Improvement of dietary fiber content and antioxidant properties in soft dough biscuits with the incorporation of mango peel powder

Consumption of natural bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids and dietary fiber offers health benefits including protection against cardiovascular diseases, cancer and other degenerative diseases. Mango peel is a major by-product obtained during processing of mango products such as mango pulp and amchur. Currently, mango peel is discarded which contributes to environmental pollution. In the present study, mango peel was incorporated into biscuits and improvement in the nutraceutical properties of the biscuits was studied. The studies indicated that mango peel contained 51.2% of total dietary fiber, 96 mg GAE/g of polyphenols and 3092 μg/g of carotenoids. Farinograph characteristics of the wheat flour incorporated with mango peel powder (MPP) showed an increase in water absorption from 60 to 68%. Soft dough biscuits were prepared using different levels (5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0%) of MPP and objective, sensory and nutritional properties of the biscuits were evaluated. The total dietary fiber content increased from 6.5 to 20.7% with a high proportion of soluble dietary fiber with incorporation of 20% MPP. The content of polyphenols increased from 0.54 to 4.50 mg/g and carotenoid content increased from 17 to 247 μg/g of biscuit with 20% incorporation of MPP. The biscuits incorporated with mango peel exhibited improved antioxidant properties. Acceptable biscuits with mango flavor were obtained by incorporating 10% MPP. Thus, the results indicated that wheat flour incorporated with MPP yielded dietary fiber enriched biscuits with improved antioxidant properties.     

咖啡果皮粉对饼干品质和淀粉消化性的影响

咖啡果皮是咖啡加工过程中产生的副产物,约占咖啡果实的50%,测定结果显示咖啡果皮中含有丰富的膳食纤维,总膳食纤维的含量可达64.80%,且脂肪含量低,仅为1.62%。但咖啡果皮仅有一小部分被用作堆肥和动物饲料,大部分被丢弃,造成了不可忽视的环境问题和资源浪费。为了探寻咖啡果皮在焙烤食品中的加工利用,本研究利用超微粉碎的咖啡果皮0%、5%、10%、15%、20%替代小麦粉来制作饼干,通过测定饼干的含水率、膳食纤维的含量、DPPH清除率、淀粉消化性能、血糖生成指数、色泽、质构及感官性状,发现与对照组（0%）相比,随着咖啡果皮粉替代量的增加,饼干的含水率从6.57%下降至5.32%,膳食纤维含量和DPPH清除率显著增加,分别从1.84%增加至10.65%,从2.89%增加至36.69%,淀粉的消化率、C_∞和k值与咖啡果皮粉的替代量呈负相关,最终预测的饼干血糖生成指数从91.16降至66.35,但5%、10%、15%替代量的饼干仍为高血糖生成指数的食物,色泽中L^*和b^*值逐渐下降,而a^*值在5%和10%替代量时超过了对照组,饼干呈现咖啡果皮的棕红色,另外,饼干的硬度和咀嚼性逐渐增加,但在5%替代量时硬度增加并不显著（P<0.05）,脆性、恢复力、粘结力和弹性均逐渐下降,当咖啡果皮粉添加量为5%时,可获得理想的感官评分,尤其是在色泽和气味上的得分达到最高,分别为4.8和4.7分。结果表明,咖啡果皮粉可以考虑作为一种饼干的配料来增加消费者对膳食纤维、抗氧化性物质和低糖化淀粉的摄入,该研究结果为咖啡果皮的综合利用提供理论依据。     

Functional Properties and Dietary Fiber Characterization of Mango Processing By-products (Mangifera indica L., cv Ataulfo and Tommy Atkins)

