五种农药防治苹果黄蚜田间试验效果

苹果黄蚜AphiscitricolaVanderGoot又名绣线菊蚜,主要为害苹果、梨、桃、杏、樱桃和山植等。笔者试验了五种药剂对该虫的防治效果。1材料与方法1．1药剂及处理1997年试验组有35％赛丹2000倍（德国艾格福）、20％安克力2000倍（日本大家、50％农地乐（美国陶氏益农）、40％氧化乐果（山东农药厂）和空白对照;1998年试验组有3％莫比朗（江门农药厂）2500倍、2000倍、1500倍,3％莫比朗（日本曹达）2000倍、40％氧化乐果1000倍（山东农药厂）和空白对照。1997年和1998年分别在苹果黄蚜发生初盛期的5月10日和5月8日喷药。1．2试验及调查方法…     

0.25%高渗吡虫啉乳油防治栗大蚜田间药效试验

栗大蚜(Ladnys trioucakus van der.Goot)属同翅目蚜科,是板栗树上常发性害虫,以成虫、若虫群集板栗树新梢,危害叶和嫩枝,严重地影响叶片的光合作用和嫩梢生长以及栗果的成熟.生产上多采用氧乐果进行防治,由于长期高强度的化学防治,该虫已对氧乐果等一些常用药剂产生抗药性,局部地区相当严重.为有效防治栗大蚜,笔者于2002～2003年进行了2.5%高渗吡虫啉乳油防治栗大蚜田间药效试验.     

阿维菌素对苹果绣线菊蚜的防治作用及对果园天敌的影响

以1.8%阿维菌素乳油为代表品种,开展了阿维菌素对苹果树绣线菊蚜Aphis citricola田间防治效果试验。结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素乳油1000~3000倍液药后2d、7d、14d对绣线菊蚜的防治效果为64.9%~87.6%。此外,研究了阿维菌素乳油对果园捕食性天敌幼虫种群的影响。田间调查结果表明,施药14d后药剂处理区食蚜蝇Chrysopa septempunctata种群难以恢复,七星瓢虫Epistrophc baltcata种群恢复至喷药前的65%以上,大草蛉Coccinella septempunctate种群基本恢复正常;室内实验结果与田间基本相同,对食蚜蝇影响最大,大草蛉影响最小。但枝条喷药后,在太阳光下放置4h后接虫,则天敌幼虫的死亡率均有明显下降。     

金龟子绿僵菌破坏素A与5种杀虫剂混配对苹果黄蚜的联合毒力

为了更科学合理地选择防治苹果黄蚜的药剂, 采用浸渍法测定了虫生真菌毒素-破坏素A和杀虫剂1.8%阿维菌素EC、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC、10%吡虫啉WP、40%啶虫脒WG、10%烯啶虫胺AS等对苹果黄蚜的毒力, 结果显示, 上述药剂对苹果黄蚜的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为0.016、0.221、0.221、2.242、9.793和8.247 mg/L, 表明破坏素A对苹果黄蚜具有较高的毒力, 1.8%阿维菌素EC和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC次之。进一步筛选破坏素A与杀虫剂的最佳混配比例, 结果表明, 当破坏素A和1.8%阿维菌素EC以4∶6、5∶5、6∶4、7∶3、8∶2、9∶1的比例混配时均具有显著的增效作用, 混配比为9∶1时共毒系数为176.36, 毒力效果最佳。生物杀虫剂破坏素A与阿维菌素的混配施用在苹果黄蚜的防治中具有较好的应用前景。     

6种常用杀菌剂对苹果黄蚜及其天敌异色瓢虫的影响

本文研究了有机苹果园常用的6种杀菌剂,包括农抗120、绿乳铜、高锰酸钾、大生M-45、成标和多菌灵对果园重要害虫苹果黄蚜Aphis citricola van derGoot及其天敌异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis Pallas死亡率的影响。结果表明,这6种杀菌剂使用喷雾和浸叶饲喂法对蚜虫的死亡率均有一定的影响,但校正死亡率均小于21%。喷雾处理和二次中毒处理对瓢虫幼虫的死亡率均无显著影响。上述结果说明6种供试杀菌剂的常用浓度对蚜虫有较低的致死率,而对其天敌异色瓢虫则是安全的,因此我们推测上述杀菌剂的常规使用不会对果园昆虫的群落结构造成重大影响。     

First record of the grapevine aphid Aphis illinoisensis in the island of Kriti, Greece

The grapevine aphid Aphis illinoisensis was recently recorded in several areas on grapevine in the island of Kriti in Greece. It was found in Greece less than three years after the first record of the aphid outside the American continent in south Turkey, and it is likely that it will spread to other Mediterranean countries.     

