滨海盐土暗管排水降渍脱盐效果研究

在江苏省滨海盐土按不同埋深和间距埋设地下暗管,其降渍、脱盐作用主要表现在丰水期(7～9月)内,在试验范围内,10 m间距暗管的降渍效果最显著,但与15 m间距暗管的脱盐效果相差不明显;在较小间距(10 m)时,1.4 m埋深暗管的降渍效果优于1.2 m埋深,埋设间距≥15 m后,埋深对暗管降渍效果无明显影响,而在所有埋设间距处理中,1.4 m埋深暗管的脱盐效果均优于1.2 m埋深。综合比较分析各相关试验结果,并考虑暗管埋设的初期投资和后期维护成本,推荐间距15 m、埋深1.4 m为江苏滨海盐土降渍脱盐的地下暗管工程最佳布设参数。     

中国滨海盐沼湿地碳收支与碳循环过程研究进展

滨海盐沼湿地由于其较高的初级生产力和较缓慢的有机质降解速率而成为缓解全球变暖的有效蓝色碳汇,近年来引起全球范围内的热切关注。我国滨海盐沼湿地分布较广,国内学者对滨海盐沼湿地碳循环及碳收支研究取得了一定进展,深入研究滨海盐沼湿地碳循环有助于对全球碳循环及全球变化的理解,并为利用滨海湿地进行碳的增汇减排提供科学依据。主要从我国滨海盐沼湿地碳循环主要观测方法、碳收支与碳循环过程及特点、碳库的组成与影响因素、气态碳的输入输出、潮汐作用对其碳收支的影响这5个方面出发,对国内的滨海盐沼湿地碳循环与碳收支的研究进展进行了归纳总结,并对今后的研究方向给出如下建议:(1)加强滨海盐沼湿地土壤碳库在深度上和广度上的研究;(2)标准化滨海盐沼湿地碳储量、碳通量的量化方法和观测技术;(3)在研究尺度上要宏观、微观并重,同时加强长期原位监测湿地碳通量的变化与室内模拟研究;(4)量化在潮汐影响下滨海盐沼湿地碳与邻近生态系统之间的横向交换通量。只有对我国滨海盐沼湿地碳库收支进行更准确的评估和长期的碳库动态变化监测,方可进一步认识我国盐沼湿地对全球气候变化的影响及其反馈作用,这对于预测全球变化及制定湿地碳储备功能的提升策略具有重要的意义。     

Local geomagnetic events associated with displacements on the san andreas fault

The piezomagnetic properties of rock suggest that a change in subsurface stress will manifest itself as a change in the magnetic susceptibility and remanent magnetization and hence the local geomagnetic field. A differential array of magnetometers has been operating since late 1965 on the San Andreas fault in the search for piezomagnetic signals under conditions involving active fault stress. Local changes in the geomagnetic field have been observed near Hollister, California, some tens of hours preceding the onset of abrupt creep displacement on the San Andreas fault.     

Regional implications of triassic or jurassic age for basalt and sedimentary red beds in the South Carolina coastal plain

Whole rock potassium-argon ages for samples of subsurface basalt recovered near Charleston, South Carolina, are interpreted to indicate a Triassic or Jurassic age for the basalt and underlying sedimentary red beds. This age is consistent with existing evidence indicating that an early Mesozoic basin is present in the subsurface of a large part of the coastal plain of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama.     

滨海新区填海造陆的地形地貌环境演变影响分析

填海造陆对海岸环境的影响主要体现在改变海岸线长度与形态及直接吹填沙导致近海海底地形地貌变化[1],这些变化影响着海岸带规划管理和可持续发展,具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文利用滨海新区遥感影像及其海图资料,对该区域近30年海岸线变迁、围填海演变及海底地形信息进行了提取,并对其具体进程和驱动因素进行了研究。研究表明：30年间,滨海新区海岸线变迁是向海洋推进,且推进的趋势越来越明显,岸线长度增长趋势愈发明显,变迁面积较大。针对填海造陆引起围堤基底冲刷问题,笔者提出了可供参考的解决方案。     

滨海淤泥质盐土区暗管降盐效果研究

[目的]探讨滨海淤泥质盐土区暗管埋设的适宜参数。[方法]试验设计60、80、100 cm 3个暗管埋深,5、10、15 m 3个暗管间距,共9个处理,0~20、20~40、40~60 cm 3个土层定点取样,辅助滴管,分析盐分变化。[结果]A_1B_1、A_1B_2、A_1B_3、A_2B_1处理0~60 cm土体盐分最低,平均含盐量5.4~6.4 g/kg,较原始盐分土壤降低60%以上,降盐效果明显。[结论]淤泥质滨海盐土区辅助滴管措施,暗管埋深60~80 cm为宜;80 cm埋深下,暗管间距不宜高于10 m,在5~7 m具有较好的降盐效果。     

Long-term ecosystem response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill

The ecosystem response to the 1989 spill of oil from the Exxon Valdez into Prince William Sound, Alaska, shows that current practices for assessing ecological risks of oil in the oceans and, by extension, other toxic sources should be changed. Previously, it was assumed that impacts to populations derive almost exclusively from acute mortality. However, in the Alaskan coastal ecosystem, unexpected persistence of toxic subsurface oil and chronic exposures, even at sublethal levels, have continued to affect wildlife. Delayed population reductions and cascades of indirect effects postponed recovery. Development of ecosystem-based toxicology is required to understand and ultimately predict chronic, delayed, and indirect long-term risks and impacts.     