Several reports have focused on utilization of post-harvest residues of crops, while neglecting those residues produced by mango processing. These residues represent a waste of nutrients and a source of environmental contaminants. Such by-products could be valuable sources of dietary fiber (DF), antioxidant compounds, and single carbohydrates. The aim of this study was to evaluate some functional properties (FP), and the content of DF and polyphenols (PP) of the peel and coarse material obtained from residues during the industrial processing of Ataulfo and Tommy Atkins mangoes. The total dietary fiber (TDF) content was about 225 mg/g and 387 mg/g (dry weight) for the coarse material and the peel, respectively, from which soluble dietary fiber represented 23 and 42 %, respectively. The main neutral sugar identified was rhamnose, especially in peels; the klason lignin (KL) content was 92 mg/g, which highlights the Ataulfo peel (Ataulfo-P) and the Tommy Atkins peel (Tommy Atkins-P). The extractable PP content in Ataulfo-P was higher than in Tommy-Atkins-P, and interesting data for non-extractable PP were obtained in the residues. FP as swelling, water holding, oil holding, and glucose absorption in the residues was studied, obtaining better functional properties when compared to cellulose fiber. The results show that mango industrial by-products, mainly from the Ataulfo-P variety, could be used as ingredients in food products because of their functional properties as well as their DF and PP content.     

酶-重量法测定不同品种芒果皮中膳食纤维的含量

应用酶-重量法测定凯特(Keitt)、吉禄(Zill)、海顿(Haden)、爱文(Irwin)、台农1号(Tainong No.1)、红象牙(Red Ivory)、三年芒(Sannian) 7个攀西地区主推芒果品种果皮中总膳食纤维(TDF)、可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)及不溶性膳食纤维(IDF)的含量。结果表明,7个品种芒果皮中总膳食纤维含量均在45 %以上,其中海顿TDF含量最高,达到66.94 %,台农1号TDF最低,含量为46.87 %,7个品种SDF含量占TDF含量均在31 %-43 %。     

Sensory evaluation of breads containing various levels of potato peel

Breads prepared from 5, 10, and 15% potato peel/white flour, 30% whole wheat flour, and 100% white flour plus two commercial, high fiber, dark breads in fresh and frozen/defrosted forms were evaluated sensorially by both untrained and trained panels. It appears that potato peel can be included in bread for the purpose of increasing dietary fiber without unduly sacrificing quality and acceptability. However, a musty aroma in the breads containing peel possibly influenced their flavor and overall rating scores, roughly in proportion to the amount of peel they contained.     

西番莲膳食纤维素粉的研制

研究了西番莲果皮制备膳食纤维的生产工艺,并对影响脱色的主要因素进行了探讨,结果表明,影响脱色的因素依次为脱色温度（Ｔ）、 ｐＨ值、脱色时间（Ｈ）、 Ｈ２Ｏ２用量（Ｗ）、螯合剂用量（ＧＣ３）。并利用正交实验方法得到当 Ｔ为 ６０℃、 ｐＨ为８、 Ｈ为 ２．５ ｈ、 Ｗ为 ６％、ＧＣ３为 １％时的产品感官质量最佳。     

Cupuassu (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Theobroma grandiflorum</Emphasis>) Peel as Potential Source of Dietary Fiber and Phytochemicals in Whole-Bread Preparations

Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) is a fruit tree native to the Brazilian Amazon. Cupuassu beans are extensively used in the Brazilian food industry. Fat from cupuassu beans, which are a rich source of triacylglycerols and fatty acids, is used extensively in the production of candies and confectionery in the northern and northeastern regions of Brazil. The potential use of the agro-industrial by-products of cupuassu has only slightly been addressed by the scientific community. Often, such by-products are sources of bioactive compounds with functional properties. Thus, the aims of this study were to characterize the use of cupuassu peel flour (CPF) and to examine the potential of CPF as a partial replacement in the preparation of breads through various means: chemical analyses, determination of protein digestibility, tannins, phytic acid and phenolic contents, pH, color, volume, and acceptance tests. The results show that CPF is a potential source of dietary fiber (79.81%), mainly insoluble fiber (78.29%), and breads made with added CPF present high dietary fiber content (5.40 and 6.15 g/100 g for inclusions with 6 and 9% CPF, respectively) and phytochemical values. The use of this by-product did not produce substantial changes in the physical, chemical or rheological characteristics of breads. Therefore, breads enhanced with CPF may be a convenient functional food, offering a good source of dietary fiber and phytochemicals. Breads prepared with 6% added CPF presented an acceptable overall quality to consumers.     

