川南常羽乌骨鸡肤色的遗传研究

通过对川南常羽乌骨鸡三种羽色系的纯繁、杂交以及与三个浅肤品种的杂交，初步揭示了川南常羽乌骨鸡肤色的遗传现象。结果表明，所用乌骨鸡的肤色主要受遗传控制，存在杂合类型，黑羽系和麻羽系的肤色遗传较为稳定。乌肤性状终生不变，且与趾色、肉骨及肉膜色高度相关。乌肤公鸡与不同浅肤母鸡的杂交后代可表现出较高的不同的乌肤比例，表明适当引入浅肤血缘尚可保持乌骨鸡的乌色性状。     

丝羽乌骨鸡群体遗传结构的微卫星标记分析

用9对微卫星引物对170只丝羽乌骨鸡的基因组DNA进行扩增,结果表明,9个微卫星标记在该品系中都表现出了丰富的多态性,所有扩增结果都能重复.微卫星标记平均每个座位检测到4.56个等位基因(3-7个).9对微卫星引物平均多态信息含量为0.6072,标记平均杂合度为0.7423.本研究的结果可以为进一步利用微卫星进行丝羽乌骨鸡种质特性等研究提供一定的参考.     

丝羽乌骨鸡群体遗传结构的微卫星标记分析

用 9对微卫星引物对 170只丝羽乌骨鸡的基因组DNA进行扩增 ,结果表明 ,9个微卫星标记在该品系中都表现出了丰富的多态性 ,所有扩增结果都能重复。微卫星标记平均每个座位检测到 4 .5 6个等位基因 (3～ 7个 )。 9对微卫星引物平均多态信息含量为 0 .6 0 72 ,标记平均杂合度为 0 .74 2 3。本研究的结果可以为进一步利用微卫星进行丝羽乌骨鸡种质特性等研究提供一定的参考     

四川山地乌骨鸡与丝羽乌骨鸡生长发育性能、屠宰性能比较研究

采用四川山地乌骨鸡和丝羽乌骨鸡0～12周龄生长发育资料和13周龄屠宰性能资料,进行t检验和方差分析,比较品种性能,揭示各品种生长发育规律.结果显示山地鸡料肉比、增重能力和屠宰性能均明显优于丝羽乌骨鸡;两品种公鸡的屠宰性能总体优于母鸡.推测山地鸡和丝羽乌骨鸡最佳屠宰时间分别为16周龄和14周龄.本试验为品种的合理开发利用提供了参考资料.     

天府乌骨鸡与贵州山地乌骨鸡线粒体DNA的序列分析

测定了12只天府乌骨鸡、11只贵州山地乌骨鸡和11只矮小型乌骨鸡共34个个体的控制区(D-环)部分序列(539bp),结果显示线粒体D环部分序列有11种单倍型,分布在4个不同的序列变异类型中,提示其至少有4个不同的母系来源。     

丝羽乌骨鸡生长发育规律的试验研究

通过对丝羽乌骨鸡生长性能的研究,探索了丝羽乌骨鸡的生长发育规律。用SAS软件拟合了其生长发育曲线。结果发现:丝羽乌骨鸡体重生长的累积生长曲线接近于标准的“S”型,遵循正常的发育规律。拟合的生长曲线和实际发育曲线符合程度高,生长拐点在10．8周龄,拐点的体重是713g。初生重与生长前期的相关性较大,与后期体重相关不显著,相邻周龄间相关较大,相邻之间的相关系数一般都在0．7以上,周龄间隔越大,相关越弱。     

丝羽乌骨鸡产蛋曲线拟合研究

丝羽乌骨鸡是闻名中外的药用家禽,国际承认的标准品种称为丝羽鸡,日本称乌骨鸡。因其具有药用、营养及观赏价值,被古今中外学者所重视。近年来,丝羽乌骨鸡蛋受到广大消费者的青睐,但是由于丝羽乌骨鸡生长缓慢、体重轻、产蛋性能低,难以满足广大消费者的需求。乌骨鸡开产日龄一般为170～205 d,比专用蛋鸡(153.2 d)要迟50 d左右,且其产蛋量低,年产蛋量仅有75～105枚,只有商品蛋鸡的1/3[2],与商品蛋鸡的产蛋性能相比差异显著。李房全对余干黑羽乌骨鸡进行4个世代的选育,开产日龄由202.23 d提     

