应用无人机(UAV)低空影像监测黄兔尾鼠鼠洞初探

黄兔尾鼠是新疆北部地区荒漠草原的主要危害鼠种之一。其灾害调查长期以人工地面调查为主。为探究无人机(UAV)低空遥感在黄兔尾鼠鼠洞调查中的适用性,选择巴音沟牧场典型鼠害区进行航拍试验,采用小型无人机作为低空遥感平台,获取研究区可见光航拍影像。采用极大似然法和面向对象分类方法提取鼠洞,通过混淆矩阵结合地面样方对分类结果进行精度评价。结果表明,应用UAV监测黄兔尾鼠洞穴的空间分辨率应不低于1.5 cm;极大似然法鼠洞分类精度为69%,而面向对象分类方法分类精度达91%,面向对象分类方法识别鼠洞正确率更高。UAV低空遥感在黄兔尾鼠灾害调查中表现良好,具有很好的应用和推广价值。     

新疆木垒县草原兔尾鼠种群数量的动态变化

20 0 0年 9月至 2 0 0 1年 9月在新疆木垒县分 4个时段采用样方法对草原兔尾鼠 (Laguruslagurus) 进行野外调查 ,实验室应用Leslie矩阵模型预测了该地区草原兔尾鼠种群数量变化的趋势。结果表明 ,在该矩阵中引进一个存活系数 ,能够使预测值与实际观察值有较好的拟合结果。     

藏北草原高原鼠兔密度调查方法探讨

2006年对藏北高寒草原牧场的高原鼠兔种群密度进行了抽样堵洞调查,以夹捕法调查作为补充,同时通过捕尽法确定洞口系数约为0.11,在此基础上以有效洞口数推算调查点高原鼠兔绝对密度约为53.72只/hm2。通过相关分析,建立高原鼠兔种群-洞口密度增长模型,可根据洞口密度估算高原鼠兔种群密度,为西藏草原鼠类防治提供参考。     

对黄兔尾鼠生态的一些观察

黄兔尾鼠(Lagulus lutells Eversmann)广泛分布在新疆天山以北的荒漠草原,其栖息环境是畜牧业生产的春秋草场。黄兔尾鼠数量波动极大,高数量年份使草场成片毁灭,已成为新疆草原上危害最为严重的害鼠之一,国内外对黄兔尾鼠的分布和生态学研究已有一些报道(赵中石,1960;Исмагилов,1969;金善科等,1979;马勇等,1982;乔璋,1982;王思博等,1983),但均缺乏全年性的系统资料。作者于1983—1984年在沙湾县博尔通古地区设点作定期观察,获取一些黄兔尾鼠的生态资料,现简要报告如下。     

浙江温岭黄毛鼠的种群动态及繁殖特征变化

为探究黄毛鼠不同季节、不同性别种群动态及繁殖特征变化,采用数据统计对比方法,对浙江温岭2013—2020年捕获的黄毛鼠进行研究。结果表明,在捕获的859只鼠类中,有黄毛鼠168只,占总捕获率19.56%,黄毛鼠在农户、稻田耕作区均有分布,为温岭地区常见鼠害之一。不同年份、不同月份和季节的种群数量有明显差异,在每年的1月和11月出现两个数量峰,最高月捕获率与最低的6月相差9.6倍。雌雄的体重、胴体重、体长、尾长、耳高、后足长差异显著,但未达极显著水平。种群总性比1.58,繁殖时间集中在10-12月,平均怀孕率为11.65%,胎仔数2～8只,平均为(6.00±1.77)只。     

三都县稻田黄胸鼠发生特点及防治对策

黄胸鼠 (ＲａｔｔｕｓｆｉａｒｉＰｅｂｕｓ)是三都县稻田分布广、危害重、防治难度大的有害动物 ,为了更好地进行防治 ,减少危害损失 ,笔者通过总结分析该县 11年的害鼠发生防治情况 ,对发生特点和防治技术进行了初步研究与探讨。1　害鼠的发生特点据 1990～ 2 0 0 1年调查 ,共布放 2 160 0个夹夜 ,捕获害鼠标本 1798只 ,其中黄胸鼠 12 16只 ,占种群的63.63%。1.1　活动规律黄胸鼠主要栖息地分布在稻田水沟旁、高埂的田边、进出水口、田角及田埂低凹处 ,随作物成熟期作季节性转移。当聚集盗食期间 ,在稻田周围的草丛、土埂里咬草开辟鼠道 ,…     

