Transformation of humus substances in the long-drained surface-gleyed soddy-podzolic soils under conditions of pronounced microrelief and different agrogenic loads

The transformation of humus substances resulting from artificial drainage of the surface-gleyed soddy-podzolic soils under conditions of pronounced microtopography and different agrogenic loads was studied. The studied soil characteristics included acid–base conditions, the content and group composition of humus, the ratios between the fractions of humus acids, and optical density of humic acids. The features attesting to humus degradation were found in the soils of microdepressions periodically subjected to excessive surface moistening, in the soils of different landforms upon the construction of drainage trenches, and in the plowed non-fertilized soils. The response of humus characteristics to the changes in the ecological situation in the period of active application of agrochemicals for reclamation of the agrotechnogenically disturbed soils was traced. It was shown that the long-term dynamics of the particular parameters of the biological productivity of the soil depend on the hydrological and agrogenic factors, as well as on the weather conditions.     

滴灌苜蓿田间土壤水盐及苜蓿细根的空间分布

为了明确滴灌苜蓿土壤水、盐运移,细根分布及细根生物量动态,该文对苜蓿进行滴灌和漫灌试验,结果表明,漫灌水分集中在15 cm浅层土壤内且分布均匀,含水率在19.5%~20.5%之间。滴灌水分高值区集中在水平方向距滴头15 cm,深度为40 cm的土层中,含水率达到18.0%~20.0%。漫灌对0~25 cm深度土层盐分淋洗作用明显,土水比1:5土壤水提液的电导率由灌前的0.4~0.5 m S/cm下降到0.3 m S/cm以下;滴灌可使根区盐分下降至0.2 m S/cm,显著低于灌溉初始的盐分含量(P0.05)。与漫灌比较,滴灌苜蓿细根集中分布在水平方向距滴头0~30 cm,垂直深度0~50 cm范围内。生长季各时间节点滴灌细根总量高于漫灌,其平均值分别为211.6和198.3 g/m2。滴灌和漫灌各时间节点细根量表现出明显的波动,其范围分别在193.2~243.6和182.7~219.1 g/m2之间。在整个生长期内,滴灌活根量高于漫灌,且生长前期滴灌死根量变化较漫灌平稳。活细根和死细根之间的周转使得两者呈现出此消彼涨的状态,表明细根具有生长-凋亡-再生长的周期性。该研究可为滴灌技术在苜蓿栽培上的应用提供参考。     

Monitoring of the humus status of soils of the Ingulets irrigation system

The results of long-term studies (1957–2007) of the changes in the morphology of soil profiles and in the reserves and fractional composition of the humus in the soils of the Ingulets irrigation system are discussed. After 50 years of irrigation, the boundaries of the genetic horizons shifted downward by 15–30 cm. The redistribution of the humus took place: its content decreased to a low level in the plow layer of the irrigated and rainfed soils and significantly increased in the layer of 60–100 cm so that the reserves of humus in the layer of 0–100 cm somewhat increased and corresponded to a moderate level. The distribution of humus in the soil profiles was characterized by the gradual lowering down the soil profile. The concentration of nitrogen in the humus of the irrigated southern chernozems was very low. The degree of humification of the soil organic matter was high. The humus was of the humate type in the upper horizons and of the fulvate-humate type in the lower horizons.     

Composition of humus in chronosequences of buried soils in the tundra zone

The humus characteristics in buried Holocene and Late Pleistocene paleosols of the tundra zone have been studied. It is shown that the paleosol sequences encompassing the time span from 55 to 2.5 ka BP contain paleosols with analogous types of humus, attesting to the cyclic repeatability of the corresponding stages of soil formation. A tendency for an increase in the degree of humification in the course of soil development has been revealed. Within the ultracontinental areas of East Siberia, the accumulation of salts accompanied soil formation in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene.     

