Effect of CO2 enrichment on photosynthesis,growth and yield of tomato

Net photosynthesis of tomato plants was measured as CO₂ uptake in various light intensities, CO₂ concentrations, O₂ concentrations and temperatures during short-term experiments. Net photosynthesis increased significantly with increasing CO₂ concentration at all light intensities, even at the lowest one. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis increased with CO₂ enrichment. The changes in photosynthesis when the $\text{CO}{}_2\text{O}{}_2$ ratio was varied suggest that the effect of CO₂ enrichment is a result of a reduction in photorespiration.To determine whether the increase in photosynthesis caused by CO₂ enrichment would produce a greater yield, tomato plants were cultivated from seed to harvest in a tightly-closed greenhouse that was enriched with CO₂ continuously during the entire growing-period. The control greenhouse was ventilated by openings in the roof and door. The temperature of the 2 greenhouses was kept the same. Plants enriched with CO₂ showed a significant increase in fresh and dry weight and yield of tomatoes. The results are discussed in relation to earlier work in which CO₂ enrichment was discontinued when there was a need for ventilation.     

CO2 and air circulation effects on photosynthesis and transpiration of tomato seedlings

In the daytime, a CO₂ depletion of 10–15% and air circulation of less than 0.5 m s⁻¹ often occur in a naturally ventilated greenhouse during a sunny day with high wind speed (3–5 m s⁻¹). We, therefore, investigated the effects of moderate increase of the CO₂ concentration above the atmospheric level (500–600 μmol mol⁻¹) and air circulation up to 1.0 m s⁻¹ in a growth chamber on the net photosynthetic and transpiration rates of tomato seedlings as the first step. The average net photosynthetic rates were 2.1, 1.8, and 1.6 times higher in the growth chambers with increased CO₂ concentration (500–600 μmol mol⁻¹) and air circulation (1.0 m s⁻¹), increased CO₂ concentration, and increased air circulation, respectively, compared with those in the control (no increase in CO₂ concentration (200–300 μmol mol⁻¹) or air circulation (0.3 m s⁻¹). The transpiration rate increased with increased air circulation, while it decreased with increased CO₂ concentration regardless of air circulation. From the results, we consider that increasing the CO₂ concentration and/or air circulation in ventilated greenhouses up to the outside concentration (350–450 μmol mol⁻¹) and 1.0 m s⁻¹, respectively, can significantly increase the net photosynthetic rate of greenhouse plants.     

低氧低乙烯和高CO2处理对乔纳金苹果耐藏性的影响

以乔纳金苹果为试材,在不同气调贮藏条件下进行试验,当未脱除贮藏环境中的乙烯时,以在1 CO     

The influence of irradiance and external CO2-concentration on photosynthesis of different tomato genotypes

With 4 genotypes of tomato, irradiance and CO₂-response curves of net photosynthesis were analysed by means of curve fitting. Estimated values of the light compensation point I_c showed small but significant differences between the genotypes, the overall value being in the order of 8 W m^?2. The photochemical efficiency (α_n) and the maximum net photosynthesis per unit leaf area basis (P_nm) reached the highest values for ‘F6 IVT’ (13.3 μg CO₂ J^?1 resp. 0.549 mg CO₂ m^?2 s^?1), the lowest value of α_n with ‘Bonabel’ (9.9 μg CO₂ J^?1), and the lowest value of P_nm with ‘PI 114969’ (0.424 mg CO₂ m^?2 s^?1). The CO₂-compensation point (C_c) was relatively high (177–245 mg m^?3). ‘F6 IVT’ demonstrated the highest value of C_c, the lowest carboxylation efficiency and the highest maximum rate of net photosynthesis. The results clearly demonstrate that the latter genotype requires a much higher external CO₂-concentration than the other genotypes in order to exhibit the highest rate of net photosynthesis.     

Interactions between root-zone temperature and light levels on growth,development and photosynthesis of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cultivar ‘Vendor’

Six-week-old tomato plants were subjected to 5 root-zone temperatures, ranging from 12 to 36°C, and 4 light levels in a factorial design. Large increases in shoot dry weight, leaf area and fruit development resulted from soil warming to 24°C when plants were grown under high light conditions. Shoot growth and fruit weight were reduced at 24°C root temperature under low light conditions. Total plant photosynthesis, leaf area index, net assimilation rates and leaf chlorophyll content were related to plant growth and flower development for the various treatments. Our experiments have shown an interaction between root-zone temperature and light levels for greenhouse tomatoes. Soil warming caused large increases in shoot dry weight and fruit development when light was not limiting plant growth, but had deleterious effects on flowering and fruit set under shaded conditions.     