上海海岸带演变及生态系统服务价值变化研究

为了开展上海海岸带演变及生态系统服务价值（Ecosystem service value ESV）变化研究,实验基于1990、2000、2010和2020年Landsat遥感影像数据,分析上海海岸带岸线长度变化特征;结合Globe Land30的数据,利用空间分析,开展1990—2000年,2000—2010年、2010—2020年三个时期内土地变化和土地转移研究;在此基础上,构建上海海岸带ESV模型,厘清2000—2020年上海海岸带ESV时空变化特征。结果表明：1990—2020年间,受人类活动和自然因素影响,上海大陆岸线呈先增加后缓慢减小到增加的变化趋势,崇明岛岸线减少,长兴岛和横沙岛岸线长度增加。同时,由于人类活动强度和沿海工程力度加大,海岸带土地利用面积变化显著,耕地和建设用地增多。此外,由于土地扩建,研究期间上海海岸带呈ESV增加趋势,但其湿地ESV在2010—2020间下降28.59%。就空间分布而言,上海海岸带ESV从中高值区域逐渐向低和极低区域转变,到2020年,单位面积ESV极高地区已基本消失。城市进程中建设用地的开发和沿海湿地生态系统的减少是造成上海海岸带ESV变化的主要原因。本研究可为服务上海市指导海岸带环境管理以及可持续发展提供科学依据和决策支持。     

基于水量平衡原理的畦灌下渗水形状系数变化规律研究

以往水量平衡模型应用中,通常认为在同一次灌水过程中的下渗水形状系数为恒定值,使模型精度受到一定影响。基于此,本试验以水量平衡原理为基础,结合量纲分析,研究了畦灌过程中的下渗水形状系数变化规律并提出了估算其值的经验计算式。结果表明,同一次畦灌过程中下渗水形状系数并非恒定值,而是随灌水时间和水流推进距离等因素变化的。结合已有文献资料验证,结果表明采用水量平衡模型模拟畦灌水流运动过程,同时考虑动态的地表储水形状系数和下渗水形状系数取值,可有效提高模型的计算精度。同时也表明采用本文所建经验计算式估算畦灌下渗水形状系数值是可靠的。     

Net kinetic energy in littoral transport

Studies of coastal erosion and coastal management can be put on a firm physical basis only after methods have been developed for closely estimating the energy expended in actual unidirectional net littoral transport of sediment. Such measures have now been obtained for six coastal drift cells. The results, for a 68-year period, vary from a minimum of 0.6 x 10(4) ergs (very low energy) to a maximum of 340 x 10(4) ergs (moderately high energy) per cell.     

Enhanced open ocean storage of CO2 from shelf sea pumping

Seasonal field observations show that the North Sea, a Northern European shelf sea, is highly efficient in pumping carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the North Atlantic Ocean. The bottom topography-controlled stratification separates production and respiration processes in the North Sea, causing a carbon dioxide increase in the subsurface layer that is ultimately exported to the North Atlantic Ocean. Globally extrapolated, the net uptake of carbon dioxide by coastal and marginal seas is about 20% of the world ocean's uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide, thus enhancing substantially the open ocean carbon dioxide storage.     

The Asian tsunami: a protective role for coastal vegetation

The 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami had major effects on coastal communities and ecosystems. An assessment of coastlines after the tsunami indicates that coastal vegetation such as mangroves and beach forests helped to provide protection and reduce effects on adjacent communities. In recent years, mangroves and other coastal vegetation have been cleared or degraded along many coastlines, increasing their vulnerability to storm and tsunami damage. Establishing or strengthening greenbelts of mangroves and other coastal forests may play a key role in reducing the effect of future extreme events.     

Manganese flux from continental margin sediments in a transect through the oxygen minimum

The flux of manganese from continental margin sediments to the ocean was measured with a free-vehicle, benthic flux chamber in a transect across the continental shelf and upper slope of the California margin. The highest fluxes were observed on the shallow continental shelf. Manganese flux decreased linearly with bottom water oxygen concentration, and the lowest fluxes occurred in the oxygen minimum zone (at a depth of 600 to 1000 meters). Although the flux of manganese from continental shelf sediments can account for the elevated concentrations observed in shallow, coastal waters, the flux from sediments that intersect the oxygen minimum cannot produce the subsurface concentration maximum of dissolved manganese that is observed in the Pacific Ocean.     

