Seasonality and interaction of biogenic and lithogenic particulate flux at the panama basin

Time-series sediment traps were deployed for an entire year at three depths (890, 2590, and 3560 meters) at a deepwater station (3860 meters) in the Panama Basin. The amount of horizontal and lithogenic particulate material arriving at the three depths was seasonally pulsed and directly reflected changes in surface primary production. Two spikes of organic flux were simultaneously recorded at all three depths: (i) a period of high productivity during regional upwelling in February through March and (ii) an unusual bloom of a single species of coccolithophorid during June through July. This latter spike delivered approximately 25 grams of coccolith per square meter of area at a depth of 3860 meters during less than 60 days. The flux of lithogenic particles increased with increasing depth and was seasonally correlated to surface production and current direction, and not to the detritus discharged in river flow. The data suggest that suspended clays are efficiently scavenged from the water column by rapidly sinking organic aggregates.     

Manganese flux from continental margin sediments in a transect through the oxygen minimum

The flux of manganese from continental margin sediments to the ocean was measured with a free-vehicle, benthic flux chamber in a transect across the continental shelf and upper slope of the California margin. The highest fluxes were observed on the shallow continental shelf. Manganese flux decreased linearly with bottom water oxygen concentration, and the lowest fluxes occurred in the oxygen minimum zone (at a depth of 600 to 1000 meters). Although the flux of manganese from continental shelf sediments can account for the elevated concentrations observed in shallow, coastal waters, the flux from sediments that intersect the oxygen minimum cannot produce the subsurface concentration maximum of dissolved manganese that is observed in the Pacific Ocean.     

Effects of sediment load on the abrasion of soil aggregate and hydraulic parameters in experimental overland flow

The breakdown of soil aggregates under rainfall and their abrasion in overland flow are important processes in water erosion due to the production of more fine and transportable particles and, the subsequent significant effect on the erosion intensity. Currently, little is known about the effects of sediment load on the soil aggregate abrasion and the relationship of this abrasion with some related hydraulic parameters. Here, the potential effects of sediment load on soil aggregate abrasion and hydraulic parameters in overland flow were investigated through a series of experiments in a 3.8-m-long hydraulic flume at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, unit flow discharges from 2×10~(–3) to 6×10~(–3) m~2 s~(-1), and the sediment concentration from 0 to 110 kg m~(–3). All the aggregates from Ultisols developed Quaternary red clay, Central China. The results indicated that discharge had the most significant(P0.01) effect on the aggregates abrasion with the contributions of 58.76 and 60.34%, followed by sediment feed rate, with contributions of 39.66 and 34.12% at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, respectively. The abrasion degree of aggregates was found to increase as a power function of the sediment concentration. Meanwhile, the flow depth, friction factor, and shear stress increased as a power function along with the increase of sediment concentration at different slope gradients and discharges. Reynolds number was obviously affected by sediment concentration and it decreased as sediment concentration increased. The ratio of the residual weight to the initial weight of soil aggregates(Wr/Wi) was found to increase as the linear function with an increasing flow depth(P=0.008) or Reynolds number(P=0.002) in the sediment-laden flow. The Wr/Wi values followed a power function decrease with increasing friction factor or shear stress in the sediment-laden flow, indicating that friction factor is the best hydraulic parameter for prediction of soil aggregate abrasion under different sediment load conditions. The information regarding the soil aggregate abrasion under various sediment load conditions can facilitate soil process-based erosion modeling.     

Calcite Dissolution: An in situ Study in the Panama Basin

The results of an in situ study of calcite dissolution in the Panama Basin indicate that the rate of dissolution in the water column increases suddenly below a water depth of about 2800 meters. This coincides with the depth at which the calcium carbonate content of surface sediments begins to decrease rapidly or the sedimentary lysocline. Since this level of increased dissolution both in the water column and on the sea floor does not appear to be related to the transition from supersaturation to undersaturation with respect to carbonate, there may be a kinetic origin for the lysocline in this region.     

Variations in terrigenous input into the deep equatorial atlantic during the past 24,000 years

Estimates of terrigenous fluxes at three different water depths at two sites in the equatorial Atlantic by normalization against excess (230)Th flux indicate that the flux of terrigenous material to the seafloor was significantly higher during the last glacial period than it is today. Fluxes started to decrease during deglaciation and reached minimal values in the middle of the Holocene. From 15,000 to 5,000 years ago, there was a substantial increase in flux with increasing water depth below 2,800 meters; this increase may reflect resuspension and lateral transport of slope and rise sediment, possibly because of intensification of deepwater circulation during that period.     