CO2 enrichment of greenhouse tomatoes using a closed-loop heat storage: Effects of cultivar and nitrogen

Spring crops of soil-grown greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersion Lycopersicum (L.) Karst ex. Farw cultivars MO and TR-VE 23) were provided with three levels of nitrogen addition with and without added CO₂. Using a closed-loop solar collection/storage system, crops could be CO₂-enriched for 76–77% of the daylight hours. CO₂ enrichment increased No. 1 grade fruit weight by 14 and 27% and by 4 and 18% for both cultivars in 1981 and 1982, respectively. Although the method and amount of nitrogen application differed between 1981 and 1982, a trend was seen in both years for low nitrogen treatments to produce a greater response to CO₂ enrichment than high nitrogen treatments. A trend was also seen in both years for low nitrogen treatment to depress yield and quality in the non-enriched house, but to have no effect in the enriched house. This trend was particularly apparent in the cultivar with lower vegetative vigor, which also responded more overall to CO₂ enrichment than the cultivar with greater vegetative vigor.     

苹果两种树形叶片对光强和CO2浓度互作的光合响应及光抑制特性

以山西省临猗县32年生的‘长富2号’苹果树为试材,以传统郁闭的圆头大冠形为对照,改造后的开心形为处理,测定叶片光合作用在不同叶片表面CO2浓度（Cs）下的光响应和在不同光合有效辐射（PAR）下的CO2响应以及光抑制前后的净光合速率Pn、光呼吸速率Pr和热耗散NPQ变化。结果表明：与自然大气状态下Cs相比,Cs升高到2 000 μmol • mol-1时,开心形和圆头大冠形的叶片最大净光合速率Pnmax分别提高151%和83.5%,光能利用范围分别提高45.8%和87.5%;Rubisco限制的最大羧化速率、最大电子传递速率和磷酸丙糖利用速率均随PAR增加而增大,且在1 500 μmol • m-2 • s-1的PAR下达到最大值。光抑制发生前（8：00—10：00）开心形的叶片Pn和Pr显著高于圆头大冠形,但NPQ无显著差异;光抑制期间（12：00—14：00）两种树形的叶片Pn均显著降低,Pr和NPQ中可恢复组分r(qE)均显著增强且开心形显著高于圆头大冠形;光抑制解除后（16：00—18：00）开心形叶片Pnmax上升42.6%而圆头大冠形无显著变化。综上,CO2浓度升高和PAR增加（饱和光强以下）对叶片光合有正互作效应;开心形树形叶片光合能力显著提高,光抑制时可通过更高效的光呼吸和热耗散自我保护,光抑制过后Pn明显恢复。     

Controlled atmosphere storage at high CO2 and low O2 levels affects stomatal conductance and influence root formation in kalanchoe cuttings

Since the response of cuttings to raised CO₂ concentration is not documented, controlled atmosphere (CA) storage of kalanchoe cuttings at combinations of high carbon dioxide and low oxygen levels was investigated to study the feasibility of using CA to sustain quality of cuttings prior to planting. During storage, stomata opening and plant fresh weight (FW) were measured, and root formation (RF) was recorded post storage. Storage atmosphere composition (10/2, 15/2, or 15/5; kPa CO₂/kPa O₂), storage duration (9 or 19 days), and cutting type (rooted or un-rooted) affected stomata conductance (G_s), and influenced FW and subsequent RF in cuttings of kalanchoe ‘Yellow Josefine’. In CA stored plants, G_s was high, 60–160 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹, indicating open stomata, whereas in control plants G_s was low, 5–14 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹, indicating closed stomata. Generally G_s values were higher for un-rooted than for rooted cuttings. Overall, cutting FW was reduced by CA storage with no significant differences in FW reduction between the CA treatments. RF of un-rooted CA stored cuttings was comparable to that of controls, whereas for rooted cuttings controls grew better than CA stored cuttings. CA at 10 kPa CO₂ and 2 kPa O₂ for 2–3 weeks could sustain un-rooted cuttings, in a pests-free state whilst retaining the ability of the cuttings RF. The results showed that stomata aperture may be altered by high CO₂ concentration combined with low O₂, and results indicated that this effect was not only caused by high CO₂ but also by low O₂ concentration. In addition, the results indicated that CA storage, stomata conductance, and water stress of kalanchoe cuttings may be correlated. Monitoring G_s of leaves of cuttings could be used as a non-destructive indicator of storability and quality status. Based on the novel positive preliminary results reported here, a protocol that focuses on minimising water loss should be developed and optimised for kalanchoe.     

