Cell-mediated immunity in horses with sarcoid tumors against sarcoid cells in vitro

Cell-mediated immunity in horses with sarcoid tumor against sarcoid antigens was studied in vitro by means of mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture assay and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity of 52Cr-labeled target cells. When Mc-1 sarcoid cells were used as stimulatory cells for peripheral blood lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte tumor cell assay, a clear difference in the kinetics of the generated lymphocytic proliferative response could be detected between sarcoid and control horses. With sarcoid horses, their proliferative maximum was reached 3 days earlier than that of the control horses, and at this time their proliferative activity was significantly increased over that of control horses. When normal allogeneic fibroblasts were used as stimulatory cells, no such difference between sarcoid and control horses could be seen. The cellular cytotoxicity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from sarcoid and control horses against Mc-1 cells or normal allogeneic fibroblast targets was very low. However, the mean cytotoxicity against Mc-1 was slightly increased for sarcoid horses as compared with that of control horses. In contrast, the cytotoxicity against allogeneic fibroblasts was slightly lower for sarcoid than for control horses. In contrast, the cytotoxicity against allogeneic fibroblasts was slightly lower for sarcoid than for control horses. Furthermore, it was shown that sarcoid horses, but not control horses, had a slightly but consistently increased cytotoxicity against Mc-1 cells as compared with that against normal allogeneic fibroblasts.     

Immunohistochemical evaluation of canine ovarian tumors

Canine ovarian tumors (epithelial tumor, sex-cord stromal tumor, germ cell tumor) classifying into 9 histological types were examined immunohistochemically using placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), cytokeratin7 (CK7), desmin, S100, AE1/AE3, inhibin alpha, vimentin, and alfa feto-protein (AFP). The papillary and tubular types observed in epithelial tumors were immunoreactive for desmin and AE1/AE3. The papillary type was also immunoreactive for PLAP and CK7. The solid type, nest type, cord type, palisade type, cystic type and spindle type, which were observed in sex-cord stromal tumors, showed a positive immunoreaction for S100 but little or no positive immunoreaction for inhibin alpha with an exception of positive result in the palisade type. Most of the sex-cord stromal tumors were AE1/AE3-positive except for the palisade type. In the cobblestone type observed in germ cell tumors, only vimentin and AFP were positive. The present study elucidated the detailed histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of canine ovarian tumors.     

Production of immunity against ovine brucellosis

Extract

Since 1955, a specific entity characterized by siderosis and osteoporosis has been recognized in beef cattle at slaughter from one property. This paperdescribes the preliminary observations.     

Protective immunity against Newcastle disease: the role of cell-mediated immunity

The role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in protection of birds from Newcastle disease was investigated by two different strategies in which only Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-specific CMI was conveyed without neutralizing antibodies. In the first strategy, selected 3-wk-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) birds were vaccinated with either live NDV (LNDV), ultraviolet-inactivated NDV (UVNDV), sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated NDV (SDSNDV), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (negative control) by the subcutaneous route. Birds were booster vaccinated 2 wk later and challenged with the velogenic Texas GB strain of NDV 1 wk after booster. All vaccinated birds had specific CMI responses to NDV as measured by a blastogenesis microassay. NDV neutralizing (VN) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody responses were detected in birds vaccinated with LNDV and UVNDV. However, birds vaccinated with SDSNDV developed antibodies that were detected by western blot analysis but not by the VN or HI test. Protection from challenge was observed only in those birds that had VN or HI antibody response. That is, birds with demonstrable CMI and VN or HI antibody response were protected, whereas birds with demonstrable CMI but no VN or HI antibody response were not protected. In the second strategy, birds from SPF embryos were treated in ovo with cyclophosphamide (CY) to deplete immune cells. The birds were monitored and, at 2 wk of age, were selected for the presence of T-cell activity and the absence of B-cell activity. Birds that had a significant T-cell response, but not a B-cell response, were vaccinated with either LNDV, UVNDV, or PBS at 3 wk of age along with the corresponding CY-untreated control birds. The birds were booster vaccinated at 5 wk of age and were challenged with Texas GB strain of NDV at 6 wk of age. All birds vaccinated with LNDV or UVNDV had a specific CMI response to NDV, VN or HI NDV antibodies were detected in all CY-nontreated vaccinated birds and some of the CY-treated vaccinated birds that were found to have regenerated their B-cell function at 1 wk postbooster. The challenge results clearly revealed that CY-treated birds that had NDV-specific CMI and VN or HI antibody responses to LNDV or UVNDV were protected, as were the CY-nontreated vaccinated birds. However, birds that had NDV-specific CMI response but did not have VN or HI antibodies were not protected from challenge. The results from both strategies indicate that specific CMI to NDV by itself is not protective against virulent NDV challenge. The presence of VN or HI antibodies is necessary in providing protection from Newcastle disease.     