洞庭湖区东方田鼠暴发原因分析及综合治理措施探讨

2005年5月底6月初,受汛期水位上涨影响,湖南省益阳市洞庭湖内河滩湖洲大面积被淹,加之堤坝防鼠设备毁坏严重,致使东方田鼠(Microtusfortis Buechner)大量越堤进入农田为害,造成严重灾情。据在该市的沅江市茶盘洲镇调查,大堤上一般每平方米有鼠洞3～8个,每洞藏鼠5～8只,最多达10只;农田中每667m2害鼠数量500头左右,高的达1000头以上,远远超过防治指标。截至7月29日,全市受灾面积7.77万hm2,其中严重受灾面积达5066.7hm2(水稻3333.4hm2,棉花533.3hm2,玉米、瓜类等作物1200hm2),绝收面积达800hm2,经济损失达2000万元以上。此次鼠灾是近几十年来…     

麦套Bt棉田的经济效益和对棉蚜及天敌的影响

2004～2005年,在冀南棉区调查了麦套Bt棉田对棉花苗期蚜虫和天敌的影响及其经济效益。结果表明,麦套棉田的棉蚜数量均显著低于对照田(P<0.05),其高峰期的蚜虫种群数量低于防治指标,且受棉蚜的危害程度小于对照田。麦套棉田中的瓢虫和僵蚜的种群数量显著高于对照田和化防田,与对照田相比,麦套棉田中的瓢虫发生高峰期提前10天左右。化防田的籽棉产量高于麦套棉田和对照田,但麦套棉田2004和2005年的综合经济效益分别为1.7万元/hm2和2.08万元/hm2,比化防田多0.53万元/hm2和0.57万元/hm2。试验结果还表明,棉花苗期蚜虫能够显著影响棉花产量,采用套种等多熟种植模式可以作为Bt棉有害生物综合治理的重要组成部分。     

2006—2022年贵州三都水族自治县鼠情监测结果分析

【目的】为明确三都水族自治县农区鼠种发生种类、优势种及种群数量的年度、月份及季节变化规律,给农区鼠情监测及防治提供科学依据。【方法】采用夹夜法,于每月上中旬,选择晴朗天气,分别于住宅区、稻田区、旱地耕作区置夹进行监测,对贵州省三都水族自治县2006—2022年不同生境鼠情监测结果进行分析研究。【结果】三都水族自治县家栖鼠和农田鼠种有褐家鼠、黄胸鼠、小家鼠、黑腹绒鼠、鼩鼱5种,住宅区以褐家鼠、小家鼠、黄胸鼠为优势种,稻田区、旱地区以褐家鼠和黄胸鼠为优势种,小家鼠为常见种,不同月份间混合鼠种种群数量形成3个高峰期,第1个高峰期为3月,第2个高峰期为6月,第3个高峰期为9—10月,春季和秋季的种群密度高于夏季和冬季。【结论】褐家鼠、黄胸鼠、小家鼠为三都水族自治县主要监测及防治对象,防治适期主要为春季3—5月和秋季8—9月,主要推广应用毒饵站灭鼠技术和TBS灭鼠技术。     

新疆啮齿动物新种新亚种新记录种与某些鼠种的新分布

本文报告了近 10余年新疆啮齿动物分类、分布的新发现。其中有新种伊犁鼠兔 ,新亚种天山黄鼠尼勒克亚种 ;新疆新记录种大林姬鼠、高原鼠兔、藏鼠兔、柯氏鼠兔 ;中国新记录种戈壁阿尔泰山鼠平和草原鼠兔。此外还指出脂尾三趾矮跳鼠、小毛足鼠、长尾仓鼠、大沙鼠、水鼠平和鼹形田鼠等 6种动物的新分布地点。     

