The effects of strain and incremental improvements in feed form on d 28 to 42 male broiler performance

Feeding high-quality pellets to modern commercial broilers may maximize genetic potential; however, this typically requires an increased cost to produce feed. Therefore, it is important to determine if incremental improvements in feed form (FF) can increase performance of modern broiler strains. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding modest improvements in feed form (50, 60, 70, or 80% intact pellets; IP) to 2 commercial broiler strains (fast-growing or high-yield) on d 28 to 42 growth performance and processing variables. A common diet was manufactured to contain 80% IP, of which a portion was ground to create a total of 4 FF treatments varying in IP to ground pellet ratios: 50:50; 60:40; 70:30; and 80:20. Fast-growing (FG) birds demonstrated improvements in body weight (BW), BW gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) when compared to high-yield (HY) birds. For the main effect of FF, feeding 80 vs. 50% IP reduced d 28 to 42 FCR. Also, feeding birds 80% IP vs. all other FF treatments improved d 28 to 42 BWG and d 42 BW. A Strain × FF interaction established that FG broilers fed 50, 60, and 70% IP diets had higher d 43 total breast yield than HY birds fed the same FF treatments; however, both strains demonstrated similar total breast yield when 80% IP were fed, which suggests that FG broilers are less sensitive and HY broilers are more sensitive to increasing FF. These data suggest a distinct benefit for feeding improved FF from d 28 to 42 to modern broilers.     

制粒和膨化对饲料营养成分的影响

制粒和膨化由于其特有的热加工工艺条件,能够使淀粉糊化,蛋白质变性,改善饲料适口性及提高饲料消化率;但同时也破坏了饲料中的维生素、酶等热敏成分。本文主要综述制粒和膨化工艺对饲料中主要营养成分的影响。     

Main effects and interactions of varying formulation protein,fiber, and moisture on feed manufacture and pellet quality

The majority of broiler feed is in pelleted form. Feeding pelleted diets results in improved BW gain and FE compared with feeding mash diets. However, improvements in performance are contingent on pellet quality. Past research has focused on methods to improve pellet quality without negatively affecting processing variables and performance. The objective of these studies was to evaluate the effects and interactions that occur when small inclusion amounts of fiber, protein, and moisture were formulated into corn- and soybean-based broiler diets. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, small inclusion amounts (5%) of fiber (in the form of cellulose) or protein (in the form of soy protein isolate) improved the pellet durability index and the modified pellet durability index compared with the control (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, manufacturing variables were not negatively affected (P > 0.05). In experiment 2, small inclusion amounts of protein (2%), in the form of soybean meal, and moisture (2 and 4%), in the form of tap water, improved the pellet durability index and the modified pellet durability index (P ≤ 0.05). Small inclusion amounts of fiber, in the form of oat hulls, negatively affected pellet quality and manufacturing variables. Ingredient interactions were not observed for manufacturing variables or pellet quality. These results demonstrate that small inclusion amounts of supplemental fiber (cellulose), protein (soy protein isolate or soybean meal), and moisture (tap water) can be used to ameliorate poor pellet quality.     

The prevalence of lead shot ingestion in wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in the Netherlands

Summary

During the hunting season 1986–1987, 2859 gizzards from mallards shot in the Netherlands were collected. Gizzards were selected radiographically and examined visually for ingested lead shot. The 95% confidence interval of the prevalence of lead shot ingestion was calculated to be 1.7 to 2.9%. In some gizzards a large number of lead shot (12–16) were seen. This is an indication for locally heavily contaminated areas.

Especially places where mallards are attracted for hunting purposes, by daily feeding of corn, predispose these birds to lead poisoning. A ban with regard to these hunting practices will probably drastically reduce the prevalence of lead shot ingestion. A change from lead shot to steel shot will solve the problem completely.     

柠条颗粒饲料开发利用技术研究

柠条饲料合理开发利用可以拓宽干旱沙区饲料资源,缓解草原压力,改善生态环境.根据柠条的营养特点,将柠条粉碎混合其他原料制成全价颗粒饲料,对其进行营养技术调控,提高柠条全价颗粒饲料营养价值和消化利用率.对柠条全价颗粒饲料的加工技术及影响颗粒成型的因素进行研究,为规模化加工生产提供技术参考.     