动态超高压改性芒果皮渣膳食纤维对果酱流变特性的影响

本研究以芒果皮渣为研究对象,采用动态超高压技术处理芒果皮渣膳食纤维,研究其粒度、膳食纤维含量以及添加了该膳食纤维对果酱流变特性的影响。结果表明：超高压改性提高了芒果皮渣膳食纤维的溶解性;随着压力的增大,膳食纤维粒径先增大后减小再增加,120 MPa时粒径达到18.218 μm。流变特性研究发现,芒果皮渣膳食纤维/果酱复配体系为非牛顿流体,具有假塑性流体特征;果酱粘度随着剪切速率的增大而减小,存在明显的剪切稀化现象;动态粘弹性测试结果表明,果酱复配体系的贮能模量（G′）与损耗模量（G′′）均随角频率的增加而呈上升趋势,损耗正切值也随着压力的增加而增加,在150 MPa时流体性质最明显。     

Value of a tomato byproduct as a source of dietary fiber in rats

A residue consisting of tomato peel and seeds is a byproduct of thetomato paste industry. This product had, after drying and grinding,101.4 g water, 175.6 g protein, 95.9 g lipids, 36.4 g ash and590.7 g total carbohydrates per kilogram of residue. The carbohydratesin the residue were mainly dietary fiber (495.3 g) from which 405.4 gwere insoluble fiber. Additionally, the residue had ascorbic acid 0.25 g, P 3 g, Ca 1.7 g, K 13.1 g, Mg 2.4 g, Cu 0.013 g, Fe0.248 g, Mn 0.018 g and Zn 0.174 g per kilogram of residue. Theresidue fed to rats at increasing concentrations in the diet (0, 134, 263and 387 g/kg diet) over 18 days had no effect on body weight gain;caused an increase in food intake and slightly reduced feed efficiency.Incorporation of the residue in the diet caused a substantialincrease in fecal mass, which was proportional to the dietary fiber providedby the residue (r = 0.89); apparent absorption of protein, energy,Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu present in the diets was reduced. These reductions were proportional to the amount of dietary fiber provided by the residueand became substantial when the residue was included at 263 or 387g/kg. However, when the residue was included at 134 g/kg, little effect onthe apparent absorption of the dietary nutrients was noted. Because thisconcentration provided the rats with approximately 10 times more fiberthan that recommended for humans, one can expect that if this tomatoresidue were consumed at concentrations recommended for humans, itshould have no effect on nutrient availability. These results indicate that thistomato residue represents an attractive source of fiber, which in rats had alow apparent absorption (52–56%). In addition, it was very effective inincreasing fecal mass with no negative effects on growth performance.     

剪切乳化辅助酶法提取咖啡果皮可溶性膳食纤维

本文以咖啡果皮为原料,优化剪切乳化辅助酶法提取可溶性膳食纤维的工艺条件。在单因素实验基础上,采用Plackett-Burman（PB）设计筛选出显著影响咖啡果皮可溶性膳食纤维提取得率的因素,包括剪切时间、酶解时间、酶解温度和酶解pH;采用中心组合试验设计及响应面法,得到最佳提取工艺条件为固液比1∶30（g/mL）、剪切速率7000 r/min、酶添加量0.2%、剪切时间24.0 min、酶解pH 4.90、酶解温度57.0 ℃、酶解时间1.96 h,在此条件下咖啡果皮可溶性膳食纤维提取率为13.96%,与理论预测值14.00%之间无显著性差异。本研究可为咖啡果皮的高值化利用和功能产品研发提供理论支撑。     

Fiber from tangerine juice industry

The four main tangerine varieties (Oroval, Hernandina, Fortuna and Clemenville) processed in the Mediterranean region were analyzed for juice yield, diverse by-products obtained in industrial processing (peel, core and frit) and fiber content: crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), from the by-products (peel, core and frit) obtained in tangerine processing in pilot plant tests. Not much work is reported which is related to the effect on the characteristics of citrus by-products due to the configuration of the components in citrus juice extractors. In recent works, there appears to be a relationship between particle size and treatment, and the physiological functions of, at least, orange fibers. In this work, it was possible to correlate the configuration (as fruit size adaptation of it) and characteristics of the fiber obtained from the by-products. The variety Hernadina has the highest juice content and therefore has less peel, core and frit. The Oroval variety has more frit content, two times more than Hernandina and Clemenville and three times more than Fortuna. As regards crude fiber results it is clearly significant that the Oroval variety has a higher content than the rest of varieties. Regarding components, the core has the least fiber content and frit the highest. These results are useful to support marketing strategies based on the high dietetic fiber content of Clementines. This fiber could have a huge potential for food and pharmacy as an alternative to cereal fiber, improving economical profits from the tangerine juice extraction process.     