滴灌和施用秸秆降低日光温室番茄地氮素淋溶损失

以一年两季设施番茄为对象,利用渗漏池收集渗漏液,研究了设施菜地不同灌溉模式(滴灌、漫灌)和施用有机物料(单施鸡粪M、鸡粪配施玉米秸秆M+C、鸡粪配施小麦秸秆M+W)对土壤矿质态氮、可溶性有机氮淋溶损失的影响。结果表明,日光温室栽培条件下,氮素的淋溶损失主要发生于秋冬季,滴灌和漫灌模式下,该季可溶性总氮淋失量占全年淋失量的56.8%和71.1%。漫灌模式下,冬春季和秋冬季可溶性总氮淋失量分别为114.3和281.1kg/hm~2,占单季氮投入量的12.5%和29.3%。与漫灌相比,滴灌使全年番茄产量和氮素吸收量分别显著提高15.6%和21.4%,氮素利用率(氮素吸收量/氮素投入量)显著提高47.5%,同时使全年矿质态氮(铵态氮+硝态氮)和可溶性有机氮淋失量分别降低68.6和47.4 kg/hm~2,降幅分别为33.1%和39.6%。与单施鸡粪相比,鸡粪配施秸秆(玉米或小麦)对番茄产量无影响,但显著降低灌溉水渗漏量和氮素淋溶损失量,使全年灌溉水渗漏损失量平均降低24.3%,全年矿质态氮和可溶性有机氮淋失量分别平均降低26.6%和33.7%。综上,可溶性有机氮在氮素淋溶损失中不可忽视,滴灌模式通过降低渗漏液中氮的浓度,配施秸秆通过减少灌溉水的渗漏损失,进而降低可溶性氮的淋溶损失。     

滴灌均匀性对土壤水分传感器埋设位置的影响

合理选择土壤水分传感器埋设位置以减少监测点密度和成本,是基于无线传感器网络制定灌溉处方图亟待解决的一个关键问题。该研究基于土壤含水率时间稳定性原理,将直接代表平均土壤含水率的点位用于土壤水分传感器布设位置点的选取,在水平方向分布均匀,垂直剖面土壤颗粒组成变异程度随土层深度增加的粉壤土田块内分析了低、中、高灌水均匀系数(分别为0.6、0.8和0.97)对春玉米主要根系层土壤含水率空间分布均匀性和时间稳定性的影响。结果表明,春玉米生育期内,随灌水均匀系数降低,土壤含水率空间分布均匀度降低,但低、中、高灌水均匀系数处理的土壤含水率均匀系数均大于0.81;低、中、高灌水均匀系数处理的平均Spearman秩相关系数均达到了显著水平(P0.05),但土壤含水率空间分布结构相似性随灌水均匀度的增加而减小;对高灌水均匀系数处理,0~0.2、0.2~0.4、0.4~0.6、0.6~0.8 m土层直接代表平均土壤含水率的测点比例分别为83%、78%、53%和86%。随灌水均匀系数降低,各土层直接代表平均土壤含水率的测点数量减少,说明土壤水分传感器随机布设引起的测量误差将随滴灌灌水均匀度的减小而增大。     

Organic matter and biological activity of postagrogenic soils in the southern taiga using the example of Kostroma oblast

The dynamics of the humus status (some indices) and the biological activity of agrosoddy-podzolic soils in the course of the natural forest regeneration were studied based on the example of the soils of two succession series, which differed both in their parent rock and the history of their development. Upon the overgrowing of the croplands, the humus content increased, and its distribution within the soil profile became more differentiated. As a hayfield was overgrown, the humus content decreased to some extent at the earliest stages. The parameters of the humus status more clearly changed in the succession series with the light-textured soils, which had a relatively simple history of agricultural development. The biological activity mainly decreased at the earlier succession stages and became higher with the increasing productivity and greater amounts of easily decomposing falloff entering the soil. This relationship was especially distinctly revealed in the grass communities.     