精粗比对反刍动物采食行为及饲料利用的影响

适宜的精粗料比例是科学饲养反刍动物的基础,合理的精料投入及其与粗饲料的配比对优化反刍动物瘤胃环境具有潜在的益处。国内外学者对反刍动物营养物质消化代谢规律及影响因素作了不同侧面的研究,在我国现有饲草饲料条件下,既提高反刍动物的生产性能,又能改善动物产品质量,己成为目前我国反刍动物养殖业发展中亟需解决的问题。不同精粗比对反刍动物消化代谢有重要影响,适宜的精粗比对高效利用饲料、指导生产实践具有重大意义。     

Assessment of the effects of feed restriction and amino acid supplementation on glucose tolerance in llamas

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of prolonged feed deprivation on glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and lipid homeostasis in llamas. ANIMALS: 9 adult female llamas. PROCEDURE: On each of 2 consecutive days, food was withheld from the llamas for 8 hours. Blood samples were collected before and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 240 minutes after IV injection of dextrose (0.5 g/kg) for determination of plasma insulin and serum glucose, triglyceride, and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. Between experimental periods, the llamas received supplemental amino acids IV (185 mg/kg in solution). The llamas were then fed a limited diet (grass hay, 0.25% of body weight daily) for 23 days, after which the experimental procedures were repeated. RESULTS: Feed restriction decreased glucose tolerance and had slight effects on insulin secretion in llamas. Basal lipid fractions were higher after feed restriction, but dextrose administration resulted in similar reductions in serum lipid concentrations with and without feed restriction. Insulin secretion was decreased on the second day of each study period, which lessened reduction of serum lipid concentrations but did not affect glucose tolerance. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Despite having a comparatively competent pancreatic response, feed-restricted llamas assimilated dextrose via an IV bolus more slowly than did llamas on full rations. However, repeated administration of dextrose reduced insulin secretion and could promote hyperglycemia and fat mobilization. These findings suggested that veterinarians should use alternative methods of supplying energy to camelids with long-term reduced feed intake or consider administering agents to improve the assimilation of glucose.     

苇状羊茅草坪屑及其饲料利用研究

以校园鲜草苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)新坪屑为原料,调制无添加或复合菌添加青贮,观察发酵品质,测定草坪屑产量和营养成分;并将干燥草坪屑粉碎后添加玉米粉等附加料,然后加工成草颗粒,测定饲料特性及干物质消化率,以探讨草坪屑的饲料特性。结果表明,草坪屑一年内可刈割5次,其鲜草及干草产量分别为13 269.3和4 120.7 kg·hm-2。草坪屑属易调制优质青贮原料, 添加复合菌剂能改善青贮的发酵品质;粉碎草坪屑单独或粉碎草坪屑中另加附加物均易制草颗粒,但是附加料添加能提高草颗粒干物质消化率,达到75%。草坪屑营养丰富,可用于调制优质青贮饲料、易制草粉和草颗粒等草产品,在生产中可用于优质饲草资源广泛开发利用。     

加工工艺对饲料营养价值及动物生产性能的影响

饲料是畜禽生产上开支最大的一项，在我国饲料支出约占总成本的６５％～７０％，通过恰当的加工方法可以获得较好的经济效益。饲料加工的目的正是为了充分发挥饲料营养价值的潜力，提高产品质量和饲养效果。饲料加工对动物营养的影响一直是饲料加工工艺学家和动物营养学家关心的问题，将加工工艺学和动物营养学有机结合起来能够更大提高动物生产性能。１粉碎粉碎的主要目的是增加饲料接触消化酶的表面积，以使之更易于消化，这也是饲料搅拌、制粒和接受其它处理所必需的。目前许多研究结果表明：粉碎对饲料营养价值和畜禽的生产性能有明显的…     

The effects of sage extract feed supplementation on biochemical parameters, weight of internal organs and Salmonella counts in chickens

We investigated the effects of dietary addition of sage extract on the biochemical parameters, weight of some body organs and changes in the counts of Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 (SE) in experimentally infected chickens. The following diets were used: basal diet, basal diet with addition of an extract of Salvia officinalis L. (S), basal diet and SE, and basal diet and S and SE (SSE). Compared to the SE group, sage extract in the SSE group decreased activities of ALP and ALT and concentrations of glucose and bilirubin on the 4th day post inoculation (p.i.). However, on the 18th day p.i., lower levels of bilirubin and ALT activity only were detected. Addition of sage extract to the diets decreased the counts of Salmonella in the liver, spleen and caecum at both sampling times, along with lower production of mucus in the chickens' intestines. Our results suggest that the addition of sage extract to the diet could be effective in protecting SE-infected chickens.     