伊犁河流域坡面径流侵蚀试验研究

通过野外径流小区实地放水冲刷试验,研究伊犁河流域大豆坡地与裸地在不同放水条件下土壤水分变化及大豆减流减沙效应,并运用水力学理论分析坡面径流水力学参数特征。结果表明:大豆与裸地土壤入渗率随放水流量的增加呈现递增的趋势,与裸地相比,大豆坡面入渗率增加20%,产沙时间晚于裸地8 min左右;大豆坡面较裸地具有显著的减流减沙效应,输沙率减少93.6%,径流系数减少63.5%左右,其削减径流作用明显弱于减沙效应;随着放水流量的增加,大豆与裸地输沙率均呈递增趋势;坡面径流平均流速、径流深、雷诺数、Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数逐渐增大,弗劳德数逐渐减小,流速与流量呈幂函数关系,水流为层流、急流状态。     

Radiolarian skeletons: solution at depths

Radiolarian skeletons were placed at several depths on the taut mooring wire of a buoy in the central Pacific for 4 months. Recent radiolarian sediment dissolved at appreciable rates at depths shallower than 2000 meters; solution was greatest near the surface and decreased with depth. This pattern correlates with bathymetric distributions of dissolved silicon and of temperature. Siliceous Radiolaria from planktonic samples appeared to dissolve about eight times faster than those from sediment. Tripyleans seemed to be less resistant than polycystins. Acantharia dissolved completely at all depths.     

甬江流域土地利用方式对面源磷污染的影响:基于SWAT模型研究

为定量探讨SWAT模型在土地利用方式对面源磷污染影响研究中的适用性,以甬江流域为研究区,构建流域2010年至2014年的SWAT水文水质模型,从水文响应单元的空间尺度上进行了分析研究。结果表明:模型在开展大中流域尺度,长时间序列的土地利用方式对面源磷污染影响的研究中表现良好;流域内林地、建设用地、耕地、园地年均产流深度分别为588.05、729.52、624.26、608.05 mm,产沙年均单位负荷分别为10.09、0.90、44.68、13.29 t·hm-2;总磷年均单位负荷分别为1.42、0.35、9.81、1.82 kg·hm-2。产流深度、产沙单位负荷与总磷单位负荷之间的一元线性回归模型表明:产流、产沙和面源磷之间存在明显的线性关系,且各土地利用方式产沙和磷(R2=0.83～0.88,P0.001)之间的一元线性回归模型预测能力均高于产流和总磷(R2=0.63～0.68,P0.001),表明了面源磷流失的主要载体为泥沙。此外,不同类型土地利用方式下磷输出空间差异性也十分显著,林地在坡度级别为6级时磷流失是2级时的6.90倍;土壤类型RGd(不饱和疏松岩性土)在坡度2级下磷流失是ACu(腐殖质低活性强酸土)的1.15倍,而在6级下是1.42倍。     

天山北坡平原区零通量面形成发育规律研究

依据新疆地矿局昌吉地下水均衡试验场1998～2000年不同水位埋深粘土试筒(2．0m^2或4．0m^2)内负压计监测资料，得出天山北坡平原区粘土包气带零通量面仅在潜水位埋深≥6m的条件下稳定存在的结论。     

基于遥感的鄱阳湖水体总悬浮物对水文特征的响应分析

鄱阳湖水文特征变化明显,总悬浮物(TSS)受湖区水位和五河影响较大。通过时序MODIS数据提取全湖TSS浓度信息,从湖体水位、五河流量、五河含沙量3个指标来分析TSS浓度的时空分布特征和变化规律。结果表明:随水位变化全湖TSS浓度在8.8和13.0m附近有急剧变化的过程,其他水位的TSS浓度变化较为平稳,水位与全湖TSS浓度平均值呈线性正相关性;丰水期五河流量、含沙量较大,TSS浓度变小,而枯水期五河流量、含沙量减小,则TSS浓度变大;当水位变化幅度不大时,水流流速和水域面积相对稳定,五河流量、含沙量与TSS浓度成正比关系。初步揭示了湖区水体TSS浓度对水文特征的响应关系。     

Age of Canada basin deep waters: a way to estimate primary production for the arctic ocean

An empirical model of carbon flux and (14)C-derived ages of the water in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean as a function of depth was used to estimate the long-term rate of primary production within this region. An estimate can be made because the deep waters of the Canadian Basin are isolated from the world oceans by the Lomonosov Ridge (sill depth about 1500 meters). Below the sill, the age of the water correlates with increased nutrients and oxygen utilization and thus provides a way to model the average flux of organic material into the deep basin over a long time period. The (14)C ages of the deep water in the Canada Basin were about 1000 years, the carbon flux across the 1500-meter isobath was 0.3 gram of carbon per square meter per year, and the total production was 9 to 14 grams of carbon per square meter per year. Such estimates provide a baseline for understanding the role of the Arctic Ocean in global carbon cycling.     