咸淡水轮灌对棉花产量和土壤溶质迁移的影响

为探讨不同咸淡水膜下滴灌方式对棉花根系、产量和土壤剖面溶质迁移的影响,于2012–2013年在巴州灌溉试验站开展大田试验,共设置全生育期微咸水、淡水和咸淡水轮灌(蕾期—花铃前期淡水、其余生育期微咸水)3个处理。对比不同咸淡水处理下,棉花根系发育、地上部生长和产量的差异,分析0~100 cm土壤中铜、铁、锰、钙、钾、钠6种溶质垂向分布与变化特点。结果表明:2012年,微咸水灌溉条件下,钠离子未发生表聚,40 cm以上土壤微量元素含量显著增高(P0.05),棉花总根长密度、最大根长密度呈咸水处理轮灌处理淡水处理,咸水和轮灌处理下,单株棉花地上部干物质、单位面积铃数和籽棉产量显著高于淡水处理,分别达32%、20%和22%。2012–2013年,咸水处理下棉花总根长密度骤减,导致该处理下单株棉花地上部干物质、单位面积铃数和籽棉产量显著降低(P0.05)。在土壤盐害离子增加,微量元素减少的情况下,采用蕾期至花铃前期淡水灌溉、其余生育期微咸水灌溉的方式,钠离子未发生表聚,2013年棉花总根长密度高于咸水处理达24%,地上部干物质、单位面积铃数和籽棉产量较咸水处理高出13%~24%。咸淡水轮灌一定程度上促进了棉花根系生长,缓解盐害离子对棉花造成的生长胁迫。另外,不同咸淡水灌溉处理下,土壤溶质迁移规律不同:2012–2013年,土壤中铜、铁、锰平均质量分数降低约40%,0~10 cm的表聚系数由0.14~0.17增长至超过0.20,3种处理下铜、铁、锰都表现出强烈的表聚性;钙、钾、钠平均质量分数增加33%~45%,3种处理下钙、钾未表现出明显的表聚性,而微咸水处理下钠由不表聚转变为显著表聚。该成果可为干旱地区合理利用微咸水,实现棉花优质稳产提供参考。     

适宜节水灌溉模式抑制寒地稻田N_2O排放增加水稻产量

2014年在大田试验条件下,设置控制灌溉、间歇灌溉、浅湿灌溉及淹灌4种水分管理模式,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法田间观测寒地水稻生长季N2O排放特征,研究不同灌溉模式对寒地稻田N2O排放的影响及N2O排放对土壤环境要素的响应,同时测定水稻产量,以期为寒地稻田N2O排放特征研究提供对策。结果表明:不同灌溉模式下N2O排放的高峰均出现在水分交替频繁阶段,水稻生育阶段前期,各处理N2O排放都处于较低水平,泡田期几乎无N2O排放。与淹灌相比,间歇灌溉使N2O排放总量增加47.3%,控制灌溉和浅湿灌溉使N2O排放总量减少40.7%和39.6%。寒地稻田N2O排放通量与土壤硝态氮含量关系密切,与土壤10 cm温度显著相关(P0.05)。水稻生长期间各处理N2O排放顺序间歇灌溉淹灌,二者均显著高于浅湿灌溉和控制灌溉(P0.05)。各处理水稻产量以浅湿灌溉最低、其他方式差异不显著。可见,间歇灌溉有助于提高水稻产量,但会促进稻田N2O的排放。在综合考虑水稻产量及稻田温室效应的需求下,控制灌溉为最佳灌溉方式,应予以高度重视。该研究可为黑龙江寒地稻作区选择节水减排模式提供科学支撑。     