Growth characteristic and sink strength of fruit at different CO2 concentrations in a Japanese and a Dutch tomato cultivar

The aim of the present study was to elucidate how fruit growth was limited by the source and sink capacities in a Japanese (‘Momotaro York’) and a Dutch (‘Dundee’) tomato cultivar. The two cultivars were grown hydroponically with a high-wire system in greenhouses for 25 weeks, and the growth characteristics and sink strength of fruit were determined. Fruits were pruned to four (4F) or one (1F) per truss. The latter were used to determine potential fruit growth, an indicator of fruit sink strength. Growth was also determined under normal (LC) and enriched (HC, 700 μmol mol⁻¹) CO₂ concentrations to examine the effect of source enhancement on fruit production. In both cultivars under normal CO₂, the growth rate of fruit pruned to 4F per truss was lower than that in 1F, indicating that maximum potential fruit growth was not achieved. Under HC conditions, fruit growth rate of ‘Dundee’ achieved in 4F trusses was lower than that in 1F. In ‘Momotaro York’ in HC, fruit growth in 4F trusses was close to potential. This implies that fruit growth was source-limited irrespective of CO₂ concentrations in ‘Dundee’ cultivar while fruit growth in ‘Momotaro York’ under normal and enriched CO₂ conditions was limited by source and sink strengths, respectively. Adjustments of cultural practices including increasing fruit number per truss and/or genetic approaches to enhancing fruit sink strength by breeding may improve fruit yields of Japanese cultivars under high source/sink conditions.     

Effects of elevated CO2 on growth and morphological characteristics of ornamental bromeliads

Three ornamental bromeliads, i.e. Aechmea ‘Maya’ (CAM), Aechmea fasciata ‘Primera’ (CAM) and Guzmania ‘Hilda’ (C₃) were grown under greenhouse conditions at ambient (380 ppm) and elevated (750 ppm) CO₂. The effects of long-term exposure (34 weeks) to elevated CO₂ on growth and morphological traits constituting the ornamental value were assessed.     

Effects of CO2, temperature and their interaction on the growth, development and yield of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. botrytis)

Stands of summer cauliflower were grown within polyethylene-covered tunnels along which a temperature gradient was imposed. Two tunnels were maintained at either normal or elevated CO₂ concentrations. At the last harvest (88 days from transplanting) no interaction between CO₂ and temperature on total biomass was detected. The total dry weight of plants grown at 531 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂ was 34% greater than those grown at 328 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂, whereas a 1 °C rise reduced dry weight by 6%. From serial harvests the radiation conversion coefficient was 2.01 g MJ⁻¹ and 1.42 g MJ⁻¹ at 531 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂and 328 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂, respectively, but was not greatly affected by differences in temperature. No effect of either CO₂ or temperature on the canopy light extinction coefficient was detected. The rate of progress towards curd initiation increased to a maximum at 15.5 °C, and declined thereafter. Provided the effect of temperature was accounted for, CO₂ enrichment did not affect the time of curd initiation. From serial harvests after curd initiation, the logarithm of curd weight or diameter were negative linear functions of mean temperature from initiation. Increases in curd weight and diameter at 531 compared with 328 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂ were greater at warmer temperatures (27% at 13 °C compared with 47% at 15 °C, 57 days after initiation). Effects of CO₂ on curd diameter were less than those on curd dry weight because the curd dry matter content was greater at 531 compared with 328 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂. Thus, the effects of elevated CO₂ concentrations on fresh weight based yield parameters of cauliflower were less than the increase in total dry matter production.     