棉蚜抗药性及其化学防治

棉蚜［Aphis gossypii（Glover）］属半翅目蚜科,是一种世界性的害虫,主要通过取食植物汁液和传播病毒给农业生产造成严重损失。长期以来,棉蚜的防治一直以化学防治为主,棉蚜对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、新烟碱类等多种杀虫药剂已经产生了抗性。本文主要从棉蚜抗药性发展历史、抗药性机制以及棉蚜的化学防治等方面进行论述,期望能为农业生产上延缓棉蚜抗药性产生、有效治理棉蚜提供指导。     

生草模式对苹果园天敌及其调控苹果绣线菊蚜作用的影响

本文采用田间系统调查和罩笼试验评价天敌控害作用,分析生草模式对苹果园天敌及其控害功能的影响,为合理利用地面植被控制绣线菊蚜提供科学依据。结果表明,地面植被会影响苹果园天敌的种群发生数量;人工生草苹果园捕食性天敌和寄生性天敌的种群密度均显著高于自然生草园和清耕苹果园;直接调查法获得的天敌与绣线菊蚜的益害比差异不显著,黄板调查的结果显示,人工生草园益害比显著高于自然生草园和清耕园,分别是其3.2倍和22.88倍;罩笼试验结果表明,第15 d罩网处理和开放处理间苹果绣线菊蚜的种群增长比率无显著差异,但清耕园苹果绣线菊蚜的种群增长比率显著高于人工种草和自然生草苹果园;三种处理苹果园生物控害指数无显著性差异。果园生草能显著提高天敌的密度及益害比,在提高果园天敌数量和控害功能方面具有重要作用。     

Foliar residues and toxicity to Aphis citricola of three systemic insecticides applied to the soil in a citrus grove

A study was made of the accumulation of aldicarb, ethiofencarb and dimethoate in citrus leaves and fruit; the toxicity of these insecticides to the spirea aphid (Aphis citricola Van der Goot) was also studied. The effectiveness of the treatments was affected mainly by the rate of accumulation of the toxicant in the leaves. At 18 g a.i. per tree, the greatest residues found in the leaves were 106, 12.2 and 1.3 μg 8^?1 fresh weight for aldicarb, ethiofencarb and dimethoate, respectively. The concentration in mature leaves was very similar to that in young leaves. The residue levels in the mature fruits were much lower than in the leaves. The main components of the residues in the leaves were aldicarb sulphoxide [2-methyl-2-(methylsulphinyl)- propionaldehyde O-methylcarbamoyloxime], dimethoate, omethoate and ethiofencarb sulphoxide [2-(ethylsulphinylmethyl)phenyl methylcarbamate]. A laboratory study with synthetic diets showed similar toxicity for all three insecticides, whereas in detached leaves, or when taken up by citrus trees, ethiofencarb was the least toxic to the aphids.     

Insecticide resistance in cotton aphid Aphis gossypii (Glov.) in the Sudan Gezira

The resistance to insecticides of three Sudanese strains of A. gossypii (Glov.) collected from cotton fields in the Sudan Gezira Scheme over three seasons (1988, 1989, 1990) and that of two French strains was studied in the laboratory. When compared with a known susceptible strain, the aphids were found to be resistant-to the eight insecticides tested. Evolution of resistance in Sudanese strains during the three crop seasons was observed. Assay of aphid homogcnate for carboxytesterase activity towards the substrates α-naphthyl acetate and β-naphthyl acetate showed that there was no enhancement of this class of enzyme and thus it was not a cause of resistance in this species. A study of interaction between the acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and pirimicarb established the kinetics of the inhibition process. I₅₀ values were found to be much higher for the Sudanese strains than for the susceptible strain. First-order inhibition kinetics revealed that resistance towards pirimicarb in Sudanese-strains was caused by a modified AchE which had a reduced affinity (higher K_a value) and poor carbamylation ability (lower K₂ value) for pirimicarb. The resistance mechanisms for the other insecticides remain to be studied.