灌溉方式对设施土壤总有机碳及其腐殖质组分的影响

通过13年连续的番茄栽培灌溉试验,分析了沟灌、滴灌和渗灌3种灌溉处理0—80cm土层土壤有机碳及其腐殖质组分(胡敏酸、富里酸、胡敏素等)含量,探讨了不同灌溉方法对温室土壤有机质变化的影响。结果表明:3种灌溉处理土壤总有机碳、腐殖质各组分含量剖面变化特征一致,均随土层加深而降低,且这一变化主要集中在0—50cm土层,50—80cm土层变化较小。土壤总有机碳及其组分各灌溉处理间差异明显,将土壤剖面分为0—20,20—80cm上、下2个层次,总体上总有机碳含量上层为渗灌沟灌滴灌,下层滴灌沟灌渗灌;腐殖酸含量上层滴灌沟灌渗灌,下层为渗灌滴灌沟灌;胡敏素上层为沟灌滴灌渗灌,下层为渗灌滴灌沟灌。滴灌处理既能使0—40cm土层土壤有机碳含量保持较高水平,土壤腐殖质含量又高于沟灌、渗灌处理,这对于提升设施土壤肥力水平、保证番茄养分供应是有利的。     

漫灌和滴灌棉花土壤有效磷丰缺指标与临界值研究

【目的】 土壤有效磷含量是棉花施用磷肥的重要依据,由于连续多年施用磷肥,新疆棉花土壤有效磷含量有较大幅度的增加,但对棉花土壤有效磷的评价仍然使用以前的标准,磷肥推荐用量不能适应棉花生产。因此,明确土壤有效磷的临界值,能为有效指导棉花合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。 【方法】 选择新疆281个试验点,建立缺磷区相对产量与土壤有效磷含量之间的关系,进行对数方程模拟,分别将相对产量带入相应的对数方程,求出对应的土壤有效磷分级指标值,同时采用线性 + 平台模型拟合求出土壤有效磷临界值,根据有效磷分级推荐施用磷肥。 【结果】 对棉花产量和土壤有效磷的相关性进行直线、指数和对数模拟,3种回归方程的相关系数都达到了1%显著水平,其决定系数R2分别为0.500、0.470和0.590,以对数回归方程相关性最高。采用线性 + 平台模型拟合棉花相对籽棉产量和土壤有效磷的关系,棉花相对籽棉产量对土壤有效磷含量的反应分成2段,拐点即为土壤有效磷临界值,此时棉花土壤有效磷的临界值为22.0 mg/kg。当土壤有效磷 ≥ 22.0 mg/kg时,y = 93.77,表明随土壤有效磷的增加,棉花相对籽棉产量不变,此时施用磷肥几乎没有增产作用;当土壤有效磷 < 22.0 mg/kg时, y = 62.86 + 1.405x,施磷肥可以促进棉花增产 (R2 = 0.63**)。棉花的磷肥利用率随土壤有效磷含量的增加而大幅度降低。当土壤有效磷 < 5 mg/kg时,漫灌条件下磷肥的利用率为25.7%,滴灌为21.6%,二者差异不显著;当土壤有效磷5～12 mg/kg时,漫灌和滴灌条件下磷肥的利用率也没有显著差异;当土壤有效磷12～25 mg/kg时,滴灌条件下磷肥的利用率为15.0%,比漫灌显著增加4.6个百分点;当土壤有效磷为25～38 mg/kg和> 38 mg/kg时,漫灌和滴灌条件下磷肥的利用率差异又变得不显著。不论漫灌和滴灌,棉花磷肥的平均利用率约为15.9%。 【结论】 根据棉花相对产量的 < 70%、70%～80%、80%～90%、90%～95%、> 95%,将土壤有效磷划分为5个等级,即 < 5 mg/kg、5～12 mg/kg、12～25 mg/kg、25～38 mg/kg和 > 38 mg/kg,土壤有效磷临界值为22.0 mg/kg。漫灌条件下磷肥的平均利用率为15.2%,而滴灌条件下磷肥的平均利用率为17.1%,差异不显著。棉花土壤有效磷丰缺指标为极低、低、中、高、极高,获得了土壤有效磷临界值及不同棉花产量下的推荐施磷量。      

