非饱和土壤有机质吸附多环芳烃的能力受pH影响

Sorption by soil organic matter (SOM) is considered the most important process affecting the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs)in soil.The sorption capacity of SOM for HOCs is affected by many environmental factors.In this study,we investigated the effects of soil pH and water saturation level on HOC sorption capacity of SOM using batch sorption experiments.Values of soil organic carbon-water partition coefficient (K_OC) of six selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocar...     

杭州市城市土壤中重金属、磷和其它元素的特征

Health implications of inhaling and/or ingesting dust particles with high concentrations of heavy metals from urban soils are a subject of intense concern. Understanding the geochemistry of these metals is key to their effective management. Total concentrations of heavy metals, phosphorus (P) and 8 other elements from topsoil samples collected at 82 locations in Hangzhou City were measured to: a) assess their distribution in urban environments; and b) understand their differentiation as related to land use. Metal mobility was also studied using a three-step sequential chemical fractionation procedure. About 8.5%, 1.2%, 3.6%, 11.0% and 30.3% of the soil samples had Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations, respectively, above their allowable limits for public and private green areas and residential use. However, in commercial and industrial areas, most samples had metal concentrations below their allowable limits. Statistical analyses revealed that the 16 measured elements in urban soils could be divided into four groups based on natural or anthropic sources using a hierarchical cluster analysis. Additionally, Cu, Pb, and P showed similar spatial distributions with significant pollution in commercial zones, suggesting vehicle traffic or commercial activities as dominant pollutant sources. Also, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn and Fe had the highest concentrations in industrial locations, signifying that industrial activities were the main sources of these seven metals. Moreover, the data highlighted land-use as a major influence on heavy metal concentrations and forms found in topsoils with large proportions of soil Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni found in residual fractions and soil Cu, Pb and Zn mainly as extractable fractions.     

城乡结合带农田土壤多环芳烃空间分布特征及来源解析

为了解城乡结合带农田土壤PAHs的污染特征及分布规律,本文以南京市江宁区周岗镇为例,就该地区表层农田土壤中15种优控PAHs组分的含量、空间分布特征及来源进行了研究。结果表明:有14种PAHs普遍被检出（苊未检出）,以高环（4 ~ 6环）PAHs为主;PAHs总量范围在24.49 ~ 750.04 μg kg?1之间,平均为230.89 μg kg?1,有48.28%的土样受到了污染;与国内其他地区农田土壤相比,研究区PAHs含量处于中低水平;空间趋势面分析表明,14种PAHs在东西和南北方向上呈现出明显的规律增减性;从空间分布格局来看,研究区土壤中14种PAHs含量差异较大,整体呈现由东北向西南递减的趋势,且个别点位存在PAHs的富集现象,存在局部点源污染;采用主成分及多元线性回归分析污染来源,结果显示,研究区PAHs来源主要为煤、生物质燃烧,其次为汽油、柴油燃烧,贡献率分别为71%和29%,这与当地的工业发展水平关系密切。     

深圳市不同城市密度区中环芳烃的发生、来源及生态风险评估

Urbanization may cause increased exposure levels to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and associated health risks for over half of the world's population living in cities,but little evidence has shown a direct spatial relationship between urbanization and soil PAH pollution.Based on the monitored PAH concentrations in 188 topsoil(0-5 cm) samples in Shenzhen,the most rapidly developing city in China,in recent decades,we applied geographical demarcation to determine the occurrences,source apportionments,and spatial ecological risks of soil PAHs across five zones of varying urban densities.Mean concentrations of the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) priority PAHs(Σ_(16)PAHs) and the 7 carcinogenic PAHs(Σ_7CarPAHs) both followed the order:Zone D(60%-80%constructive land density(CLD)) Zone E(80%-100%CLD) Zone C(40%-60%CLD) Zone B(20%-40%CLD) Zone A(0%-20%CLD),suggesting that the highest PAH levels occurred in the suburban-urban center transitional zone(Zone D) rather than the urban center zone(Zone E) in Shenzhen.There were significant correlations of Σ_(16)PAHs to TOC and sampling altitude across all samples but not within highly-urbanized regions(Zones D and E),implying a considerable disturbance of urbanization to the soil PAH pool.Source apportionments suggested that soil PAHs of all zones were mainly derived from fossil fuel combustion,with Zone E showing the highest contribution from oil sources among different zones.Spatial ecological risk analysis showed that the contaminated area(467 km~2;23.9%of total area;toxic equivalency quotients 33 ng g~(-1)) had a higher contribution from the highly-urbanized regions(Zones D and E) than the uncontaminated area(42.3%vs.18.1%).Overall,our study highlighted a strong spatial relationship between urbanization and soil PAH pollution.     