Incidence of benomyl and iprodione resistance in isolates of Botrytis cinerea in tomato crops in England and Wales in 1986

In 1986, mass-mycelial isolates of Botrytis cinerea from 67 tomato crops in England and Wales were examined for benomyl and iprodione resistance. Of the 706 isolates obtained, 62.7% were resistant to benomyl at 2μg/ml and 43.2% were resistant to iprodione at 2 μg/ml. Iprodione resistance persisted in the absence of a dicarboximide spray programme. The incidence of benomyl resistance has not decreased since the last survey in 1984 in spite of a considerable reduction in the use of benzimidazole fungicides. There were no clear indications that the use of dichlofluanid influenced the incidence of benomyl or iprodione resistance. Disease control was poorer in crops with a higher incidence of iprodione resistance.     

Plant-pathogen interactions of sunflower and Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro and in vivo

The relative pathogenicity of isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina was comparable both on sunflower tissue cultures and on mature plants and seedlings. The relative susceptibility of the different sunflower lines in vitro showed a similar pattern for cotyledon callus cultures, but not for immature embryo cultures. Although these protocols appear to be unsuitable for the selection of novel disease resistance, they do offer the potential for a rapid, non-destructive screen for resistant material.     

Changes in agronomic practices and incidence and severity of diseases in winter wheat in England and Wales between 1999 and 2019

In continuation of the annual national surveys of winter wheat, which began in 1970, samples from between 250 and 350 randomly selected wheat crops in England and Wales between 1999 to 2019 were visually assessed for disease symptoms during the milky ripe development stages (GS 73–75). Septoria tritici blotch was the most prevalent and severe foliar disease each year, although annual levels fluctuated considerably and there was no overall significant change over the two decades. Incidence of brown rust, yellow rust, take-all, and barley yellow dwarf virus also showed no significant overall change during the survey period, whereas glume blotch, powdery mildew, eyespot, and sharp eyespot all showed significant decline. Fusarium ear blight has significantly increased in both incidence and severity, causing a serious epidemic in 2012, when 96% of crops were affected. Tan spot has been the third most prevalent foliar disease since 2009 although severity is still very low. Regional disease levels were consistent over the two decades, providing reliable baselines to measure changes in seasonal disease severity. There were significant changes in agronomic practice with a rise to predominance of minimum tillage over the use of ploughing, decreases in overall disease susceptibility of cultivars grown, a major increase in the use of oilseed rape in the rotation and a long-term trend towards earlier sowing. Fungicide use increased considerably, with over 98% crops sprayed and an average of 3.5 applications made per crop each year since 2014. Implications of changes over the last 21 years are discussed.     

吡虫啉和百菌清在设施内外葫芦和黄瓜中的残留特性比较

采用高效液相色谱和气相色谱法,分别研究了吡虫啉和百菌清在薄膜大棚设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中消解动态及其在葫芦和黄瓜中的残留量,并结合气象因子对产生残留差异的原因进行了分析。样品中的吡虫啉经乙腈和盐酸溶液提取,中性氧化铝和弗罗里硅土层析柱净化后,用高效液相色谱检测;百菌清经乙腈提取,中性氧化铝层析柱净化后,用气相色谱检测。结果表明:吡虫啉在设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中均消解迅速,施药7 d后,其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为90.4%和98.7%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为67.8%和85.9%;而百菌清在葫芦叶上的消解速率均比在黄瓜中的稍慢,施药7 d后其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为15.4%和38.1%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为87.8%和91.5%。表明2种农药在设施外2种蔬菜上的消解速率均快于设施内的。两种农药均是在设施外葫芦及黄瓜中的残留量低于设施内的,而降雨和光照强度可能是引起农药在设施内外蔬菜上残留差异的主要因子。     