Effect of the chemical composition of green manure crops on humus formation in a Soddy-Podzolic soil

The effects of different types of green manure (Trifolium pratense L., Dactylis glomerata L., and Secale cereale L.) and the time of its input into the soil (autumn and spring) on the contents of humus and labile humus substances in a soddy-podzolic soil and the relationship between the formation of humus and the chemical composition of the applied biomass were studied. Green manure had a positive effect on the accumulation of humus in the soil. When the plants were plowed into the soil in the fall, the amount of humus formed in the soil in the first year was 0.1% higher in comparison with the spring application of green manure. The most active synthesis of new humus substances took place upon the following properties of the plant biomass: C: N = 15–25, the cellulose content of 20–28%, and the lignin content of 14–17%. The highest amount of labile humus substances was formed during the decomposition of the biomass with the C: N ratio above 20, the cellulose content of 19–20%, and the lignin content of 14–16%.     

A comparative assessment of the biological properties of soils in the cultural and native cenoses of the Central Caucasus (using the example of the Terskii variant of altitudinal zonality in Kabardino-Balkaria)

The biological properties of the most widespread automorphic and hydromorphic soils of cultural and native cenoses in the Terskii variant of the altitudinal zonality (Kabardino-Balkaria) are compared. The data on the humus reserves in the 0- to 20-cm soil layer and those on the carbon content in the microbial biomass calculated on the basis of the results of substrate-induced respiration measurements are presented. The share of carbon in the microbial biomass of the total organic carbon in the soils was determined. Long-term (more than 70 years) farming on the studied soils significantly changed their biological properties. The humus content and its reserves became lower by 25–40%. The physiological activity of the microbial biomass in the cultural soils decreased by more than 60%. Presently, the soils of the cultural cenoses function as an entire natural system, but at a lower level of fertility; the loss of more than 30% of the bioorganic potential (the critical threshold of soil system stability) indicates the disturbance of soil ecological functions, their stability, and the capability of self-restoration.     

长期施肥条件下土壤养分的动态和平衡——Ⅰ对土壤腐殖质积累及其品质的影响

长期施用有机肥和化肥,对土壤腐殖质积累和改善品质的作用研究,于1986～1991在俄罗斯季米里亚捷夫农学院等地进行。主要结果如下:.1.有机肥对土壤腐殖质的积累作用大于NPK化肥。施肥所增加的土壤腐殖质,除了砂壤土外,主要是在0～60cm土层,60cm以下土层施肥效果不明显。.2.长期施用有机肥和NPK化肥,提高了胡敏酸组分Ⅰ(游离的及与活性R₂O₃结合态)的含量和腐殖酸相对迁移率,而与Ca⁺⁺离子结合的胡敏酸组分Ⅱ含量下降。由于胡敏酸组分Ⅱ与Ca⁺⁺离子结合减弱,增加了腐殖质在水中的溶解,使之在大雨或大量灌水时易于淋失。.3.施用有机肥和NPK化肥,水溶性腐殖物质的含量明显提高,缓解了干旱条件下土壤高浓度矿物盐的影响。.4.长期施肥提高了土壤的亲水性;其膨胀容积、膨胀速度常数、土壤吸水量、土壤表面积等指标均不同程度的提高,但砂壤土增加了幅度低于粉砂壤土和粘壤土。.5.胡敏酸甲氧基功能团的含量多寡是衡量土壤腐殖质化的重要指标。试验表明,长期施肥下低肥力酸性土壤中胡敏酸甲氧基含量提高了46％～300％,高肥力非酸性土壤提高了17％～32％。     

Microbial Activity in Paddy Soil and Water-Use Efficiency of Rice as Affected by Irrigation Method and Nitrogen Level