UV-B增强下6-BA、GA_3对油桃光合和抗氧化酶活性的影响

【目的】为探讨UV-B增强下植物生长调节剂对油桃光合作用的调控,【方法】以‘中油桃8号’为试材,研究了叶面喷施6-BA和GA3对UV-B增强下油桃光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响。【结果】结果表明,补充15μW.cm-2的UV-B辐射后,油桃的净光合速率下降,叶绿素a含量增加;补充30μW.cm-2的UV-B辐射,净光合速率和叶绿素a含量受到明显抑制,叶绿素b略有下降。喷施50 mg.L-16-BA和GA3可有效提高UV-B增强下叶片的Pn和叶绿素a、b含量。50 mg.L-16-BA处理14 d后,UV-B增强下叶片的SOD、POD活性明显上升,MDA含量显著下降,类黄酮含量与对照无显著差异;而GA3处理则提高了叶片的类黄酮含量,但MDA和抗氧化酶活性无显著变化。【结论】UV-B辐射增强下,6-BA对油桃光合特性的促进可能与SOD等抗氧化酶活性的提高有关。     

高温和加富CO2温室中黄瓜Rubisco活化酶与光合作用的关系

 以温室嫁接黄瓜为试材,研究高温和加富CO₂条件下叶片净光合速率、Rubisco活性、Rubisco活化酶活性、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度的日变化规律及其相互关系。旨为高温季节温室黄瓜高产优质栽培提供理论依据和实践支持。研究结果表明：①高温 + CO₂条件下,净光合速率、Rubisco活性和Rubisco活化酶活性存在明显的光合日变化,均呈双峰曲线,存在“午休”现象,但与对照相比全天的数值明显增加,其中净光合速率在10：00、11：00、12：00、13：00、14：00和15：00时分别比对照高22%、47%、37%、27%、39%和28%;Rubisco活性在9：00、10：00、11：00、12：00、13：00、14：00和15：00时分别比对照高51%、69%、70%、42%、77%、61%和59%;RCA活性在8：00、9：00、10：00、11：00、12：00、13：00、14：00、15：00和16：00时比对照分别升高了40%、39%、23%、41%、43%、31%、60%、60%和54%;② Rubisco活化酶对光合速率的直接影响较小,其本质是调节Rubisco活性,从而影响光合作用;③高温 + CO₂可以有效提高Rubisco活化酶活力以及胞间CO₂浓度,从而提高光合速率。     

Plant growth,water relations and transpiration of two species of African nightshade (Solanum villosum Mill. ssp. miniatum (Bernh. ex Willd.) Edmonds and S. sarrachoides Sendtn.) under water-limited conditions

The adaptation to drought stress of two African nightshade species, Solanum villosum and S. sarrachoides was investigated in pot and field experiments between 2000 and 2002. Two genotypes of S. villosum (landrace and commercial) and one accession of S. sarrachoides were grown under droughted, moderate stress and well-watered conditions. Leaf expansion, stem elongation and transpiration began to decline early in the drying cycle with fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) thresholds of 0.46–0.64. Osmotic adjustment (OA) of both species was in the range of 0.16–0.19 MPa and could not maintain positive turgor below water potentials of −1.80 to −2.04 MPa. The responses evaluated were similar in the three genotypes suggesting similar strategies of adaptation to drought stress. Under field conditions, the S. sarrachoides accession showed a higher leaf area than the S. villosum commercial genotype. It is concluded that the three African nightshade genotypes have limited OA capacity and adapt to drought mainly by regulating transpiration. This was achieved by reduction of leaf area. In general, it is necessary to maintain FTSW above 0.5–0.6 to prevent decline in leaf expansion, stem elongation, and transpiration.     

CO2加富及亏缺灌溉对菜豆中期与后期生长的影响

为了探明菜豆中期与后期生长对CO₂加富与亏缺灌溉的生理响应,试验设两个CO₂水平:正常大气浓度和倍增CO₂浓度,两个灌溉水平:自然灌溉12次和亏缺灌溉6次,研究CO₂加富及亏缺灌溉对菜豆生长的影响。结果表明,CO₂加富显著提高菜豆生长中期株高与干质量,净光合速率(Pn)与胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)分别显著降低15.48%、37.67%,气孔导度(Gs)显著提高95.83%,菜豆生长后期的叶绿素a/b(Chla/b)显著提高12.29%,水分利用效率(WUE)显著提高46.51%,Ci显著降低12.87%。CO₂加富显著提高亏缺灌溉下生长中期菜豆的株高与干质量,但显著降低根冠比,显著提高叶绿素含量以及Gs;CO₂加富下生长后期的核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(Rubisco)及果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(FBPase)活性分别显著提高78.05%与88.69%,CO₂加富使亏缺灌溉下碳酸酐酶(CA)与FBPase活性分别显著提高83.73%与64.84%。综上所述,CO₂加富提高菜豆生长中期对亏缺灌溉的适应性,对生长后期影响作用减小。     