清水灌溉在消除土壤多环芳烃中的作用及对土壤微生物特征的影响: 以沈抚灌区为例

To evaluate the effect of groundwater irrigation on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) pollution abatement and soil microbial characteristics,a case study was performed in the Shenfu irrigation area of Shenyang,Northeast China,where the irrigation with petroleum wastewater had lasted for more than fifty years,and then groundwater irrigation instead of wastewater irrigation was applied due to the gradually serious PAHs pollution in soil.Soil chemical properties,including PAHs and nutrients contents,and soil microbial characteristics,including microbial biomass carbon,substrateinduced respiration,microbial quotient(qM),metabolic quotient(qCO2),dehydrogenase(DH),polyphenol oxidase(PO),urease(UR) and cellulase(CE) in surface and subsurface were determined.Total organic C,total N,total P,and available K were significantly different between the sites studied.The PAHs concentrations ranged from 610.9 to 6362.8 μg kg-1 in the surface layers(0-20 cm) and from 404.6 to 4318.5 μg kg-1 in the subsurface layers(20-40 cm).From the principal component analysis,the first principal component was primarily weighed by total PAHs,total organic C,total N,total P and available K,and it was the main factor that influencing the soil microbial characteristics.Among the tested microbial characteristics,DH,PO,UR,CE,qM and qCO2 were more sensitive to the PAHs stress than the others,thus they could serve as useful ecological assessment indicators for soil PAHs pollution.     

土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及其来源分析

利用气相色谱法分析了南充市10个不同功能区表层土壤中美国环保署规定的16种优控多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量和组分特征,运用同分异构体比率揭示了其污染来源。研究表明,该区土壤中PAHs的含量在9.1～2269.1μg·kg-1之间,而且工业区的残留量大于农业区和居民区的残留量。按PAHs的环数来分,在工业污染区PAHs的含量总的趋势是四环〉二环〉三环〉五环〉六环;农业和居民区二环〉三环〉五环〉四环〉六环。该污染状况与国内外相关研究比较,处于中等污染水平。煤、木材和化石的燃烧是该地区土壤中PAHs污染的主要来源,苯并（a）蒽和菲是主要的超标化合物。     

苏南地区农田表层土壤中多环芳烃和酞酸酯的污染特征及来源

采用气相色谱质谱（GC-MS）法测定了苏南地区13个农田表层土壤样品中的多环芳烃（PAHs）和酞酸酯（PAEs）污染物,分析比较了不同区域农田表层土壤,尤其是来自钢铁企业周边的表层土壤中PAHs和PAEs的污染特征及其来源。结果表明,苏南地区农田土壤中总PAHs和总PAEs的浓度分别在147～40300μg·kg-1和0.575～762μg·kg-1之间,其中钢铁厂周边的平均浓度分别为6130μg·kg-1和47.4μg·kg-1。土壤样品中苯并（a）芘的浓度与总PAHs的浓度显著相关,高分子量PAHs在钢铁厂周边表土中含量较高,钢铁冶炼焦化和烧结等工序是其污染来源。酞酸正丁酯（DBP）和酞酸乙基己基酯是苏南地区农田土壤中含量最高的两种PAEs类物质,钢铁厂周边有较高的DBP检出可能与炼钢、冷轧和炼铁等工序有关。本研究将为经济高速发展地区农田土壤环境质量评价、农产品安全生产及土壤污染防治对策的制定提供科学依据。     