川南常羽乌骨鸡肤色的遗传研究与杂交利用

通过对川南常羽乌骨鸡三种羽色系的纯繁、杂交以及与三个浅肤品种的杂交,初步揭示了川南常羽乌骨鸡肤色的遗传现象。结果表明,所用乌骨鸡的肤色主要受遗传控制,存在杂合类型,黑羽系和麻羽系的肤色遗传较为稳定。乌肤性状终生不变,且与趾色、肉骨及内膜色高度相关。乌肤公鸡与不同浅肤母鸡的杂交后代可表现出较高的不同的乌肤比例,表明适当引入浅肤血缘尚可保持乌骨鸡的乌色性状。     

丝羽乌骨鸡蛋重和冠型对孵化率影响的研究

采用单、复冠及正反冠型相交４种组合，组内设立蛋重区间的分组方法，对丝羽乌骨鸡种蛋进行孵化对比试验。结果表明，冠型与孵化性能无显著相关，单冠鸡精液品质好的特性，弥补了其精液量少的不足。在国产少耗料下，单冠可产出多于复冠鸡的雏鸡。     

丝羽乌骨鸡月产蛋性能与微卫星标记关系的研究

本研究首次从月产性能这个角度对丝羽乌骨鸡的产蛋性能进行微卫星标记分析;从鸡的遗传图谱中选择10个与产蛋性能相关的微卫星基因座,随机选取丝羽乌骨鸡共120只进行标记基因型与产蛋性状的最小二乘分析,结果表明有5个标记分别与4个不同的月产蛋性状间存在显著相关.其中标记MCW0170的基因型DE和标记MCW0241的基因型AA最有望作为月产蛋量及早期产蛋性能的辅助标记.     

安徽省3个地方鸡品种的遗传多样性分析

运用微卫星标记对淮南麻黄鸡、皖南三黄鸡和五华鸡3个地方品种遗传多样性进行了分析。在5个座位中,共检测到23个等位基因数,平均有效等位基因数为1.5396,杂合度为0.2920,多态信息含量为0.4156。3个地方品种中,淮南麻黄鸡遗传多样性最低,五华鸡遗传多样性最高。根据5个微卫星座位等位基因频率计算群体遗传一致度和标准遗传距离并构建系统发生树,五华鸡与皖南三黄鸡遗传关系最近,皖南三黄鸡与淮南麻黄鸡最远。研究结果与这些地方品种的地理分布、育成历史相一致,同时也佐证了微卫星标记是研究鸡群体遗传关系的一个有用工具。     

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Three Newly Discovered Native Chicken Breeds in Yunnan Using mtDNA D-loop Region Sequences

This study was aimed to evaluate the information of their genetic background of Frizzle chicken (FM),Naked-neck chicken (CB) and YN chicken (YN) that were three newly discovered native chicken genetic resources with excellent characteristics,which had been found in Nujiang prefecture and mountainous area of Yunnan province.The variation in a total of 168 individuals sampled from the three chicken populations was assessed using the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region sequences as genetic marker.The results showed that there were a total of 27 haplotypes were defined in the three native chicken as well as the haplotype diversity of these three chicken were 0.947,0.938 and 0.596,respectively.The nucleotide diversity of these three chicken were 0.01268,0.01434 and 0.00239,respectively.Phylogenetic tree displayed that all 168 individuals distributed in maternal lineage A,B,C,E,F and G.Frizzle chicken contained lineages E,F and G,and Naked-neck chicken contained all 6 lineages,of which the main lineages were E,F and G.YN chicken included lineages E,F and G,and lineage E was the highest percentage in this population.Also,it found that YN chicken was closely related to Gallus gallus murghi,White Plymouth Rock chicken,White Leghorn chicken and New Hampshires chicken,while Naked-neck chicken was closely related to Gallus gallus spadiceus,Gallus gallus jabouillei,Gallus gallus gallus Linnaeus,Indonesian cockfight and Laos chicken.The Frizzle chickens shared more haplotypes with Naked-neck chicken,and the evolutionary relationship between the two species was closer.This study provided a basis for the origin and genetic assessment of three newly discovered Yunnan local chicken breeds.     

