沧源县宜胶地立地类型划分初探

本文遵循“不同的紫胶寄主树种各自都有一种或几种特定生境要求”的原则,采用定性和定量相结合的数学分析方法(层次分析法)优选出了7种对经济效益影响较大的紫胶优良寄主树种,结合立地因子,运用模糊聚类,较合理地将沦源县宜胶地划分为12个立地类型,对一次性直接解决优良目的树种的选择和立地类型划分问题作了初步探索。     

马尾松受松材线虫侵染后昆虫结构和功能变化的研究

2003年11月和2004年6、9月在浙江省舟山市马尾松纯林内选取处于松材线虫病不同侵染期的马尾松进行昆虫的种类和数量及分布位置的调查.明确了处于不同侵染期的马尾松上的昆虫的种类,计算了昆虫的优势度,划分了不同的昆虫功能团,比较了不同侵染期的马尾松上的昆虫群落的丰富度、均匀度和多样性,并对昆虫群落进行了聚类分析.结果表明:在松林中,分解性昆虫占有绝对的优势,衰弱木上的昆虫群落的丰富度、均匀度和多样性较高.而健康木上昆虫群落的丰富度、均匀度和多样性最低.可将6种侵染期的松树上的昆虫群落最终划分为3类.     

花曲柳窄吉丁潜在飞行能力初步研究

为了评估花曲柳窄吉丁的飞行潜能,利用昆虫飞行磨系统测定雌雄花曲柳窄吉丁成虫在不同光照时间、交配状态、取食状态和日龄条件下的飞行能力。结果表明:雌虫24 h内最远飞行距离5 500 m,雄虫最远飞行距离1 397 m,雌雄成虫 间飞行距离差异显著;雌虫在24 h光照时间下飞行距离比L/D(昼/夜)=16 h/8 h光照周期下更远;交配雌虫与未交配雌虫在飞行距离上有显著差异,交配后雌虫飞行距离更远,而交配对雄虫飞行能力无显著影响;经取食并休息的雌虫飞行距离显著大于不取食不休息的雌虫;不同日龄未取食的花曲柳窄吉丁雌虫飞行能力存在一定差异,1日龄飞行能力最弱,13日龄最强,从1~2日龄开始飞行距离增加,2~4日龄飞行距离随日龄增加而减少,而在4日龄后飞行距离又随着日龄的增加而增加。说明花曲柳窄吉丁具有较长距离飞行的潜能,这可为该虫的传播扩散和风险评估提供一定依据。      

国槐的毁灭性害虫——锈色粒肩天牛的初步调查

锈色粒肩天牛 2a 1代 ,1代跨 3a ,以幼虫在枝、干蛀道内 2次越冬。成虫于 6月中、下旬产卵 ,6月下旬以后幼虫陆续孵化 ,11月第 1次越冬 ;第 2年 3月下旬恢复活动 ,11月中旬第 2次越冬 ;第 3年 3月中旬取食到 5月上旬陆续化蛹 ,6月上、中旬相继羽化为成虫。成虫白天取食、交尾 ,夜间在直径 8cm以上的树枝、干皮裂缝中产卵 ,并以粪便覆盖其上。该虫只危害国槐 ,于 6月中下旬成虫期以持效期长的触杀剂或胃毒剂 ,喷洒枝、干效果较佳     

The Susceptibilities of Oxya chinensis （Orthoptera： Acridoidea） to Malathion and Comparison of the Esterase Properties from Three Collected Populations in Tianjin Area,China