太原小店污灌区农田土壤多环芳烃的污染特征及其来源

[目的]对太原小店污灌区农田土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征及来源进行分析,为该区农田土壤环境质量评价及土壤污染防治对策的制定提供科学依据。[方法]采集太原小店污灌区15个表层土壤样品,利用GC/MS分析16种US EPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并对其来源和生态风险进行探讨。[结果]所有样品的16种PAHs均被检出,其检出率为100%。研究区农田土壤中总PAHs的浓度为0.315~7.661μg/g,平均值为3.568μg/g。在组成上,2,3环含量约占总量的64.2%,4环含量约占总量的14.2%,5,6环含量约占总量的21.6%,低环和中环PAHs含量所占的比例较高。根据特征比值法及调查结果判定,农田土壤中PAHs污染来源一方面与灌溉水质及灌溉历史有很大的关系,另一方面,主要通过燃煤或化石燃料产生的PAHs在大气干湿沉降和风力输送作用下进入到土壤环境中。[结论]与国内外其他地区的相关研究比较,小店污灌区农田土壤PAHs含量处于中高等污染水平。依据Maliszewska-Kordybach建议的分级标准评价,该区域所有采样点PAHs总量均超标;但基于我国《土壤环境质量标准(征求意见稿)(GB15618-2008)》提出的16种多PAHs污染物总量的农业用地标准值,该区域均未超出此标准。     

城乡结合带农田土壤多环芳烃空间分布特征及来源解析——以南京市周岗镇为例

为了解城乡结合带农田土壤PAHs的污染特征及分布规律,本文以南京市江宁区周岗镇为例,就该地区表层农田土壤中15种优控PAHs组分的含量、空间分布特征及来源进行了研究.结果 表明:有14种PAHs普遍被检出(苊未检出),以高环(4～6环)PAHs为主;PAHs总量范围在24.49 ～ 750.04 μg kg-1之间,平...     

东亚季风与城市活动影响下南京市大气沉降多元特征研究

Atmospheric deposition, a major pathway of metals entering into soils, plays an important role in soil environment, especially in urban regions where a large amount of pollutants are emitted into atmosphere through various sources. In order to understand the characteristics of atmospheric deposition in urban area and its relation with natural and anthropogenic sources, a three-year study of atmospheric deposition at three typical sites, industrial zone (IN), urban residential area (RZ) and suburban forested scenic area (FA), was carried out in Nanjing, a metropolitan city in eastern China from 2005 to 2007. The bulk deposition rate and element composition of atmospheric deposition varied spatio-temporally in the urban zones of Nanjing. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Ca in the atmospheric deposits were strongly enriched in the whole Nanjing region; however, anthropogenic pollutants in atmospheric deposits were diluted by the input of external mineral dust transported from northwestern China. Source apportionment through principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the background atmospheric deposition at the FA site was the combination of external aerosol and local emission sources. The input of long-range transported Asian dust had an important influence on the urban background deposition, especially in spring when the continental dust from the northwestern China prevailed. Marine aerosol source was observed in summer and autumn, the seasons dominated by summer monsoon in Nanjing. In contrast, the contribution of local anthropogenic emission source was constant regardless of seasons. At the RZ and IN sites, the atmospheric deposition was more significantly affected by the nearby human activities than at the FA site. In addition, different urban activities and both the winter and summer Asian monsoons had substantial impacts on the characteristics of dust deposition in urban Nanjing.     

基于主成分回归分析的土壤有机质高光谱预测与模型验证

在室内条件下,利用ASD2500高光谱仪测定了风干土壤样品的光谱。通过相关分析对土壤有机质（SOM）光谱敏感波段进行了初步筛选;利用逐步回归分析和主成分回归(PCR)分析等统计方法进行了显著性变量筛选、共线性诊断、数据转换等处理;最终建立了东北黑土SOM回归预测模型。模型所选的波段为均位于近红外波段。经验证,模型预测值与实测值的决定系数R2=0.840,总均方根差RSME=0.226。     

长白山东部4种林分类型土壤有机碳及养分特征研究

以长白山东部长白落叶松天然林、长白落叶松人工林、天然阔叶混交林、天然针阔混交林4种林分类型为研究对象,对比分析了土壤有机碳(SOC)的垂直分布特征,以及与土壤理化性质的相关性.结果表明,4种林分下土壤有机碳含量及其差异程度随土壤深度增加均呈现逐渐减小的趋势.0-60 cm土层土壤有机碳含量大小依次为天然针阔混交林(33.64士17.48 g/kg)＞长白落叶松天然林(25.30±15.09 g/kg)＞天然阔叶混交林(22.13±13.74 g/kg)＞长白落叶松人工林(19.23±12.35 g/kg);天然针阔混交林0-60 cm土壤有机碳密度为21.44±8.31 kg/m2,显著高于其他3种林分类型,长白落叶松人工林最小,为14.29±1.59 kg/m2.对不同土层土壤有机碳和土壤理化性质进行相关分析,结果表明,整个土壤剖面有机碳含量与自然含水率、全N、全P、全K、速效K均呈极显著或显著正相关,与土壤密度呈极显著负相关;不同林分类型土壤有机碳含量和碳密度与全N均呈显著或极显著正相关,与土壤理化性质相关性存在较大差异.     

