雏鸭霉高梁中毒的病因研究：———扩展青霉代谢产物的分析与鉴定

将致发雏鸭中毒的霉败高梁米中分离出的优势真菌扩展青菌株（Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍ ｅｘｐａｎｓｕｍ Ｌｉｎｋ）接种于高梁中，培养物用乙腈：水（３：１）提取，正己烷脱脂，Ｆｌｏｒｉｓｉｌ色谱柱净化，薄层色谱（ＴＬＣ）、高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）分析与鉴定，证实扩展青霉代谢产物中含有展青霉素（ｐａｔｕｌｉｎ），并建立了一个套新的展青霉素提纯分析鉴定方法。     

雏鸭霉高粱中毒的病因研究：扩展青霉代谢产物的分析与鉴定

将致发雏鸭中毒的霉败高粱米中分离出的优势真菌扩展青霉菌株（ＰｅｎｉｃｉｌｉｕｍｅｘｐａｎｓｕｍＬｉｎｋ）接种于高粱中，培养物用乙腈∶水（３∶１）提取，正己烷脱脂，Ｆｌｏｒｉｓｉｌ色谱柱净化，薄层色谱（ＴＬＣ）、高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）分析与鉴定，证实扩展青霉代谢产物中含有展青霉素（ｐａｔｕｌｉｎ），并建立了一套新的展青霉素提纯分析鉴定方法     

鸡嗉囊中纤维素酶高产菌株的筛选

从鸡嗉囊内容物中分离得到1株产纤维素酶较高的菌株,经鉴定为真菌门,半知菌纲(pungi imperfcti),从梗孢目(Moniliales),曲霉族(Aspergilleae),青霉属(PenicilliumLK.ex Fries),种名为Penicillium C3a.其最大羧甲基纤维素酶活为7.26026U/mL,最大滤纸酶活为7.206121 U/mL.酶系较完整.     

日本曲霉和顶青霉的毒性试验

对从云南省盘溪和剑川地区发霉稻草中分离出的日本曲霉(Aspergillus japonicusSaito),从盘溪发霉稻草和剑川马匹粪便中分离出的顶青霉(Penicillium corylophilum Dierckx)分别进行了荧光检测、脂肪分解2 项理化学特性鉴定。将2 株菌的固体和液体培养物,置室温产毒再经杀菌等方法处理后,进行了家兔皮肤涂抹试验,雏鸭和家兔的菌粮饲喂试验,小鼠皮下、腹腔注射试验,家兔耳缘静脉注射试验。日本曲霉能产生荧光,分解脂肪,使家兔皮肤增厚和引起红肿、结痂,能引起部分试验雏鸭、全部试验小鼠、部分试验家兔死亡;顶青霉能产生荧光,使家兔皮肤增厚和出现轻微红肿反应,能引起全部试验小鼠死亡。剖检试验动物均见程度不同的病理学改变。以上结果表明,日本曲霉和顶青霉对小动物均具有一定的毒力。     

雏鸭霉高粱中毒的病因研究──扩展青霉培养温度观察

雏鸭霉高粱中毒的病因研究扩展青霉培养温度观察臧家仁张乃生李毓义叶远森姜玉富王哲龚伟（解放军农牧大学兽医学院,长春１３００６２）内蒙古牙克石市某养鸭户５０１０只雏鸭发生中毒,经流行病学调查、真菌分离与鉴定、动物复归试验及真菌毒素分析,已确认致病真菌为扩...     

青霉酸研究进展

本文对严重污染饲料的青霉酸的研究作以综述,包括青霉酸的来源、性质、毒性、检测、防霉脱毒等方面.     

青霉酸毒性研究进展

青霉酸是圆弧青霉代谢产物的主要成分。现已证明,青霉酸对各种动物具有毒性,主要引起心脏、肝脏和肾脏等器官的损伤,并具有潜在致癌性。青霉酸在饲料中的含量很高,而且污染极其广泛。因此,研究青霉酸的毒性、中毒机理及与其他毒素的联合作用,对保证饲料卫生和动物健康具有很重要的意义,该文就青霉酸的器官毒性、细胞毒性、分子毒性及联合毒性的研究进行综述。     