The thin-shallow-wet-dry irrigation (TIR) method is one of water-saving irrigation methods of rice cultivation. The effects of TIR method on water-use efficiency (WUE) of rice and soil microbial activities were investigated under three rates of nitrogen (N) compared to conventional flood irrigation. The TIR method decreased total water consumption (21.7–23.5%) and increased rice WUE (17.8–27.2%). At high N level, the TIR method significantly increased the number of nitrifying bacteria; the activities of catalase, invertase, and urease in soil at the jointing, booting, and milky stages; and the number of denitrifying bacteria at the milky stage. Increased N rate increased grain yield and water consumption simultaneously, and middle N level increased microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and N, the number of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, and the activities of catalase, urease, and invertase. Thus the TIR method at the middle N level can effectively improve rice WUE and soil MBC and enzyme activity.     

The Impact of Regular and Periodic Irrigation on the Fertility and Productivity of an Ordinary Chernozem of the Azov Irrigation System

The effect of regular and periodic irrigation on the fertility and productivity of an ordinary chernozem cultivated under different conditions within the same cereal-fodder crop rotation is discussed. The investigation object is located in the area of the Azov irrigation system on the second terrace of the Don River in Rostov oblast. Irrigation water for the system is taken from the Veselovsk water reservoir. Its salinity is 1.7–2.1 g/dm³, and the salt composition is sulfate–sodium. The field experiments were performed in 2006–2013 on three experimental plots. Two of them were regularly irrigated; the third plot was periodically irrigated with alternation of 2-year-long periods with and without irrigation. Our study proved that periodic irrigation could be applied in the chernozemic zone. This new irrigation mode contributes to the preservation of the natural soil-forming process and stops the development of unfavorable processes typical of the lands irrigated with water of inadequate quality. In eight years of cultivation of the ordinary chernozem with periodic irrigation, the soil humus content increased by 10% (from 3.80 to 4.15%), and the yield reached 66.0 t/ha of fodder units. This was 9% higher than the yield obtained upon regular irrigation without agroameliorative measures and 12% lower than the yield upon regular irrigation in combination with soil-protective measures. Our data suggest that periodic irrigation is promising for the chernozemic zone, because it ensures lower water loads and preservation of the irrigated chernozems.     

膜下滴灌系统不同应用年限棉田根区盐分变化及适耕性

盐碱地长期膜下滴灌作物根区土壤盐分是否累积及适宜耕作问题引起很多学者关注和思考,并成为制约干旱区农业生产、影响绿洲生态稳定和膜下滴灌可持续应用的重要因素。该文通过对新疆典型灌区5块不同膜下滴灌应用年限农田进行连续4a的定点监测,尝试揭示长期膜下滴灌农田根区土壤盐分演变趋势。结果表明,在现行灌溉制度条件下,新疆干旱区绿洲膜下滴灌棉田0～60 cm膜内根区盐分随滴灌年限呈降低趋势,在滴灌1～4年根区总盐变化幅度及降低幅度均较大,滴灌5～7a盐分继续小幅降低,根区平均含盐量均低于5 g/kg,棉花根系生境合适,基本满足耕种条件,棉苗存活率在60%以上,产量在5 250 kg/hm2以上;滴灌8～15 a盐分趋于稳定,根区平均含盐量均低于3 g/kg,且Cl-含量低于0.12 g/kg时,棉花成活率及产量较高且稳定,棉苗存活率在90%以上,产量在6000 kg/hm2以上,根区土壤盐分中Na+与Cl-随滴灌年限降低趋势明显。当地的灌溉制度是造成根区盐分降低的主要原因,坚持现行的灌水制度有利于膜下滴灌长期可持续应用,但应适当减少花铃后期及吐絮期的灌水定额以节约水资源。     

Changes in the Content,Composition, and Properties of Humic Substances in Particle-Size Fractions of Soddy-Podzolic Soils under the Impact of Long-Term Drainage