山东省不同植被类型土壤有机碳及其组分分布特征研究

为了研究山东省不同植被类型森林土壤有机碳及其组分分布特征,选取山东省黑松林、柏木林、针阔混交林3种植被类型下的森林土壤为研究对象,比较分析不同土层(0－20cm、20－40cm)的土壤有机碳(SOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)的含量变化。结果表明:(1)0－40cm土层黑松林、柏木林和针阔混交林的SOC含量变化依次为4.35－15.04 g·kg-1、5.72－34.87 g·kg-1和3.71－10.72 g·kg-1,各土层中柏木林的SOC含量最高;(2)土壤有机碳及其组分在不同植被类型下存在一定差异,SOC和POC含量表现为柏木林＞针阔混交林、黑松林,DOC含量在上、下土层间表现为柏木林＞针阔混交林＞黑松林,EOC含量表现为针阔混交林＞柏木林、黑松林;(3)除黑松林的DOC和EOC外,其余各植被类型的SOC、EOC、EOC、POC含量均表现为随着土层深度的增加而减少;(4)SOC与POC存在极显著正相关关系(P＜0.01),其余各碳组分之间关系不显著,冗余分析表明土壤碳组分受土壤理化因子影响较大,全氮对土壤碳组分的影响极显著(P<0.01),速效钾、全钾和pH对土壤碳组分的影响显著(P<0.05)。黑松林、柏木林、针阔混交林土壤的有机碳及其活性组分之间存在差异性,总体上柏木林的有机碳含量最高,说明SOC及其组分受到植被类型和土层深度的影响。     

长江口九段沙湿地土壤有机碳及微生物陆向分布

通过分析九段沙湿地土壤有机碳及微生物因子的陆向分布,研究了土壤有机碳的空间差异性及其与土壤微生物因子的相互关系。结果表明,九段沙土壤有机碳的陆向分布具有显著差异（P〈0．05）,随着高程上升,其含量整体呈现增大趋势,互花米草区／芦苇混合区最高（9．18g·kg^-1）;土壤微生物因子的陆向分布与土壤有机碳相似,且与土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系（P〈0．01）,其中以土壤微生物呼吸和土壤脱氢酶最为明显;互花米草的引种及蔓延,增加了区域土壤有机碳含量,也增强了土壤微生物活性。     

青藏高原色季拉山流石滩表层土壤有机碳的空间变化特征及影响因素

[目的] 分析青藏高原不同海拔下表层土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC),易氧化有机碳(ROC)、碳库稳定性及碳储量变化特征研究及土壤有机碳(SOC),DOC的影响因素,为后续复杂地形寒区SOC的稳定性研究提供科学依据。[方法] 以色季拉山流石滩为研究区,以单因素方差分析法分析了4 300～4 700 m之间不同海拔土壤物理性质,DOC,ROC以及SOC的含量特征,结合Pearson相关分析与冗余分析探讨了DOC,ROC与各因子之间的相互关系。[结果] ①土壤容重、密度与海拔呈负相关,其最大值分别为1.56,1.12 g/cm³,土壤含水率和孔隙度与海拔呈正相关,其最大值分别为74.22%,58.70%; ②SOC含量随海拔升高呈现先升高后降低趋势,DOC,ROC随海拔升高而呈现出波动变化趋势; ③海拔4 400 m时DOC/SOC,ROC/SOC达到最大值,可溶性有机碳储量(DOCS)和有机碳储量(SOCS)均值分别为40.779 g/m²,8.105 kg/m²,流石滩土壤碳库稳定性较好; ④DOC与土壤物理性质不相关,但与SOCS有一定相关性;ROC则与物理性质和SOC及其相关因子均有一定的相关性;各因子对色季拉山流石滩土壤DOC和ROC变化的解释贡献率排序大小为：DOCS＞土壤孔隙度＞ROC/SOC＞土壤含水率＞SOC＞SOCS＞DOC/SOC＞土壤密度。[结论] 不同海拔流石滩表层土壤DOC,ROC与海拔有一定相关性,且DOCS、土壤孔隙度与ROC/SOC均是影响DOC,ROC含量的重要因子,同时各因子间存在密切的关系。     