Soluble and insoluble fiber contents of some Cameroonian foodstuffs

As a result of the lack of reliable data on the fiber content of African foodstuffs, a study to determine the dietary fiber contents (soluble, insoluble and total) on a dry weight basis of a selected variety of major Cameroonian foods was conducted. The influence of processing and preparation methods on the fiber content was also assessed. Vegetables were found to be the richest source of total dietary fiber (57%), followed by legumes and seeds (30%) and fruits (16.5%). Okro (Hibiscus esculenta), plantain (Musa paradisiaca) and beans (Phaseolus spp) showed varietal differences in their soluble and insoluble fiber content, while methods of processing and preparation significantly influenced the fiber content of cassava (Manihot esculenta), corn (Zea mays) and beans.     

Commercial Breakfast Cereals Available in Mexican Markets and their Contribution in Dietary Fiber, β-Glucans and Protein Quality by Rat Bioassays

The beneficial effect of dietary fiber (DF) consumption has long been recognized. The global economy and open market trade policies have increased the availability of food products in Mexican markets, resulting in a wide variety of ready-to-eat commercial breakfast cereals classified as ‘high fiber’. This research was aimed to evaluate the total dietary fiber contents, its fractions (soluble and insoluble) and β-glucan in 13 commercial ‘high-fiber’ breakfast cereals, as well as to evaluate their protein quality by rat bioassays. Commercial ‘high-fiber’ breakfast cereals had 7.42–39.82 % insoluble dietary fiber, 2.53–12.85 % soluble dietary fiber, and 0.45–4.96 % β-glucan. These ready-to-eat commercial ‘high-fiber’ breakfast cereals differed significantly in their total dietary fiber, their soluble and insoluble DF fractions, and also in their β-glucan contents. When supplied as experimental diets, in 14-day rat feeding trials, the ‘high-fiber’ breakfast cereals showed an adverse effect on the % N digestibility but protein utilization, as measured as net protein ratio (NPR), was not significantly affected. The consumption of these commercial breakfast cereals, especially those made of oats as the basic ingredient, is highly recommended, since these products, being a concentrated source of dietary fiber, do not affect their protein quality.     

微波强化碱润涨预处理对豆渣膳食纤维结构及其酯化反应的影响

研究了碱润涨预处理和微波强化碱润涨预处理对豆渣膳食纤维化学结构,物理特性以及对豆渣纤维素酯化反应的影响。结果表明,与碱润涨预处理相比,微波强化碱润涨预处理对豆渣膳食纤维的活化效果更好,二者均没有改变豆渣纤维素的化学组分。在相同的反应条件下,没有经过预处理、碱预处理和微波强化碱润涨预处理豆渣纤维素酯的取代度分别为0.0445、0.0558和0.0681,即经过预处理后豆渣纤维素的反应可及度增大,酯化效率由57.57%提高到了88.10%,且随微波辐照时间的延长,豆渣纤维素酯的取代度增加。经过酯化改性后,豆渣纤维素酯具有较强的油污去除力,且随着酯化取代度的增加,去污力呈增加的趋势,可以应用在洗涤用品中。     

Absorption of color additives and settling volume in water of blue-green alga,ishikurage (Nostoc commune)

The properties of ishikurage (Nostoc commune) and other algae were compared. Ishikurage and suizenji nori (Aphanothece sacrum) absorbed much more amaranth than others. They have a high settling volume (SV) in water. The high SV of ishikurage is attributable to its neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The acid detergent fiber (ADF) from the alga had a high amaranth absorption. However the absorption by the ADF did not explain the absorption by ishikurage.The results suggest that ishikurage may have a nutritional significance as a source of dietary fiber.     