Effect of elevated CO2 on vegetative and reproductive growth characteristics of the CAM plants Hylocereus undatus and Selenicereus megalanthus

This study examined the vegetative and reproductive growth responses of the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) vine-cactus fruit crop species Hylocereus undatus and Selenicereus megalanthus to CO₂ enrichment (1000 μmol mol⁻¹ vs. control of 380 μmol mol⁻¹). H. undatus plants enriched with CO₂ demonstrated 52%, 22%, 18%, and 175% increases, relative to plants measured in ambient CO₂, in total daily net CO₂ uptake, shoot elongation, shoot dry mass, and number of reproductive buds, respectively. The responses of S. megalanthus plants exposed to elevated CO₂ were greater than those of H. undatus under the same conditions. Compared to plant responses in ambient CO₂, under conditions of CO₂ enrichment, S. megalanthus showed 129%, 73%, 68%, and 233% increases in total daily net CO₂ uptake, shoot elongation, shoot dry mass, and number of reproductive buds, respectively. Moreover, for H. undatus, there was no significant change in fruit fresh mass although it showed a slight (7%) upward trend. On the other hand, fruit fresh mass of S. megalanthus significantly increased by 63% in response to elevated CO₂. These results indicate the high potential of CAM plants to respond to CO₂ enrichment. It is thus apparent that S. megalanthus grown under CO₂ enrichment may benefit from elevated CO₂ to a greater extent than H. undatus grown under sub-optimal growth conditions.     

普通土壤栽培增施CO2和有机土栽培对日光温室秋黄瓜产量和品质的影响

在日光温室条件下,研究了普通土壤栽培增施CO₂及有机土栽培对黄瓜产量和营养品质的影响,并对比了两种栽培方式下CO₂的变化。结果表明：有机土栽培与增施CO₂的普通土壤栽培均在上午提高了温室内CO₂浓度,使温室中CO₂浓度在上午光合作用最强的时期显著高于普通土壤栽培,最终表现为黄瓜生长优于普通土壤栽培。生理分析表明：普通土壤栽培增施CO₂和有机土栽培均可增加黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量,并显著提高了植株的根系活力和净光合速率。增施CO₂对盛果期黄瓜果实中可溶性固形物和VC含量有显著提高作用,分别提高10.21%和7.23%;而有机土栽培下黄瓜总糖和粗蛋白含量显著高于其他处理。黄瓜盛果期增施CO₂增产效果明显,单株产量较对照显著提高,与有机土栽培产量相当。增施CO₂对黄瓜产量的影响主要在采收中后期;而有机土栽培对黄瓜产量的影响主要是在采收的前中期。有机土栽培不仅改善了根区环境,还对温室CO₂浓度有很好改善作用,可以不用增施CO₂而实现优质高产。     

Roles of PI3K/Akt and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways in protection of SO2 against limb ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute lung injury in rats

AIM: To investigate the role of PI3K/Akt and JAK2/STAT3 pathways in the protection of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) against limb ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats. METHODS: ALI was induced by limb I/R in the SD rats. Na₂SO₃(0.54 mmol/kg, ip)/NaHSO₃ (0.18 mmol/kg, ip) as SO₂ donor was injected at 20 min before reperfusion. The inhibitors of JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt pathways, Stattic (3 mg/kg, iv) and LY294002(40 mg/kg, iv), respectively, were injected at 1 h before reperfusion. Peripheral blood and lung tissues were collected for determining the contents of the cytokines, the protein levels of the molecules related to the signaling pathways, apoptosis and histopathologic changes by ELISA, TUNEL and Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the content of MDA, the activity of MPO, lung coefficient, apoptotic index, cytokine expression, and the protein levels of p-Akt and p-STAT3 in I/R group all increased significantly, and administration of Na₂SO₃/NaHSO₃ attenuated the damage in the lung. Besides, the results of Western blot showed that the rat lung tissues expressed p-STAT3 protein and p-Akt protein. After I/R, the protein levels of p-STAT3 and p-Akt were increased. After using Na₂SO₃/NaHSO₃, p-Akt was increased, but p-STAT3 was decreased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Both JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt pathways are likely involved in the protective effect of SO₂ against limb I/R-induced ALI in rats. The activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway increases I/R injury. Reversely, the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway reduces I/R injury. Besides, JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways may have crosstalk during I/R-induced ALI and JAK2/STAT3 pathway may have an impact on the P13K/Akt pathway.