西部降水氢氧稳定同位素温度及地理效应

本文基于IAEA和WMO建立的GNIP网降水资料,得出中国西部地区大气降水线方程(LMWL)为δ2H=7.56δ18O+5.05‰(VSMOW)。分析了降水中氢氧稳定同位素温度效应、地理效应,确定了降水中δ18O和δ2H与月平均气温、降水量、海拔高度、纬度的相关关系。根据张掖站降水δ18O与温度之间的相关关系和民勤地下水14C年龄和δ18O特征,初步重建了晚更新世以来民勤盆地地下水补给温度,并与惰性气体补给温度(NGT)进行了比较,其相关系数为0.65,晚更新世地下水的补给温度(据δ-T关系)较大,可能是没有考虑降水量效应的缘故。     

Build-up and subsequent decline of residues of quintozene and hexachlorobenzene in lettuce in sequential crops

The build-up and decline of quintozene and hexachlorobenzene residues in protected lettuce, resulting from one to five treatments of the soil (each of 35 g m-2) with a quintozene formulation, have been studied. Residue levels were monitored in each experimental crop during growth until harvest. Residues in the soil at harvest were also determined. Quintozene residues in the harvested lettuce were in the range < 0.02–0.80 mg kg^?1 and those of hexachlorobenzene were in the range < 0.02–0.05 mg kg^?1 (expressed on a fresh weight basis). Residue levels in the soil were 5.4–231 mg kg^?1 for quintozene, and 0.20–5.4 mg kg^?1 for hexachlorobenzene (expressed on a dry weight basis). Under the experimental conditions of the trial there was no significant build-up of quintozene or hexachlorobenzene in harvested lettuce, even after five treatments to the same site.     

西安夏、秋季降水与太阳黑子的关系

基于西安市1960-2007年的降水数据和太阳黑子相对数,采用一元线性回归、Mann Kendall检验等方法,对西安降雨量进行分析,然后采用小波分析方法研究了西安夏、秋两季降水量与太阳黑子之间的关系。结果表明：夏、秋两季降水量约占西安全年降水量的80%;西安夏季降水量呈上升趋势,秋季降水量则呈下降趋势;降水量的变化与太阳黑子数多少密切相关,在太阳黑子出现极值年及2 a左右,降水量也出现极值;西安夏季降水量有10 a左右的周期,秋季降水量有9 a左右周期;太阳黑子在9 a时间尺度上与降水量有很强的相关性,且夏季降水量与太阳黑子相差1～2 a的正相关,秋季降水量则与太阳黑子提前2 a左右的负相关关系。     

Comparative ecophysiology of grain sorghum and Abutilon theophrasti in monoculture and in mixture

Selection of crop genotypes that are more competitive with weeds for light interception may improve crop yield stability in the presence of weeds. The effects of interference on ecophysiological characteristics of Abutilon theophrasti Medic. and three morphologically diverse grain sorghum hybrids was evaluated to determine the relative tolerance and suppressive ability of the three hybrids and specific traits that may contribute to those differences. A tall hybrid was more tolerant to A. theophrasti interference than two medium stature hybrids. Early leaf area growth of two medium-stature sorghum hybrids was reduced by A. theophrasti interference, whereas early growth of a tall hybrid was unaffected. The height of A. theophrasti was greater than two moderate-stature hybrids but lower than the tall hybrid. Greatest leaf area density (L_D) of the tall sorghum hybrid was above that of A. theophrasti , whereas greatest L_D of medium-stature hybrids was below that of the weed. In monoculture, the partitioning of new biomass to various plant organs was similar among sorghum hybrids, whereas the tall sorghum hybrid partitioned less biomass to leaves and more to stems than medium hybrids in mixture. The results indicate that the three hybrids differ in their susceptibility to A. theophrasti competition. Crop traits that may contribute to greater crop competitiveness include greater maximum height and its growth rate and greater height of maximum leaf area distribution.     

2009年融水县早、中稻稻瘟病大发生及流行因素分析

<正>稻瘟病(Pyricularia oryzae Cav)长期以来一直是为害融水县水稻生产的主要病害[1],为全县双季稻及早、中稻混栽区内常发性病害,历年发生面积333.3～533.3 hm2,尤其是一些历史老病区受此病为害,常造成水稻产量较大损失。2009年该病又相继在早、中