Easy Preparation of Dietary Fiber with the High Water-Holding Capacity from Food Sources

Dietary fibers were prepared as alkali- and acid-insoluble fractions with chemical phosphorylation from Tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius), defatted soybean (Glycine max), and Shiitake (Lentinula edodes). The dietary fiber fractions treated with alkaline solution containing sodium metaphosphate had the lower protein content and higher total dietary fiber content than those of the preparations without phosphorylation. Alkaline extraction followed by phosphorylation led to a 1.5-fold increase in the water holding capacity of dietary fiber compared with no phosphorylation, whereas the binding capacity to bile acids of dietary fiber was almost the same. The alkali- and acid-insoluble extraction with phosphorylation provided an efficient preparation of water-insoluble dietary fiber with high-water holding capacity from various food sources.     

Incorporation of Buriti Endocarp Flour in Gluten-free Whole Cookies as Potential Source of Dietary Fiber

Cookies were prepared by replacing a mixture of brown rice flour (70 %) and corn starch (30 %) (BRFCS) by buriti endocarp flour (BEF) (0, 5, 10, 15 or 20 %). BEF figured as a potential source of dietary fiber (70.53 g 100 g^?1), especially of insoluble fiber (67.50 g 100 g^?1), and gluten-free whole cookies showed increased dietary fiber content by adding 5, 10, 15 and 20 % BEF (8.58 to 20.02 g 100 g^?1) when compared to control cookie (6.91 g 100 g^?1). The addition of BEF affected diameter, spread ratio, color and texture of cookies. All cookies added with BEF were darker, harder and presented smaller diameter and smaller spread ratio than the control cookie. These difference increased proportionally to level of substitution of BRFSC by BEF. Gluten-free whole cookies with up to 15 % BEF were well accepted by consumers. Therefore, the use of BEF in cookies may increase the availability of functional ingredients source of dietary fiber for celiac consumers, add economic value to buriti processing by-products and decrease environmental impacts due to the high amounts of waste generated by buriti processing industries.     

挤压膨化碱处理豆渣制备水溶性膳食纤维工艺的研究

以豆渣为原料,并在碱液处理后直接挤压膨化制备豆渣水溶性膳食纤维.以水溶性膳食纤维得率为指标,对物料水分、挤压温度、螺杆转速及氢氧化钠浓度进行了单因素试验.采用响应面分析方法,对挤压膨化提高碱处理豆渣水溶性膳食纤维的工艺条件进行了优化,并建立了物料水分、挤压温度、螺杆转速三因素的回归模型.确定了挤压膨化碱处理豆渣制备水溶...     

Chia Oil Extraction Coproduct as a Potential New Ingredient for the Food Industry: Chemical,Physicochemical, Techno-Functional and Antioxidant Properties

The aim of this work was to characterize the coproduct obtained from chia oil production (cold-pressing) with a view to its possible application in new food product development. For this characterization, the following determinations were made: proximate composition, physicochemical analysis, techno-functional properties, total phenolic and flavonoid content, polyphenolic profile and antioxidant capacity (using four different methods). Chia coproduct showed significantly higher levels of proteins and total dietary fiber and lower levels of fats than chia seeds, pointing to the promising nature of this coproduct as an ingredient of food formulations since it remains a source of high biological value proteins and total dietary fiber (as chia seeds themselves) but with a lower energy value. This chia coproduct presents similar techno-functional properties to the original chia seeds and significantly higher levels of polyphenolic compounds and, consequently, higher antioxidant activity.     

物理改性处理对菠萝皮渣膳食纤维物化特性的影响

以菠萝皮渣为原料制备膳食纤维,考察超微粉碎、蒸汽爆破和挤压膨化3种物理改性方式对菠萝皮渣膳食纤维的基本成分、理化性质、形貌结构及生物活性物质溶出量的影响。结果表明:3种物理改性方式均能提高样品阳离子交换能力,增加多酚、黄酮物质的溶出量。其中蒸汽爆破处理能显著提高可溶性膳食纤维含量,在持水持油性方面表现良好。形貌结构分析结果显示,改性后的膳食纤维结构均发生不同程度的变化,但其主要成分及化学结构未受影响。综上所述,蒸汽爆破处理有助于改善菠萝皮渣膳食纤维的品质。