A Genetic Diversity Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Region in Four High Quality Chicken Breeds

This study was conducted to elucidate the genetic diversity of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region in Qingyuan partridge chicken group 1,Qingyuan partridge chicken group 2,Yangshan chicken and Qingyuan Yellow feather black-bone chicken.The specific primers were designed according to mtDNA D-loop region of Gullus gullus spadiceus (accession No.:NC_007235.1) in GenBank.The sequence was analyzed after PCR amplification and sequencing,and the haplotype number,polymorphism number,haplotype diversity,nucleotide diversity and nucleotide mean difference were counted.The evolution divergence among breeds was calculated by Mega 5.10 software,and the phylogenetic tree was constructed.The results showed that the length of mtDNA D-loop region in four high quality chicken breeds was 591 bp,and 549 bp were used for subsequent analysis.The content of A,T,C and G were 27.2% to 27.3%,30.1% to 30.4%,29.5% to 29.8% and 12.8% to 12.9%,respectively,and the average content of G+C was 42.5%.There were 92 polymorphic sites which contained 14 singleton variable sites and 78 parsimony informative sites,and the percentage of transitions and transversions were 89.13% (82/92) and 10.87% (10/92),respectively.The haplotype diversity ranged from 0.682 to 0.835,and the nucleotide diversity ranged from 0.00849 to 0.01167.There were 32 haplotypes in all sequences,which could be divided into clades A,B,C and E,however,most of the individuals belonged to clades B (51.2%) and E (37.6%).The phylogenetic tree results showed that four high quality chicken breeds could be classified as 4 branches which were consistent with the haplotypes classification results.The results indicated that the four high quality chicken populations from Qingyuan had relatively high haplotype and nucleotide diversity and likely shared two or more common maternal lineages.     

利用微卫星标记分析贵州地方鸡种的遗传多样性及亲缘关系

利用7个微卫星标记对12个贵州地方鸡种及1个引入鸡种的遗传多样性进行了检测，分析了各标记座位上的等位基因及频率、基因杂合度、平均基因杂合度、多态信息含量、平均多态信息含量及群体间的亲缘关系。结果表明：13个种群在7个标记座位上的等位基因及频率等均存在一定差异。其中，瑶山鸡的平均基因杂合度最高，引入鸡种隐性白洛克的平均基因杂合度最低，其余鸡种介于其间。平均多态信息含量的分析结果与此类似，说明瑶山鸡的遗传多样性最为丰富。模糊聚类的结果表明，13个鸡种分为2大类群，隐性白洛克独自为1个类群，12个贵州地方鸡种构成1个类群。12个贵州地方鸡种又可进一步分为2个小类群：其中1个小类群由兴义土鸡、矮脚鸡首先聚在一起，然后依次聚上黔东南小香鸡、黔东南小香乌骨鸡构成；高脚鸡、瑶山鸡、威宁鸡、竹乡鸡、竹乡乌骨鸡、黑羽乌蒙乌骨鸡、乌蒙鸡、麻羽乌蒙乌骨鸡则构成另一个小类群。     

用微卫星标记分析贵州地方鸡种的遗传多样性及亲缘关系

利用20个微卫星座位对贵州12个地方鸡种和隐性白洛克进行遗传分析,得到各品种的等位基因频率、平均杂合度、多态信息含量及品种间的Nei氏标准遗传距离,并进行了聚类分析。结果表明:13个鸡种在各微卫星座位上的遗传杂合度均有差异,平均遗传杂合度为0.6885(贵州地方鸡种为0.6915);平均多态信息含量为0.6297(贵州地方鸡种为0.6326),说明贵州地方鸡种遗传多样性较隐性白洛克丰富。UPGMA聚类分析结果显示,13个鸡种分为2大类群,隐性白洛克独自构成一个类群,12个贵州地方鸡种为另一个类群,12个贵州地方鸡种进一步可分为4个小类群。研究结果对贵州地方鸡种资源的评估、保存和利用具有一定的指导意义。     

略阳乌鸡线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)的遗传多样性分析

为了研究略阳乌鸡线粒体DNA控制区（mtDNA D-loop）的遗传多样性和起源,本研究对30只略阳乌鸡样品的mtDNA D-loop全序列进行了PCR扩增和测序,结合GenBank中公布的其他鸡的D-loop区序列,分析略阳乌鸡线粒体多态性及其起源。结果表明,略阳乌鸡mtDNA D-loop区全序列中,A、C、G、T平均含量分别为26.6%、26.6%、13.4%和33.4%,26个核苷酸多态位点均为转换位点,核苷酸多样度（Pi）为0.00705,单倍型变异度（Hd）为1.000,中性检验Tajima's D值为-0.47272。通过群体构建的系统进化树发现,略阳乌鸡样品在系统进化树上聚为4大分支。研究结果表明,略阳乌鸡群体内个体序列变异程度较大,遗传多样性丰富,揭示略阳乌鸡在遗传组成上具有4个母系来源。     