The susceptibilities of Oxya chinensis to malathion were studied in three populations collected from outskirt of Tianjin, China, using bioassays and biochemical analysis. Populations were chosen to represent different exposure to insecticides： BDG （Beidagang; low exposure）, BD （Baodi; high exposure previously but low exposure now）, and JN （Jinnan; high exposure）. The results showed that the LD50 values of BD and JN populations were 3.95- and 12.02-fold and 3.64- and 10.07- fold higher than that of BDG population in females and males, respectively. The LD50 values in females were higher than those in males. The results of biochemical analysis indicated that the esterase （EST） activities in JN population were higher than those in BD and BDG populations. They showed that when α-NA, α-NB, and α-NA were used as substrates, females＇ EST activities of JN population were 1.11-, 1.30-, and 1.14-fold and 1.39-, 1.59-, and 1.54-fold higher than those of BD and BDG populations, respectively. When α-NA, α-NB, and β-NA were used as substrates, males＇ EST activities of JN population were 1.13-, 1.12-, and 1,00-fold and 1.20-, 1.14-, and 1.07-fold higher than those of BD and BDG populations, respectively. The results also showed that the specific activities of the females were higher than those of the males in the BD and JN populations, whereas the specific activities of the males were higher than those of the females in the BDG population. The results of bioassay were consistent with those of biochemical analysis. Thus, it was inferred that the elevated ESTs activities might play an important role in conferring the differences of susceptibility of O. chinensis to malathion in the three collected populations. Enzyme kinetic studies indicated that the Km and Vmax values were different among the three collected populations and between the females and the males. The observed changes in the kinetic parameters might be explained by differential expression patterns of isozymes so that the insect esterases have different affinities and maximum velocities toward the same substrate.     

利用EPG技术分析西花蓟马在4种寄主植物上的取食行为

采用直流刺吸电位仪EPG(direct current electrical penetration graph, EPG)技术分析西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis雌雄虫在4种寄主植物上的取食行为,探讨西花蓟马雌雄虫取食行为差异及与寄主适合性的相关性。结果表明: (1)西花蓟马在辣椒上的非取食刺探次数显著少于其他寄主植物。雌虫在辣椒、番茄、曼陀罗和矮牵牛上的非取食刺探分别为2311,3289,3610和3044次,雄虫在辣椒、番茄、曼陀罗和矮牵牛上的非取食刺探分别为1527,2772,2214和1968次。西花蓟马在矮牵牛上的短取食刺探显著高于番茄,雌虫在番茄和矮牵牛上的短取食分别为688和1444次,雄虫在番茄和矮牵牛上的短取食分别为159和809次。西花蓟马在矮牵牛上的长取食刺探次数少于在其他寄主植物。(2)雌虫比雄虫产生更多的非取食刺探和短取食刺探,雄虫的长取食刺探显著高于雌虫。在矮牵牛上,雌虫的非取食刺探次数和非取食刺探总时间为雄虫的15倍。在番茄上,雌虫的短取食次数和短取食总时间分别为雄虫的4倍和2倍;雄虫的长取食次数和长取食总时间分别为雌虫的2倍和7倍。由此可见,西花蓟马的取食行为与寄主适宜性之间无显著的相关性。     

Flight behavior of the sycamore lace bug,Corythucha ciliata,in relation to temperature,age, and sex

The flight capacity of different ages and sexes of the sycamore lace bug, Corythucha ciliata, was studied at different temperatures using a flight mill system. The results of regression analysis showed a significant effect of temperature on flight distance(P=0.0082). Temperature did not influence flight duration(P=0.212) or flight speed(P=0.175). The mean flight distance(1 024 m) and mean flight duration were the greatest at 25.2°C. The age of C. ciliata had a significant influence on flight distance(P=0.0005), flight duration(P=0.0005) and flight speed(P=0.026). The 12-d-old adult had the greatest flight distance(887 m), duration(3 875 s) and speed(0.22 m s–1). Flight distances and flight duration of females were significantly longer than that of males. However, the male had significantly greater flight speed than the female. The insect appears to be capable of long distance flights. The understanding of the optimal age and temperature for the flight of this insect through this study provides a foundation for better management of the insect in China.     