标准坡面人工草地减流减沙效应及其坡面流水力学机理研究

通过放水冲刷实验,研究草地与裸地坡面土壤水分入渗及产流产沙过程,分析草地减流减沙效益,并从水力学特性剖析草地调控水沙的机理.结果表明:①裸地与草地坡面土壤水分入渗过程均符合Horton入渗公式i=ic＋(i0－ic)e－kt;与裸地相比,草地入渗率增加40％,产流时间推迟2.5 min,径流系数减少28.3％,输沙率减少78.4％.②裸地坡面输沙过程呈高—低—高变化趋势,而草地呈现先增后减趋势.③草地坡面流属于层流中的缓流流态,裸地则属于过渡流的急流流态,说明草地坡面抵抗侵蚀力和泥沙搬运的能力明显强于裸地;草地可明显降低径流流速,增加阻力系数和曼宁糙率系数,但对径流深度影响不明显.      

土壤质地及环境因子对农田N_2O排放的影响

[目的]研究土壤质地与环境因素对N2O排放通量的影响情况。[方法]采用实验室培养法,设4种土壤质地,8个土壤深度梯度(5～40 cm),6个温度梯度(10～35℃)、5个湿度含水量等进行试验研究。[结果]相同培养条件下,粘土类N2O排放通量高于粘壤土和粘砂质壤土,最低的为砂质土壤;在不同培养深度条件下的N2O排放通量,壤土类明显高于砂质土壤,两土壤类加入氮肥后的N2O排放通量高于对照土壤;土壤的N2O排放通量随温度的增加而增长,在相同温度下壤土类土壤N2O排放通量高于砂质土壤;N2O排放通量随土壤含水量的上升随之增加,至田间持水量时N2O排放通量达到最大;在相同的湿度条件下,N2O排放通量壤土类高于砂质土壤。[结论]重质地旱作土壤N2O排放通量要高于轻质地土壤。     

Late Cenozoic Underthrusting of the Continental Margin off Northernmost California

The presence of magnetic anomaly 3, age 5 million years, beneath the continental slope off northernmost California, is evidence for underthrusting of the continental margin during the late Cenozoic. Folded and faulted strata near the base of the slope attest to deformation of the eastern edge of the turbidite sedimzents in the Gorda Basin; the deformation observed is exactly that expected from underthrusting. The relative motions of three crustal plates also suggest underthrusting, possibly with a major component of right-lateral slip.     

模拟降雨条件下林下枯落物层减流减沙效应

通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究了不同坡度、雨强条件下枯落物覆盖对坡面产流过程和侵蚀过程的影响。结果 表明:1)枯落物单位面积生物量越大,坡面产流越迟,并且枯落物覆盖延迟地表径流产生的作用在30 mm/h 雨强下 较60 mm/h 更为突出;2)坡面总径流量随枯落物单位面积生物量增大而减小,30 mm/h 雨强下减少率在4.8% ~ 54.8%之间,60 mm/h 雨强下减少率在4.2% ~ 26.8% 之间,30 mm/h 雨强下枯落物的减流效应要优于60 mm/h 雨 强;3)坡面产沙率和总产沙量均随枯落物单位面积生物量的增大而减小,当枯落物生物量为50 g 时,坡面的总产沙 量相比裸坡可降低56.2% ~68.0%,枯落物生物量达到200 g 之后坡面总产沙量相比裸坡能降低92.2%以上,即使 在60 mm/h 雨强下枯落物层仍能发挥良好的减沙效果;4)枯落物层拦截泥沙的效应要强于其减少径流的效应,有 枯落物覆盖的坡面,在径流量较大的情况下,产沙量也可能较小。实验表明,要发挥枯落物层良好的水土保持功 能,枯落物单位面积生物量需达到250 g 以上。      

基于RUSLE、InVEST和USPED的土壤侵蚀量估算对比研究 ——以陕北延河流域为例

黄土高原是我国水土流失的重灾区,准确地估算土壤侵蚀量对于当地的退耕还林、水土保持以及土地管理等措施的实行具有重要的指导意义。本研究选取黄土高原延河流域为研究区,以2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年共4期的Landsat TM遥感影像及日降雨量、土地利用、数字高程模型和土壤属性等为源数据,比较RUSLE、InVEST和USPED三个模型对土壤侵蚀的估算在该研究区的适用性,并分析不同地形和植被条件下土壤侵蚀的分布及变化规律。研究发现：1）2000年后延河流域土壤侵蚀量先增加后减少,2005年后减少幅度逐渐增加,表明退耕还林工程效果显著;2）与实测产沙量数据相比,RUSLE模型估算的侵蚀量偏大,USPED模型和InVEST模型的误差相对较低,建议在延河流域使用InVEST和USPED模型计算土壤侵蚀;3）土壤侵蚀量随坡度的增加而增加,RUSLE模型增加幅度最大;4）当NDVI > 0时,土壤侵蚀量随NDVI的增加而减少,并且当NDVI在0 ~ 0.1时,土壤侵蚀量最大。     