生化处理对玉米秸颗粒饲料营养价值的影响研究

以玉米秸秆为主要原料，通过添加不同比例的化学处理剂和营养强化剂，调制出5种玉米秸颗粒。对照组由玉米秸添加2％膨润土调制而成；试验组分别为：添加化学处理剂(石灰 尿素，以玉米秸DM计)4 0％(处理Ⅰ)、0 4％(处理Ⅱ)、2 2％(处理Ⅲ)和2 2％(处理Ⅳ)，同时在处理Ⅳ中再添加4％营养强化剂。采用Menke的人工瘤胃产气法评定不同玉米秸处理的体外消化率和营养价值。结果表明，处理Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的粗蛋白质含量明显高于处理Ⅰ和对照；处理Ⅰ、Ⅳ的NDF含量比对照分别降低了7、12％；各处理的ADF含量均比对照组明显降低，并以处理Ⅳ的下降幅度最大，达31．1％。各处理的体外产气量和产气速度均高于对照组，其中以处理Ⅳ的产气速度最快，其快速产气量(a)略高于对照，b的产气速度常数c比对照提高19．3％。相应地，处理Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的估测有机物消化率(OMD)均比对照有明显提高，其中处理Ⅳ的OMD最高，其次为处理Ⅱ，分别比对照(46％)提高19、13％，但处理Ⅰ无明显效应。表明用4％尿素处理可以明显改善玉米秸处理的化学组成和有机物质消化率，其效果优于2％石灰 2％尿素或单纯石灰处理，若将化学处理与营养强化剂结合使用，则可获得更好的处理效果。     

The effects of pelleting and glucanase supplementation in hulled barley based diets on feed manufacture,broiler performance,and digesta viscosity

Feeding broilers barley-based diets requires special consideration primarily due to effects on increased digesta viscosity and decreased nutrient digestion. Pelleting and glucanase supplementation are commonly performed prior to feeding broilers barley-based diets; however, the interaction of these practices is complex. The objective of this study was to establish a comprehensive evaluation of glucanase efficacy including: degree of processing, activity postpelleting, broiler performance, and digesta viscosity. Treatments were arranged in a 5 (diet formulation) × 2 (processing) factorial in a randomized complete block design with 8 replications/treatment. The 5 diet formulations consisted of positive control (PC), negative control (NC), glucanase A (GA) 125 or 1,000 β-Glu-U/kg feed, and glucanase B (GB) 1,000 β-Glu-U/kg feed. The PC and NC diets differed in metabolizable energy by 150 kcal/kg and enzymes were added to NC formulations. Diets were either fed as unprocessed mash or ground pellets. Diet formulation × processing did not interact for feed intake (FI), FCR, or total tract viscosity (P > 0.05); however, a trend was observed for ending bird weight, demonstrating that for ground pellets, GA 1,000 β-Glu-U/kg feed was improved relative to NC and similar to PC (P = 0.0903). Benefits associated with GB were not of similar magnitude, perhaps in part due to a 50% decrease in activity postpelleting. In addition, GA benefits were not suggested for unprocessed mash. The main effect processing was significant (P < 0.0001) demonstrating that broilers fed ground pellets resulted in greater pen ending bird weight, FI, and bird live weight gain (LWG) compared to birds fed unprocessed mash diets. Evaluations of glucanase should go beyond in vitro activity and include live bird performance using feed that has undergone pelleting.     

Effect of feeding a pellet diet containing high sulphur with fresh cassava root supplementation on feed use efficiency,ruminal characteristics and blood metabolites in Thai native beef cattle