Canine ovarian tumors of germ cell origin

Fourteen ovarian germ cell tumors were diagnosed in the dog--seven dysgerminomas and seven teratomas. Six of the teratomas had immature components and were judged malignant; three had metastasized. One dysgerminoma had metastasized. The dysgerminomas developed in dogs ten years of age and older, and the teratomas developed in dogs nine years old and younger.     

Colostral immunity against salmonella infection in calves

Abstract

Extract

A slaughterhouse survey (Nottingham and Urselmann, 1961 Nottingham, P. M. and Urselmann, A. J. 1961. Salmonella infection in calves and other animals. N.Z. J. agric. Res., 4: 449–460. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) demonstrated that salmonellae could be recovered from 6.3% of faecal samples of spring born calves slaughtered within a few days of birth. From 1964 to 1967 inclusive, a large sample (7,696) of spring born calves, from a randomly-selected group of dairy properties in a single area, has been examined for excretion of salmonellae prior to leaving the farm. Salmonella organisms were recovered from 4.3%, 1%, 1.7% and 0.3% of faecal samples, respectively, for the above years (Robinson, 1966a Robinson, R. A. 1966a. Field and experimental epidemiology of salmonella infection in calves. Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod., 26: 134–144.  [Google Scholar]; R. A. Robinson &; W. A. Royal, unpubl. data). A smaller sample (371) of autumn born calves from another district, examined in 1965 and 1966, revealed that 7.4% and 11%, respectively, of animals were excreting salmonellae in the faeces.     

禽流感免疫水平低下的原因剖析

近几年，世界许多国家相继发生了禽流感疫病，禽流感疫情形势十分严峻。多年来，禽流感油乳剂灭活苗在东阳市得到了广泛应用，东阳市畜牧兽医局化验室对大批次、大批量的家禽进行了禽流感抗体监测情况来看，还有许多养殖专业户的家禽的禽流感免疫效果不理想。为此就禽流感免疫水平低下的原因及对策进行了重点分析落实。     

Maternal immunity against rabies in raccoon dogs.

The objective of the study was to examine possible maternally transferred antibodies (maAb) against rabies in raccoon dogs. Ten cubs born from a rabies-immune animal were bled on days 31, 36, 43, 50, 57 and 64 post partum. The geometric mean titres of the cubs were 1.19, 1.18, 0.45, 0.25, 0.25 and 0.16 IU/ml, respectively. Up to 36 days post partum maAb were detected in all cubs at levels > or = 0.5 IU/ml and at day 56 post partum all animals had maAb levels < 0.5 IU/ml. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that vaccine baits should not be distributed before July if the vaccination campaign is aimed at immunizing young raccoon dogs as well.     

Immunisation against Panleucopenia: Early development of immunity

The time necessary to obtain the immunity of cats against Panleucopenia has been studied by means of a modified live vaccine.

This vaccine makes it possible to obtain a very early post-vaccinal immunity: the full immunity is reached 72 hr after the inoculation of the vaccine by the subcutaneous route.

Furthermore, we have demonstrated that a sensitive kitten can be admitted in a contaminated environment immediately after vaccination without showing any clinical evidence of the disease.     