Genetic Diversity of Lueyang Black-bone Chicken Based on Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Region Sequence

This study was aimed to assess mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence diversity and origin of Lueyang Black-bone chicken.The mtDNA D-loop sequence of 30 individuals from Lueyang Black-bone chicken were amplified by PCR and subsequently sequenced.The mtDNA D-loop sequence of other chicken were collected from GenBank and used as reference sequences to analyze the diversity and origin of Lueyang Black-bone chicken.The results revealed that the average values of base composition of A,C,G and T in mtDNA D-loop the sequence of Lueyang Black-bone chicken were 26.6%,26.6%,13.4% and 33.4%,respectively.26 nucleotide polymorphic sites were transition.The average nucleotide diversity (Pi) of the sites and haplotype diversity (Hd) were 0.00705 and 1.000,and the value of Tajima's D was -0.47272.Phylogenetic tree showed that samples were clusted in 4 clades. In the research, it could be concluded that the genetic diversity was relatively rich and wealthy and there were 4 maternal origins to Lueyang Black-bone chicken population.     

乌鸡的饲养与疾病防治

近年来,随着乌鸡饲养业的兴起,乌鸡的发病率不断上升。本文结合我国乌鸡饲养者的生产实践,介绍了乌鸡的饲养管理、易发疾病以及卫生防疫。     

基于RAD-seq简化基因组测序的19个地方鸡种遗传进化研究

旨在基因组水平上揭示地方鸡种的遗传进化,发掘重要种质特性基因。本研究利用简化基因组RAD-seq测序鉴定19个地方鸡种（每个品种按照家系选取30个个体,10公、20母）基因组SNP标记,计算观察杂合度（Ho）、核苷酸多样度（Pi）、近交系数（Fis）、遗传分化系数（Fst）和基因流（Nm）等遗传统计量指标,分析地方鸡种的遗传多样性和遗传结构,并通过选择信号检测鉴定基因组受选择基因。结果表明,在19个地方鸡种中鉴定出400 562个SNPs标记。瓢鸡（PJ）和文昌鸡（WC）的遗传多样性最为丰富,观察杂合度（Ho）分别为0.246 8、0.243 0,核苷酸多样度（Pi）分别为0.278 1、0.265 5;河南斗鸡（DJ）的遗传多样性相对匮乏,Ho为0.156 0,Pi为0.175 2;东乡绿壳蛋鸡（DX）和边鸡（BJ）的近交系数最高（Fis>0.160 0）。瓢鸡与文昌鸡、惠阳胡须鸡（HX）、藏鸡（ZZ）、大围山微型鸡（WX）,惠阳胡须鸡与文昌鸡,藏鸡与茶花鸡（CH）间的遗传分化最低（Fst<0.100 0）,对应的基因流最高（Nm>0.240 0）。河南斗鸡与其它品种间的遗传分化均处于较高水平,与其中15个品种间的Fst>0.200 0、Nm<1.000 0。遗传聚类分析（2个引入品种做外群）将地方鸡种总体上分为5类,与品种形成历史和地理分布基本吻合。通过选择信号分析,在19个地方鸡种合并群体中检测出9个常染色体上的26个区域受到选择作用,包含31个受选择基因。这些受选择基因广泛参与免疫系统调节、生殖机能调控、应激响应、代谢等生物学过程。利用基因组SNP标记能更全面准确地揭示地方鸡种的遗传多样性和遗传结构,选择作用主要体现在对地方鸡种抗逆抗病特性、配子活力及行为等方面的塑造。     

12个中国地方鸡种群体遗传结构及遗传多样性分析

利用29对微卫星引物对我国的12个地方鸡种进行群体遗传结构及遗传多样性评估，结果表明：每个座位的等位基因数从2到23不等，所有的12个群体均显示较高水平的杂合度，固始鸡最低，为0．4532，大骨鸡最高，为0．6271。鸡种间存在较大的遗传分化，16．7％的遗传变异源于品种间的差异。基于Reynolds’遗传距离的邻近（NJ）聚类图显示，12个群体可以分为2个主要的类群：重体型的鸡种首先聚在一起，然后轻体型鸡种加入。structure程序同时也被用于评价鸡种间的遗传关系，结果与NJ聚类法相似，重体型的鸡种首先与轻体型鸡种分成两类。