青霉酸的研究进展

青霉酸（penicillic acid）主要是由圆弧青霉菌产生的代谢产物,在饲料中的最高含量可达到2%。青霉酸是危害养殖业的常见霉菌毒素之一,长期饲喂含青霉酸的饲料,能使动物肝脏肿大,肝细胞变性并能抑制动物细胞DNA合成,严重的可使动物细胞DNA断裂。青霉酸能与其他霉菌毒素产生联合毒性,若与其他霉菌毒素共同作用能产生更大的毒性。作者对青霉酸的结构、性质、危害、毒性、检测方法及去毒机理等方面的研究进行了综述。     

青霉毒素的毒性作用研究进展

通过对国内外文献资料的检索，综述了红色青霉素、桔青霉素、黄绿青霉素、展青霉素、震颤毒素和青霉酸等六种青霉素的毒性作用。结果表明，上述六种青霉毒素对人、动物都有明显毒性作用，其中，桔青霉素是肾脏毒；展青霉素、震颤毒素是神经毒；红色青霉素对肝脏和肾脏都有损害作用；青霉酸能致肝炎和致突变性；黄绿青霉素、青霉酸、展青霉素具有致癌性。而且，青霉毒素的致毒性具有慢性、隐蔽性、潜在性的特点。     

变灰青霉BIBA-G563对紫花苜蓿镰刀菌根腐病的防效

从黑龙江省安达市黑龙江八一农垦大学草业科学系试验田健康紫花苜蓿根部分离出1株拮抗真菌BIBA-G563,对其进行形态学观察和分子生物学鉴定,并研究其对紫花苜蓿根腐病病原真菌镰刀菌的抑制能力及盆栽防治根腐病的效果。经鉴定,拮抗真菌BIBA-G563为变灰青霉。BIBA-G563与腐皮镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、层出镰刀菌、轮枝镰刀菌四种病原真菌的第9 d平板对峙抑制率在28.62%～64.67%之间,无菌发酵液对四种病原菌菌丝生长的抑制率在10.34%～15.98%之间,对四种病原菌孢子萌发的抑制率在16.95%～35.95%之间,对盆栽紫花苜蓿镰刀菌根腐病防效为75.40%。表明生防真菌BIBA-G563能够有效抑制紫花苜蓿根腐病病原菌,具有良好的开发前景。     

The occurrence of a toxigenic strain of Fusarium tricinctum in connection with disease in a dairy cow]

The fungus Fusarium tricinctum, producing T-2 toxin, was isolated from mouldy maize silage. T-2 toxin was identified by TLC and by a bioassay. Consumption of mouldy silage resulted in a disease in a dairy cow, which had to be killed. The patho-anatomical findings obtained in the slaughtered cow generally suggested trichothecene poisoning. It was derived from these findings that the disease was due to the presence of trichothecenes in the feed.     

Biological control of nematode parasites of small ruminants in Malaysia using the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans

Control of nematode parasites of small ruminants in a wet, tropical environment using the nematophagous fungus, Duddingtonia flagrans, was assessed in this study. Two methods of fungal delivery were tested, namely as a daily feed supplement, or incorporated into feed blocks. Initially, pen trials were conducted with individually penned groups of sheep and goats at dose rates of 125,000 spores and 250,000 spores/kg live weight per day. At the lower dose rate this reduction was between 80 and 90% compared with the pre-treatment levels. At the higher dose rate, there was virtually complete suppression (>99% reduction) of larval recovery. Trials using the fungal feed blocks, showed that when animals were individually penned, they consumed only small amounts of the block (particularly goats), hence little effect on larval recovery in faecal cultures was observed. Grouping animals according to species and dose rate induced satisfactory block consumption and subsequent high levels of larval reduction in faecal cultures. These larval reductions were mirrored by the presence of fungus in faecal cultures. This work was followed by a small paddock trial, whereby three groups of sheep were fed either a feed supplement without fungal spores, supplement with spores, or offered fungal blocks. The dose rate of spores in the latter two groups was 500,000 spores/kg live weight per day. Egg counts were significantly reduced in the two fungal groups, compared with the control group and the latter required two salvage anthelmintic treatments to prevent mortality due to haemonchosis. Pasture larval numbers on the two fungal group plots were also much lower than on the control plot.     