Yeast-derived sigma C protein-induced immunity against avian reovirus

Avian reoviruses (ARVs) can result in disease and economic losses in the poultry industry. Vaccines against ARV may not provide full protection and can cause adverse reactions. The coding sequence of the sigma C protein from strain S1133 of avian reovirus was expressed in Schizasaccharomyces pombe. Sigma C protein expression was demonstrated by Western blotting, and the protein was evaluated for its ability to protect specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens against challenge with the virulent S1133 strain. Serologic and challenge-infection data showed the efficacy of the recombinant vaccine administered orally each week for 3 consecutive wk. Sigma C protein induced antibody, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Percentage (%) protection induced by the low dose (125 microg purified yeast-expressed sigma C protein/chicken) or the high dose (250 microg purified yeast-expressed sigma C protein/chicken) was 64 and 91, respectively. The commercial vaccine administered once or twice provided 82% protection. Results supported the feasibility of a plant-derived vaccine for use in poultry immunization schemes.     

胃肠道线虫的黏膜免疫

从机体抗胃肠道线虫的黏膜免疫、胃肠道黏膜的抗原加工与递呈、胃肠道黏膜抵御寄生虫的效应机制等几方面论述了胃肠道线虫的免疫机理和免疫学研究的进展，旨在进一步阐明用免疫介入方法防治胃肠道线虫的理论基础，以解决胃肠道线虫治疗过程中的药物残留以及寄生虫的抗药性问题。     

Surveillance for immunity against equine influenza virus infections

Market vaccines against equine influenza were developed some 15 years ago on the basis of the two prototype strains A/equine-1/Prague 56 and A/equine-2/Miami 63. Their basic composition has not been altered up to the present day. We and other workers have reported on certain antigenic changes observed on field isolates. Although not substantiating their assumption objectively, many veterinarians and horse-owners believed, that the 1979 A/equine-2 epizootic affecting large horse populations of Western Europe went on account of antigenic drifting of presently circulating subtype 2 strains. According to their view, vaccine composition needed a change.

A large-scale surveillance was conducted by us from 1973 until 1975 in vaccinated horses, and was resumed in 1979. Sera from appropriate groups of horses were examined for hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies, the most stringent parameter of influenza immunity in man and the horse except for challenge infection. Titres were determined and their GMT compared, established with both prototype strains contained in market vaccines, but also the isolates A/equine-1/Wien 73, A/equine-1/Lyon 75, further the isolates A/equine-2/Wien 69, A/equine-2/Algiers 71, A/equine-2/Sachiyama 72, A/equine-2/New Market 76, and A/equine-2/Wien 79.

GMTs computed differed for factors zero to 2.1, but in no case significantly in horse sera. Sera of hyperimmunized rabbits also differed merely two-fold. On the other hand, ferret and rabbit sera produced by nasal inoculation showed HI-differences of 8–16 fold at Mill Hill, but no significant change of the neuraminidase antigen Neq 2. The possible reasons for this striking discrepancy in H1-response are discussed and the opinion is expressed, that ferret sera are most suitable for classification and epidemiological purposes. But the vaccinated horse's seroresponse, as natural host species, should serve for decision taking on how to compose market vaccines. Our surveillance clearly indicates that presently there is no need to change their composition. This finding is supported by our analysis of vaccination status, epidemiology and morbidity rates in 1979 on 1000 Austrian horses, reported elsewhere, which disclosed that properly spaced vaccinations had induced protection against this epizootic.     

Immunohistochemical characterization of nonhuman primate ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors

This study evaluates the immunoreactivity of 12 sex cord-stromal tumors of nonhuman primates (11 granulosa cell tumors and 1 luteoma). The markers selected are used in the characterization of gonadal tumors in dogs and other species, including cytokeratins AE1/AE3, GATA-4, inhibin-α, neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, and vimentin. A normal nonhuman primate ovary was used as a control and to optimize immunolabeling. Staining was graded as follows: 0 (nonstaining), 1+ (< 10% positive cells), 2+ (10%-50% positive cells), and 3+ (> 50% positive cells). Calretinin, GATA-4, neuron-specific enolase, and vimentin were the most consistently expressed markers (12 of 12). Cytokeratins AE1/AE3 were also consistently expressed (11 of 12). Inhibin-α and protein gene product 9.5 were expressed in 8 and 10 sex cord-stromal tumors, respectively. Results indicate that immunoreactivity of nonhuman primate sex cord-stromal tumors is similar to that observed in other species and that calretinin, GATA-4, and neuron-specific enolase are the most consistently expressed markers in nonhuman primate sex cord-stromal tumors.