant and salt affect glyphosate retention and absorption

The influence of nonylphenoxy surfactants and glyphosate salt formulation on spray retention, phytotoxicity and [¹⁴C]glyphosate uptake was investigated in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). and Kochia scoparia L. The amount of spray retained, and uptake of [¹⁴C]glyphosate increased with increasing hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of surfactants. The volume of spray delivered to the plant treatment area and retained by wheat and K. scoparia plants increased with increasing surfactant HLB values, but this only partly accounted for the higher spray retention. Spray retention by leaves of plants was not affected by calcium chloride, either alone or with ammonium sulphate in the glyphosate spray solution. [¹⁴C]Glyphosate absorption by wheat and K. scoparia was reduced by calcium chloride alone, but not in mixtures with ammonium sulphate, regardless of surfactant. Phytotoxicity and uptake of glyphosate salt formulations for wheat was: isopropylamine > ammonium > sodium > calcium; these results indicate that the surfactant selected is important to maintain glyphosate efficacy and that sodium and calcium cations antagonize glyphosate by forming salts that are absorbed less than commercial isopropylamine formulations.     

Effects of annual applications of sodium azide on soil fungal populations with emphasis on Trichoderma species

The effect of a granular formulation of sodium azide, applied annually to pine nursery beds at rates of 0, 67.2, and 134.5 kg a. i. ha^?1 under water seal or plastic seal, on soil fungal populations was determined over a 3-year period. Populations of fungi in the soil decreased following application of the sodium azide each year; the greatest decrease occurred at the highest rate of application. Populations of fungi in soil treated with the azide generally remained lower than in the controls throughout each of the 3 years; however, the population disparity between treated and control plots decreased in magnitude with each succeeding year. Populations of Trichoderma spp., in plots treated with 134.5 kg sodium azide ha^?1, increased 2 weeks after treatment each year, and the population peaks increased in magnitude each year. In addition the effect of sodium azide (technical grade > 99%) at concentrations of 0, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 μg ml^?1 in potato dextrose agar and blackstrap molasses agar media was determined in vitro for 14 isolates of Trichoderma harzianum. Growth and sporulation differed among the isolates and between the two media tested. Generally, the azide temporarily inhibited growth of the fungi, but the majority of the isolates were able to grow on either medium containing 50 μg sodium azide ml^?1, although sporulation was more profuse on the molasses than on the potato dextrose agar medium.