番鸭日粮添加溢多酶P-8306的饲养效果试验

试验选用21日龄白番鸭480只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别饲喂含12%、14%、16%杂粕并添加溢多酶P-8306(0·2g/kg)的日粮,对照组饲喂含7%杂粕(菜粕 棉粕)无酶制剂的日粮。在相同的饲管条件下,观测各组番鸭体增重、饲料代谢率和屠体性能。结果表明:4~6周龄番鸭成活率和饲料利用率差异不显著(P>0·05),体增重Ⅰ组比对照组低9%(P<0·05),其他各组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05);6~8周龄体增重组间差异不显著(P>0.05)、屠宰率、全、半净膛率、胸腿骨率、心脏、肝脏、小肠、腺胃和矶胃的重量组间差异均不显著。且在含较高水平的杂粕日粮中添加溢多酶P-8306可达到与日粮杂粕含量较低相同的饲养效果;饲料效益以试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组较高,其增重成本分别比对照组降低34·69%、4·93%,即每增重1kg可分别节约成本0·19元和0·02元。     

Reversibility of furazolidone-induced cardiotoxicosis in ducklings

Furazolidone cardiotoxicosis was induced in 2 groups (FZ and FZ-CR groups) of newly hatched male Pekin ducklings (100/group) by feeding a ration containing 650 mg of furazolidone/kg of feed (ppm) for 28 days. A third group (control ration, CR group; n = 100) was fed the same ration without furazolidone. On day 28, the control ration was initiated for the FZ-CR group initially given the furazolidone-containing ration, to allow recovery from the effects of the drug, whereas ducklings of the FZ group continued to consume the furazolidone-containing ration. Biweekly, beginning with week 4, ducklings were euthanatized to assess severity of gross lesions and to obtain sections of myocardium for histologic and ultrastructural examination. Clinical evidence (increased weight gain, increased feed consumption, decreased mortality, reduced prevalence of palpable ascites) of regression of cardiotoxicosis of ducklings of the FZ-CR group was nearly complete by day 56 (28 days after cessation of furazolidone intake). Likewise, regression of gross lesions, as measured by overall prevalence of gross lesions, left ventricular volume, and ascites prevalence and severity, were also essentially complete by day 56. Myofibrillar lysis was not seen in sections from the heart (examined ultrastructurally) obtained from ducklings of the CR group that were euthanatized on day 28, 56, or 98. Myofibrillar lysis was detected in all ducklings (4/4) fed furazolidone (FZ and FZ-CR groups) and euthanatized on day 28. Myofibrillar lysis was not seen in the heart of ducklings of the FZ-CR group that were euthanatized on day 56 or 98. Myofibrillar lysis was detected in the heart from all ducklings of the FZ group that were euthanatized on day 56.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Early clinical and morphologic alterations in the pathogenesis of furazolidone-induced toxicosis in ducklings

Clinical and pathologic alterations during the development of furazolidone-induced toxicosis were investigated in a group of 35 newly hatched male Pekin ducklings fed a ration containing 700 mg of furazolidone/kg of feed for 27 days. A control group (n = 25) was fed the same ration without added furazolidone. Every 3 days, ducklings were weighted and palpated for ascites and 3 were chosen at random for euthanasia to determine the severity of lesions and to obtain hearts for gross measurements and ultrastructural study. Clinical alterations in treated ducklings consisted of decreased feed consumption with lower weight gain and nervous signs. Gross pathologic alterations included cardiomegaly with dilatation of all chambers and thinning of the myocardium, pericardial effusion, pulmonary edema and congestion, ascites, and testicular enlargement. Gross lesions were not observed before day 8. The earliest lesion (day 9) was cardiac chamber dilatation, with the left ventricle and left atrium most commonly and most severely dilated. Hearts from ducklings euthanatized on days 6, 12, 18, 24, and 27 were examined ultrastructurally. Myofibrillar lysis was first observed on day 12 in 1 duckling (of 3) and in at least 1 duckling from subsequent euthanasia periods. Myofibrillar lysis did not appear to be uniform among the cardiac chambers.     