棉铃虫对小叶杨粗提物的行为反应

对石河子地区几种常见杨树的叶片粗提物进行了风洞试验,试验结果显示小叶杨叶片的粗提物诱集棉铃虫的效果最好,试验结果也显示小叶杨叶片粗提物不仅对棉铃虫处女雌蛾有引诱作用,对交配雌蛾和雄蛾也有一定的引诱作用;小叶杨粗提物对棉铃虫的诱集能力随着羽化后天数的增加而逐渐减弱;萎蔫时间不同的叶片粗提物诱集棉铃虫的能力也不同.     

松材线虫传播机理的研究进展

松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus主要靠媒介昆虫松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus传播,并通过天牛造成的伤口侵入松树,因此,掌握松材线虫的传播机制,有助于了解线虫病的发生机理和发生规律。综述了松材线虫与其媒介昆虫关系研究的最新进展。     

虫草寄主湖南棒蝠蛾生物学特性研究

湖南棒蝠蛾是亚香棒虫草、古尼虫草和粉背虫草的寄主昆虫，是分布于我国南方山区、丘陵地珍贵的昆虫资源。１年１代，以蛹越冬。幼虫主食多种树木落下的枯叶。还就该虫的栖所、食性、幼虫虫龄和龄期、交配、繁殖力、各虫态习性及其历期等作了报道     

日本龟蜡蚧生物学特性及防治技术研究

日本龟蜡蚧Ceroplas japonicus Green在山西一年一代,以受精成虫在枝条上越冬。5、6月份为卵期,平均每雌虫产卵量1286粒,6月下旬开始孵化,孵化期45天左右。夏季若虫在叶部为害,秋末雄成虫羽化,交配后死亡。雌成虫迁移回枝越冬。结合此虫体面泌蜡性质,研制合成了防治该虫的特效药剂——蜡蚧灵。连续几年(1986—1990)冬季和夏季在林间防治,均取得良好效果。虫口可降低90％以上,并提出了不同时期应用蜡蚧灵的适宜浓度和防治技术要点。     

不同园林植物类型昆虫群落的比较研究

对4种不同植物类型(百花园、园林植物苗圃、草坪、国槐行道树)组成的昆虫群落的特征指数进行分析比较。不同植物类型的昆虫群落的物种数、多样性、均匀性等均有不同程度的变化,植物种类丰富的百花园、苗圃和草坪,昆虫物种数远远多于植物种类单一的国槐行道树,其多样性指数、均匀性指数也较国槐昆虫群落高。     

栗山天牛触角感受器超微结构观察

作为探讨栗山天牛成虫的寄主选择、配偶定位等行为机制的一部分,利用扫描电镜对栗山天牛触角的形态、 感受器的类型及分布特点等进行观察。结果表明:栗山天牛触角上有锥形感受器7 个亚型、刺形感受器4 个亚型、 毛形感受器2 个亚型、齿形感受器2 个亚型、芽形感受器1 个亚型、钟形感受器1 个亚型;锥形感受器郁、刺形感受 器郁为雌虫特有的感受器,锥形感受器吁、锥形感受器遇、锥形感受器喻、毛形感受器玉和钟形感受器为雄虫特有 的感受器;触角感受器数量上雌虫多于雄虫,雌虫触角腹面感受器数量略多于背面,但都差异不显著。栗山天牛雌 雄成虫触角上感受器的数量、类型和分布等的差异表明,雌雄虫可能对环境中的物理、化学信息的反应存在一定 差异。      

水稻品种对褐飞虱代谢酶的影响

用水稻敏感品种TNl和具有不同抗性基因的品种Mudgo,ASD7和Rathu Heenati饲养稻褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)，研究不同品种对褐飞虱体内酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶和多功能氧化酶氧—脱甲基活性的影响。结果表明，褐飞虱在3种抗性品种上饲养一代后，其酯酶活性与敏感品种上的试虫相比没有显差异。然而，取食Mudgo和ASD7的雌成虫之间酯酶活性达到显性差异；取食Mudgo和Ruthu Heenati的雄成虫酯酶的Km值分别为取食TNl的2．78和2．58倍。褐飞虱体内酯酶活性还因其生物型的不同而异。对褐飞虱生物型1和生物型2个酯酶活力分布的测定结果表明，生物型2的雌、雄成虫酯酶活性均显低于生物型1的。研究还表明，在ASD7与Rathu Heenati上饲养一代后，褐飞虱雌、雄成虫GST的活性显高于取食TNl和Mudgo的个体，但抗性品种对褐飞虱成虫的多功能氧化酶氧—脱甲基活性没有明显影响。因此，水稻品种对褐飞虱代谢酶的影响因品种的特性，代谢酶的类型，甚至褐飞虱的性别而异。中对其可能的机制进行了探讨。     