The Precursor of the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Clays at Stevns Klint, Denmark, and DSDP Hole 465A

Results of detailed mineralogical, chemical, and oxygen isotope analyses of the clay minerals and zeolites from two Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary regions, Stevns Klint, Denmark, and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Hole 465A in the north central Pacific Ocean, are presented. In the central part of the Stevns Klint K/T boundary layer, the only clay mineral detected by x-ray diffraction is a pure smectite with > 95 percent expandable layers. No detrital clay minerals or quartz were observed in the clay size fraction in these beds, whereas the clay minerals above and below the boundary layer are illite and mixed-layer smectite-illite of detrital origin as well as quartz. The mineralogical purity of the clay fraction, the presence of smectite only at the boundary, and the delta(18)O value of the smectite (27.2 +/- 0.2 per mil) suggest that it formed in situ by alteration of glass. Formation from impact rather than from volcanic glass is supported by its major element chemistry. The high content of iridium and other siderophile elements is not due to the cessation of calcium carbonate deposition and resulting slow sedimentation rates. At DSDP Hole 465A, the principal clay mineral in the boundary zone (80 to 143 centimeters) is a mixed-layer smectite-illite with >/=90 percent expandable layers, accompanied by some detrital quartz and small amounts of a euhedral authigenic zeolite (clinoptilolite). The mixed-layer smectite-illite from the interval 118 to 120 centimeters in the zone of high iridium abundance has a very low rare earth element content; the negative cerium anomaly indicates formation in the marine environment. This conclusion is corroborated by the delta(18)O value of this clay mineral (27.1 +/- 0.2 per mil). Thus, this mixed-layer smectite-illite formed possibly from the same glass as the K/T boundary smectite at Stevns Klint, Denmark.     

钙、钠饱和处理的次生硅酸盐矿物对多环芳烃(菲)吸附与光解行为

分别对高岭石、蒙脱石和实验室合成水钠锰矿进行金属离子(Na~+和Ca~(2+))饱和处理,比较三种矿物及其金属离子饱和处理矿物对多环芳烃的吸附能力。以发射波长为254nm的氙灯为光源,在上述矿物表面分别进行菲光化学降解实验,探讨不同矿物及其金属离子饱和处理矿物对菲光化学降解能力的区别。比较多环芳烃光化学降解后不同矿物表面的傅里叶变换红外光谱,分析不同矿物表面官能团的变化。利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析矿物表面多环芳烃光化学降解中间产物,并推测其降解途径。结果表明金属离子饱和处理的高岭石、蒙脱石、水钠锰矿对多环芳烃(菲)吸附能力均比其未加离子矿物的吸附能力强,但光化学降解速率则相反;降解过程分别会产生酯类、羧酸类、醇类、烷烃类等物质,且随着光解时间的延长最后可能彻底被矿化为水和二氧化碳等小分子物质。     

神东煤田原地面侵蚀产沙规律野外降雨试验

为科学计算煤矿开发建设过程中弃土弃渣、扰动地面、非硬化路面等的新增水土流失量,以神府东胜煤田为研究背景,将未经人为扰动撂荒地作为自然侵蚀本底值的研究对象,采用野外人工模拟降雨的方法,对原地面的侵蚀产沙规律进行研究.结果表明:原地面含沙量随时间的变化形式有3种,平缓型、单峰型和多峰型.产流时间与降雨强度、产沙量与降雨强度和坡度的关系均呈幂函数相关,径流流速和流深与降雨强度呈指数函数相关,径流量与降雨强度、产沙量与径流量之间呈线性相关.     

砂姜黑土的粘粒矿物组成和蒙皂石来源的探讨

对不同地区的几个砂姜黑土剖面的粘粒矿物进行了 X 射线衍射分析,结果表明均以蒙皂石为主,其次为伊利石,高岭石和蛭石含量较少,仅山东高密的砂姜黑土削面含少量绿泥石。这与毗邻土壤类型迥然不同。对黑土层石英砂的 SEM 观察表明,砂姜黑土的母质均为洪(冲)积-湖沼沉积型。笔者认为,砂姜黑土中高含量的蒙皂石主要系流水悬浮而来,在湖泊静水环境中沉淀富集而成,其来源范围比粗骨颗粒部分更广泛。