猪霉麦中毒和霉麦无害化处理的研究

对1983年嫩江地区某地猪喂霉麦引起的中毒进行了系统研究。通过霉菌菌相、菌量分析,明确了霉麦的优势菌为黄曲霉菌;通过流行病学调查、优势菌的产毒试验、毒素的化学确证试验、当日鸭雏的生物学确证试验以及猪的回归试验等,证明黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFT B_1)是造成猪短期内大批死亡的原因。同时,进行了霉麦无害化处理试验,初步证明用0.02％次氯酸钠处理具有杀菌、除毒效果可靠等特点。     

Safety Evaluation of Aspergillus fumigatus Grown on Cassava for Use as an Animal Feed

A safety evaluation of Aspergillus fumigatus I21, grown in a cassava carbohydrate and salts medium, was undertaken. Male weanling rats were fed the fungus at 20, 30 and 40% of the diet for 90 days. A control group was given soybean oil meal as the sole source of protein. Weekly determinations of the body weights and feed consumptions were made. A few days prior to termination of the feeding study, a kidney function test was undertaken on the rats. At the end of the feeding period hematology, blood biochemistry, urine analyses and histopathology studies of various tissues were carried out, and organs were weighed. Rats fed A. fumigatus I21 gained less weight than the controls, but kidney weights were increased. Increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase were not related to dose level. The blood urea nitrogen was increased for the rats fed 40% of the fungus. Rats fed 30 and 40% of the fungus I21 showed a significant drop in albumin. Deficiency in methionine or other essential amino acids through a limited feed consumption may have caused a decrease in albumin synthesis. Rats fed the highest level of the fungus showed increases in neutrophils and monocytes concomitant with decreases in lymphocytes and eosinophils which may be a response to stress. The urine analyses did not reveal any significant differences. The test rats were capable of concentrating urine adequately when deprived of water for 24 hours. No significant differences between the control and experimental groups were found by histopathological examinations.     

A tremorgenic mycotoxicosis of cattle caused by maize sprouts infested with Aspergillus clavatus

An outbreak of disease affecting a herd of 16 dairy cattle which were fed mouldy, sprouted maize is described. Eight of the cattle were affected, 5 of which died. The clinical signs included muscular tremors, hypersensitivity, ataxia, anorexia and salivation. Aspergillus clavatus was the only fungus isolated from the sprouts. Clinical signs that were indistinguishable from those in the field outbreak were reproduced by dosing the mouldy maize sprouts to a steer and a sheep, and by dosing another sheep with maize inoculated with a pure culture of A. clavatus isolated from the mouldy maize on the farm. Light microscopical examination revealed neuronal degeneration and necrosis in the midbrain, medulla oblongata and spinal cord of all 3 of these animals. The disease is clinically and pathologically indistinguishable from the disease caused by the ingestion of sorghum beer residue, and in certain respects it is similar to toxicoses caused by the ingestion of wheat sprouts and malt sprouts infested with A. clavatus.     

Hep atop athy and dermatitis in a dog associated with the ingestion of mycotoxins

A five-year-old German shepherd dog was presented with a severe scrotal dermatitis of four weeks duration which had failed to respond to antibiotic and corticosteroid therapy. Dermato-histopathology indicated that the lesion was a necrolytic process suggestive of the hepatocuta-neous syndrome. Clinical biochemistry investigations indicated the presence of acute hepatocellular damage and cholestasis. The animal was fed a biscuit meal which was damp and mouldy. Penicillium vindication was grown from this feedstuff and three mycotoxins, citrinin, ochratoxin A and sterigmatocystin, were found; substances which have been associated with renal and hepatic lesions in dogs and laboratory animals. Symptomatic therapy and nutritional management, led to rapid clinical improvement. Subsequent plasma biochemistry confirmed that hepatic enzyme activities were returning to normal levels.     

维生素D对蛋雏鸭生长性能及免疫功能的影响

试验选取1日龄健康、体重相近的金定蛋雏鸭180只,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复6只试鸭。采用玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,Ⅰ组试验鸭饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅱ～Ⅴ组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加110、220、550、1000 IU/kg维生素D的试验饲粮,试验期4周。旨在研究不同维生素D添加水平对1～28日龄蛋雏鸭生长性能及免疫功能的影响,以探讨维生素D的适宜添加量。结果表明,添加550 IU/kg维生素D能显著提高蛋雏鸭平均日增重、降低料重比(P<0.05),显著提高IgA、IgG、T3、T4含量(P<0.05),并显著降低Cort含量(P<0.05)。由此可见,在玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮中添加适量的维生素D可提高蛋雏鸭生长性能及免疫功能。通过二次回归模型分析,估测蛋雏鸭日粮中维生素D的适宜添加量为523.1～560.6 IU/kg。