陕西省土壤有机质含量及其与影响因素的关系

[目的]分析陕西省土壤有机质空间分布特征及其影响因素,并揭示土壤有机质与地形、植被类型、气候和土壤其他属性的关系,为该区土壤碳汇(碳源)功能变化研究提供科学基础。[方法]通过采集陕西省12个样区不同植被类型和地形条件下的85个表层土壤样品,并利用SPSS 16.0中的K-means聚类和Canoco 4.5软件中的冗余(RDA)方法进行分析。[结果]土壤有机质浓度在2~6级之间;并表现为由南至北,由西至东大致呈降低趋势;在各样区,最大值是最小值的1.89~14.84倍;同一样区不同样地土壤有机质含量等级不同;各影响因素中,除经度和无霜期的影响不显著外,其他各环境因子的影响均显著,退耕年限和植被类型的影响最大,坡度和坡向的影响程度较低,且交互影响作用明显。[结论]除农地转变为果园外,农地退耕能够显著提高土壤有机质含量,并随着恢复年限的延长,有机质含量增加日益显著,生态系统逐渐由碳源转变为碳汇。     

庆丰采石场岩质边坡植被恢复状况和土壤特性研究

通过对庆丰采石场人工修复边坡的植被恢复状况和土壤特性进行调查,探讨了土壤理化性质及土壤酶活性与边坡植被恢复状况间的关系,以及影响土壤质量的主要因子,以期为岩石边坡的防护及生态恢复提供可以借鉴的理论依据。结果表明,在人工修复边坡上,无论是物种多样性、群落的结构及稳定性,还是土壤质量等,在短期内都难达到周边自然边坡的状态。土壤性质与修复边坡草本层及木本层植物的Margalef指数、Shannon—Wiener指数、Pielou指数间存在不同程度的相关性,其中草本层植物的物种多样性对土壤含水量、酸性磷酸酶活性、蛋白酶活性影响较大;木本层植物的物种多样性对土壤全磷质量分数、蛋白酶活性影响较大。土壤速效养分、土壤酶活性和土壤有机质等因子是影响土壤质量的主导因子。     

基于空间主成分分析的湖北省土壤侵蚀敏感性评价

以湖北省为研究区,利用GIS技术将土壤侵蚀与地形坡度、海拔、植被、降水量、土壤类型和土地利用类型等环境背景因素进行叠加分析,计算不同环境背景条件下的土壤侵蚀综合指数,分析土壤侵蚀与这些因素间的关系。在此基础上,运用空间主成分分析法(SPCA)评价不同环境背景下的土壤侵蚀敏感性程度,揭示研究区土壤侵蚀风险的空间分布特征。结果表明,研究区30.6%的地区属于土壤侵蚀非敏感区,55.8%的地区属于轻度和中度敏感区,13.6%的地区属于高度敏感区。土壤侵蚀敏感性高的地区主要位于相对高程150—500 m、坡度8°—15°、植被覆盖度低、土质疏松、土地利用以坡耕旱地为主的地带,这些地区是水土保持综合治理的重点区域。     

四川栗子坪自然保护区不同海拔土壤氮组分垂直特征及季节动态

[目的]为揭示四川栗子坪国家级自然保护区土壤氮组分(全氮、水解氮、铵态氮、硝态氮)沿海拔梯度的垂直分布差异及其与理化因子响应关系。[方法]于2022年3,6,9,12月测定并分析四川栗子坪海拔1 800,2 100,2 400,2 700 m土壤氮组分及理化因子的垂直变化特征,并采用多变量方差分析及冗余分析法,分析环境因子与氮组分的关系及季节动态。[结果](1)海拔、季节及交互作用对土壤氮组分有显著影响,3,6,9,12月铵态氮含量表现为海拔2 100 m>2 400 m>1 800 m>2 700 m,硝态氮含量表现为海拔2 400 m>2 100 m>2 700 m>1 800 m,沿月份梯度增加,全氮含量呈增加趋势,水解氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量呈先减后增趋势,12月全氮和硝态氮含量有最大值分别为1.25 g/kg和8.26 mg/kg, 3月水解氮和铵态氮含量有最大值185.14,5.80 mg/kg。全氮、水解氮、铵态氮、硝态氮沿土层变化规律有一致性,呈“V”形;(2)不同季节和海拔理化因子垂直变化特征与氮组分差异较大,土壤全磷、有效磷、速效钾...