The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of feeding pellet containing high sulphur (PELFUR) diet and fresh cassava root (FCR) to Thai native beef cattle on feed use efficiency, ruminal characteristics and blood metabolites. Four male purebred Thai native beef cattle (1.5–2.0 years old) with initial body weight (BW) of 150 ± 15.0 kg were allocated with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Factor A was FCR supplementation at 15 and 20 g/kg of BW. Factor B was the sulphur level in the PELFUR ration at 15 and 30 g/kg of dry matter (DM). No interaction effect was found among FCR supplementation and PELFUR in terms of feed intake and nutrient intake (p > 0.05). Cyanide intake was significantly increased based on FCR supplementation (p < 0.05), whereas sulphur intake was increased by level addition of PELFUR levels (p < 0.05). There were interaction effects among FCR supplementation and PELFUR on digestibility coefficients of DM and organic matter (OM) (p < 0.05). FCR supplementation at 20 g/kg BW with PELFUR 30 g/kg demonstrated the highest digestibility of DM and OM. Moreover, interactions were observed between FCR and PELFUR for bacterial populations (p < 0.01). The populations of bacteria were highest in FCR supplementation at 20 g/kg BW with PELFUR 30 g/kg at various feeding times. An interaction effect from among feeding FCR with PELFUR was found on blood thiocyanate concentrations at various feeding times (p < 0.01). The highest mean values of blood thiocyanate were observed when feeding FCR at 20 g/kg BW with PELFUR at 30 g/kg. No interaction effect was found between FCR and PELFUR on total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and their profiles (p > 0.05). However, the proportions of the total VFA at 0 and 4 h post-feeding were increased when FCR at 20 g/kg BW was supplemented (p < 0.01). FCR at 20 g/kg BW could enhance propionate (C3) at 4 h post-feeding when compared with FCR at 15 g/kg BW (p < 0.01). Moreover, supplementation of PELFUR at 30 g/kg increased the total VFA at 0 and 4 h post-feeding, whereas the concentration of C3 at 4 h post-feeding was enhanced (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes were found for any parameters among treatments and between the main effect of FCR and PELFUR supplementation (p > 0.05). In conclusion, feeding of two combinations (FCR 20 g/kg BW with PELFUR 30 g/kg) could promote the nutrient digestibility, the bacterial populations and the rate of disappearance of cyanide without having any adverse effect on rumen fermentation.     

The effect of copper and cobalt supplementation on the digestibility of fibrous feed in sheep]

The effects of an addition of copper, cobalt, and copper + cobalt on the in vitro digestibility of hay, treated beech sawdust and cellulose by the rumen fluid of sheep fed a complete food ration, complete food ration with 15% treated beech sawdust and a diet consisting of 80% hay and 20% barley were investigated, respectively. The rumen fluid obtained from animals fed a complete food ration showed the significantly higher digestibility of hay (Tab. I) when Cu (P less than 0.05), Co, or Cu + Co (P less than 0.001) had been added into the rumen. The cellulose digestibility increased only after Co application (P less than 0.05). The microelements supplementation in all three forms had a very significant effect on the digestibility of treated beech sawdust by the rumen fluid of sheep fed a diet with 15% sawdust content, although the initial digestibility by the rumen fluid in the control animals (without microelements) was only 44.9%. A similar trend was also observed in the cellulose digestibility, but after Co application this increase was not significant. The rumen fluid of animals fed hay (80%) and barley (20%) showed the highest digestibility. The digestibility of sawdust reached 60% and the of cellulose 95.9% without microelements supplementation (control). In this case the effect of microelement supplementation on the sawdust digestibility was manifested only in the case of cobalt by the digestibility decrease (P less than 0.001). The cellulose digestibility also decreased after administration of Cu (P less than 0.01) and Co (P less than 0.05). The Cu + Co supplementation did not influence its digestibility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Biological type effects on postweaning growth, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics of steers

Postweaning growth, feed consumption and carcass characteristics of 259 individually fed F1 Angus-, Red Poll-, Pinzgauer-, Simmental- and Tarentaise-sired steers from Hereford dams were compared. Average daily gain to 382 d of age for Simmental-sired steers exceeded (P less than .05) the ADG for Red Poll, Angus and Pinzgauer, which were not different. Tarentaise-sired steers were intermediate in growth rate. Simmental-sired steers required less (P less than .05) feed per kilogram of gain than Red Poll- and Angus-sired steers to reach either 382 d of age or 400 kg. Feed conversion (FC) by Simmental, Pinzgauer and Tarentaise-sired steers did not differ (P greater than .05), nor did FC by Red Poll- and Angus-sired steers to reach 382 d or 400 kg. Angus-sired steers required less ME per kilogram of gain to reach 12.7 mm of carcass backfat than did Red Poll-, Pinzgauer- or Tarentaise-sired steers, which were similar. Simmental-sired steers were intermediate in feed conversion to 12.7-mm fat depth and did not differ from the other breed groups. Rankings of breed groups for traits indicative of lean tissue growth were similar to rankings for live animal growth traits. At age- and weight-constant endpoints, Angus-sired steers had more (P less than .05) fat cover and marbling than did steers sired by the other breeds. At these endpoints, Red Poll-sired steers also had more (P less than .05) fat cover than did Pinzgauer-, Simmental- and Tarentaise-sired steers, which were similar.