硬质海岸防护设施的生态效应与对策

虽然滨海地区占地球陆地面积不足4%,但沿海生境是全球最有价值的自然资源之一。世界上超过三分之一的人口生活在距海岸线100 km的范围内。气候变化和人类活动使得全球海岸侵蚀和风暴潮威胁加重。海岸防护可以有效抵御海岸侵蚀、风暴风险和海平面上升。本文概述了全球主要沿海国家和地区（欧盟、美国、中国）海岸硬化情况以及海岸硬化带来的生态效应。欧洲海岸线硬化比例为10%（2006年）,美国海岸的硬化比例为14%（2015年）,而中国海岸线的硬化比例近60%（2014年）。海岸硬化会引起滨海湿地重要物理、化学和生物过程的改变,生境丧失和破碎化,以及生物连通性的改变。增加硬化设施的结构复杂性或由混合型海岸代替传统硬化海岸可以减轻海岸硬化对滨海湿地生态系统的威胁,但对硬质海岸和混合型海岸的生态服务功能以及抵御风暴能力的评估还比较缺乏,有待进一步研究。     

Nutrient Biogeochemistry of the Coastal Zone

The coastal seas are one of the most valuable and vulnerable of Earth's habitats. Significant inputs of nutrients to the coastal zone arrive via rivers, groundwater, and the atmosphere. Nutrient fluxes through these routes have been increased by human activity. In addition, the N:P:Si ratios of these inputs have been perturbed, and many coastal management practices exacerbate these perturbations. There is evidence of impacts arising from these changes (in phytoplankton numbers and relative species abundance, and deep-water oxygen declines) in areas of restricted water exchange. Elsewhere, the nutrient fluxes through the coastal zone appear to be still dominated by large inputs from the open ocean, and there is little evidence of anthropogenic perturbations.     

氮输入影响滨海湿地碳循环过程的模拟研究:进展与展望

滨海湿地碳循环是控制全球碳储量的关键过程之一,受近岸水体富营养化引起的氮输入影响显著。然而氮输入影响滨海湿地碳循环的过程复杂,利用碳循环模型是研究这些过程的有效手段,在全球气候变化下,评估滨海湿地碳储蓄功能具有重要意义。本研究介绍了滨海湿地碳组分在大气-植被-水体-土壤不同界面间的迁移和转化,总结了氮输入影响碳循环各阶段的规律,发现碳储蓄和碳通量对氮输入的响应受多个因素的共同作用。在此基础上,阐述了目前发展比较成熟且同时具有碳、氮、水相关模块的碳循环主流模型,以及模型为适应湿地而做出的改进及其在湿地的应用情况,为利用模型模拟氮输入影响滨海湿地生态系统碳循环的相关过程提供参考。探讨了将模型应用于湿地,应注意潮汐过程对氮输入影响等相关发展方向,同时就如何减少模型模拟的不准确性等问题展开讨论,对未来的研究方向提出展望。图1表1参126     

福建省沿海地区甘薯发展情况调查与分析

调查福建省东南沿海地区23个县市,从1975-2012年每5年甘薯的栽培面积、总产量、品种和栽培技术等变化,研究分析表明,30多年来福建省沿海地区甘薯种植面积虽有一定的下降,但仍保持较大面积,占福建省甘薯种植面积的比例有所上升。期间,甘薯单位产量有较大的提高,但面积和总产量的变化趋势不同于同期我国整体甘薯产业变化情况。本研究认为该区域的甘薯品种更新、栽培技术提高、消费习惯和传统甘薯文化的综合作用等是产生这一趋势的主要原因,为也提出了建立优质种苗基地、推广优质新品种等促进甘薯区域发展的建议。     

海上偏东风对秦皇岛岸区降水及温度的影响

利用2001～2010年逐月秦皇岛、昌黎、抚宁及青龙观测站气象资料,筛选出401个样本个例,应用常规统计学方法及天气学理论,按不同分级统计分析降雨(雪)前6～8 h风向、风速及转为海风时的温度变化基数据,计算不同分级相关系数值,得出海上偏东风与降水、温度半定量化估计值。临近4个测站同步资料对比分析结果表明,偏东风动态变化对岸区强降水落区具有指示意义;秦皇岛岸区至内陆延伸水平温度梯度估计值为:夏季8:00～14:00平均值0.6℃/10 km,冬季0.3℃/10 km。     

Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas

Estuarine and coastal transformation is as old as civilization yet has dramatically accelerated over the past 150 to 300 years. Reconstructed time lines, causes, and consequences of change in 12 once diverse and productive estuaries and coastal seas worldwide show similar patterns: Human impacts have depleted >90% of formerly important species, destroyed >65% of seagrass and wetland habitat, degraded water quality, and accelerated species invasions. Twentieth-century conservation efforts achieved partial recovery of upper trophic levels but have so far failed to restore former ecosystem structure and function. Our results provide detailed historical baselines and quantitative targets for ecosystem-based management and marine conservation.     

葫芦岛沿海地区最高气温变化的影响因子分析

该文利用欧洲中心数值模式资料、Micaps常规观测资料、地面自动站逐时观测资料,对2009年5月19日影响葫芦岛沿海地区高温的气象因子进行了分析。结果表明,由于海陆热力差异的存在,风向对葫芦岛沿海地区夏季温度的变化起着决定性作用,直接关系着夏季高温能否出现;多云的天气现象亦是引起温度变化的重要原因。