Specific features of the transformation of humic substances in particle-size fractions of drained soddy-podzolic soils were studied on a field (12 ha) of the Experimental and Educational Center of Lomonosov Moscow State University in Moscow oblast. The field had a clearly pronounced microtopography. Surface-gleyed soddy-podzolic soils (Albic Stagnic Glossic Retisols (Loamic, Aric, Ochric)) of microdepressions with excessive surface moistening and nongleyed soddy-podzolic soils (Albic Glossic Retisols (Loamic, Aric, Ochric)) of elevated positions were examined. These soils were studied before the field drainage and during 25 years after drainage works in the periods differing in conditions of humification and with due account for not only drainage works but also other factors, such as topography and agrotechnology and their joint action. The specificity of transformation of humic substances in the soils and their particle-size fractions was analyzed in the basis of data on the organic carbon content, group and fractional composition of humus, the intensity of individual stages of humification (the neoformation of humic acids and the formation of humates), and the optical density of the fractions of humic acids. The results of the study of these properties in the fine soil fractions (<50 μm) made it possible to assess the response of the clay (<1 μm) and silt (1–5, 5–10, 10–50 μm) fractions to changes in the ecological situation and the role of separate particle-size fractions in the degradation of humus under adverse impacts. Overall, a clear tendency toward worsening of the humus quality was observed in both soils during the 25-year-long period, which is related to the long-term (20 years) agricultural use of the reclaimed field without application of agrochemicals. The features of humus degradation were mainly manifested in the finest (<10 μm) fractions with a general decrease in the humus content, slowing down of the formation of humic acids and humates, and considerable loss of humic acids, including their agronomically valuable fractions HA1 and HA2. The degradation of humus quality in the clay fraction was largely due to the impact of the reclamation (drainage) factor; the degradation of humus quality in the fine and medium silt fractions was mainly due to the negative changes in the agricultural background. Among negative consequences of the worsening humus quality, the lowering of soil fertility, ecological sustainability, and productivity of agrocenoses should be noted.     

Effect of crop residues on the organic matter composition of a leached chernozem in the Western Siberian forest-steppe

In leached chernozems used in crop rotations with different amounts of plant residues for nine years, the following parameters have been determined: the changes in the contents of the total carbon and carbon and nitrogen from the readily hydrolyzable components of the soil organic matter: the labile humus, detritus, and mortmass. No significant differences in the content of C_org in the soil among the crop rotations have been found. The different inputs of plant residues have significantly affected the contents of carbon and nitrogen in the readily mineralizable soil organic matter. The decrease in the mean annual input of the aboveground plant residues to the soil from 1.5 to 0.2 t C/ha resulted in the reduction of the carbon and nitrogen contents in the soil by 19–25% for the labile humus, 24–28% for the detritus, and 33–36% for the mortmass. The labile humus formed the largest fraction (3890 mg of C/kg soil or 10.3% of C_org on the average for the crop rotations); the fractions of the detritus (1546 mg C/kg soil or 10.3%) and mortmass (627 mg C/kg soil or 1.7% of C_org) were the next.     

三江平原典型湿地土壤腐殖质的剖面分布及其组成特征

以三江平原腹地挠力河、别拉洪河、浓江河流域自然沼泽湿地为研究对象,研究了典型湿地土壤腐殖质的剖面分布及其组成特征,并探讨了土壤腐殖质与植被类型及土壤全氮含量的关系。三江平原典型湿地土壤草根层和泥炭层中胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)的累计含量在整个剖面总量中的比例均大于70%,各组分相对含量分别高于35%总有机碳和23%总有机碳,其剖面分布与土壤有机碳(SOC)的变化趋势一致,由表层向下层逐渐减少。除小叶章湿地土壤草根层HA/FA值为0.97外,三江平原典型湿地土壤HA/FA均大于1,其剖面均值为1.4~2.5,表明三江平原湿地为胡敏酸型土壤.腐殖质各组份含量及其HA/FA值因植被类型而异,而与土壤全氮含量呈显著线性相关(p<0.05)。