绿盲蝽对寄主植物花器挥发性成分的电生理和风洞行为反应

为了揭示绿盲蝽与寄主植物间的化学通讯机制,采用触角电位(EAG)和风洞技术,测定了绿盲蝽雌、雄成虫对寄主植物花器挥发物的电生理和风洞行为反应。结果表明:除间二甲苯外,绿盲蝽雌、雄成虫对a-蒎烯、乙酸叶醇酯和松油烯均产生明显的EAG反应;风洞试验结果表明,绿盲蝽雌、雄成虫对乙酸叶醇酯的定向行为反应均较强,且与对照化合物苯乙酮和顺-3-己烯醇无显著差异。乙酸叶醇酯等植物花器挥发性成分可能在绿盲蝽寄主定位过程中起着重要作用。     

森林生态系统中昆虫与真菌的互惠共生

评述了当前森林昆虫与真菌互惠共生关系的研究成果,讨论了森林昆虫与真菌互惠共生的类型和森林昆虫与真菌共生体克服寄主树木抗性、利用寄主树木营养和空间资源的协调性.探讨了森林生态系统内森林昆虫与共生真菌长期适应和协同进化的相互选择性和必然性.     

Haploid females in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis

The insect order of Hymenoptera (ants, bees, sawflies, and wasps) consists almost entirely of haplodiploid species. Under haplodiploidy, males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, whereas females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid. Although diploid males commonly occur, haploid females have never been reported. In analyzing the phenomenon of gynandromorphism in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis, we found a line that generates complete phenotypic females from unfertilized eggs. These females have ovaries, can lay eggs, and are haploid, as shown by cytological and flow cytometric analyses. The data show that diploidy is not necessary for female development.     

Sexual dimorphism: the horns of african antelopes

Comparisons of the horns of males and females across genera of African antelopes indicate that male horns are better adapted for clashing or pushing against another pair of horns during intrasexual combat. The horns of females are relatively more specialized as stabbing weapons. Horns in females are found in only half the genera and in those genera where females have horns, the genera are heavier than genera with hornless females.     

四川西部梨黄粉蚜的生活史及发生规律的研究

<正> 梨黄粉蚜Aphanostigma jakusuens Kishidah属同翅目,疣蚜科(phylloxidae)是梨树上重要害虫之一。四川自1969年金川梨区发现危害后,相继在省内其它梨区也有发生,据1977—79年在雅安田间调查,虫果率一般在20—30％左右,个别植株高达70％以上,致使梨果品质低劣、不耐贮藏。     

褐稻虱生物型的形成

本文研究褐稻虱连续饲养于具Bph1抗虫基因的IR_(2?)稻种上表现不同致害力群体与生物型形成的关系.试验结果表明,实验室群体的个体间存有不同的致害力.用蜜露分泌量区分不同“致害力”的群体在连续选择压力下,它们间适应IR_(2?)的程度并无明显的差异.三个不同“致害力”的群体应用“苗期群体筛选法”和“群体建立法”测定,表明在IR_(2?)上饲养经过10代,即可使IR_(2?)致死并能适应于该品种;但它们却不能生存于具有BpH_1抗虫基因的Mudgo稻种上.此外,根据蜜露分泌量、飞虱生存率和成虫体重等指标在连续饲养世代的递增,亦证实飞虱群体在IR_(2?)上经过不断的选择,可以演变为一个致害力强的生物型.