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1.
We examine changing production relations in the Mexican tequila industry to explore the ways in which large industrial firms
are using “reverse leasing arrangements,” a form of contract farming, to extend their control over small agave farmers. Under
these arrangements, smallholders rent their parcels to contracting companies who bring in capital, machinery, labor, and other
agricultural inputs. Smallholders do not have access to their land, nor do they make any of the management decisions. We analyze
the factors that have led some producers to participate in reverse leasing arrangements, while allowing other producers to
continue farming independently. In addition, we look at the ways in which farmers are responding to these new production relations
and constraints and the strategies that they are using to regain control over the production process.
相似文献
Sarah BowenEmail: |
2.
This paper examines the increasingly popular chisan-chisho movement that has promoted the localization of food consumption in Japan since the late-1990s. Chisan-chisho emerged in the
context of a perceived crisis in the Japanese food system, particularly the long-term decline of agriculture and rural community
and more recent episodes of food scandals. Although initially started as a grassroots movement, many chisan-chisho initiatives
are now organized by governments and farmers’ cooperatives. Acknowledging that the chisan-chisho movement has added some important
resources and a conceptual framework, we nonetheless point out that chisan-chisho has been refashioned as a producer movement
by government as well as the Japan Agricultural Cooperative, capitalizing on local food’s marketing appeal. Chisan-chisho
to date has not been able to become a full-fledged citizen-based political mobilization nor address the issue of marginality
in the food system.
相似文献
Aya Hirata KimuraEmail: |
3.
Lois Wright Morton Ella Annette Bitto Mary Jane Oakland Mary Sand 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(1):107-119
Reciprocity and redistribution economies are often used by low-income households to increase access to food, adequate diets,
and food security. A United States study of two high poverty rural counties and two low-income urban neighborhoods reveal
poor urban households are more likely to access food through the redistribution economy than poor rural households. Reciprocal
nonmarket food exchanges occur more frequently in low-income rural households studied compared to low-income urban ones. The
rural low-income purposeful sample was significantly more likely to give food to family, friends, and neighbors and obtain
food such as fish, meat, and garden produce from friends and family compared to the urban low-income group. Further, 58% of
the low-income rural group had access to garden produce while only 23% of the low-income urban group reported access. In a
rural random sample of the whole population in the two high poverty counties access to garden produce increased chances of
attaining recommended vegetable and fruit servings controlling for income, education, and age. Access to a garden also significantly
increased the variety of fruits and vegetables in diets.
相似文献
Lois Wright MortonEmail: |
4.
Dustin R. Mulvaney 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(2):173-176
This paper describes a role for rural sociology in linking agrifood system vulnerabilities to opportunities for encouraging
sustainability and social justice. I argue that the California rice industry is particularly vulnerable for two reasons. First,
a quarter of rice growers’ revenues derive from production-based subsidies that have been recently deemed illegal by the World
Trade Organization. Second, about half of California’s rice sales depend on volatile export markets, which are susceptible
to periodic market access disruptions. Such vulnerabilities present political opportunities to reconfigure the connection
between production and consumption. By exploring how production subsidies could be transformed into multifunctionality payments,
and investigating new regional markets, rural sociology can contribute to discussions about how to encourage a more sustainable
and socially just California rice industry. My discussion aims to prompt rural sociologists to explore similar questions in
comparable agrifood systems.
Dustin R. Mulvaney has a Ph.D. from the Department of Environmental Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He continues to work there as a post-doctoral researcher and College Eight “Environment and Society” Fellow. His research focuses on the politics of genetic engineering governance, sustainable aquaculture certification, and the social implications of consumption-production linkages. 相似文献
Dustin R. MulvaneyEmail: |
Dustin R. Mulvaney has a Ph.D. from the Department of Environmental Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He continues to work there as a post-doctoral researcher and College Eight “Environment and Society” Fellow. His research focuses on the politics of genetic engineering governance, sustainable aquaculture certification, and the social implications of consumption-production linkages. 相似文献
5.
Differences in perceptions and knowledge of crop diseases constitute a major obstacle in farmer–researcher cooperation, which
is necessary for sustainable disease management. Farmers’ perceptions and management of crop diseases in the northern Ethiopian
Regional State of Tigrai were investigated in order to harness their knowledge in the participatory development of integrated
disease management (IDM) strategies. Knowledge of disease etiology and epidemiology, cultivar resistance, and reasons for
the cultivation of susceptible cultivars were investigated in a total of 12 tabias (towns) in ten weredas (districts). Perception of diseases involved both scientific and spiritual conceptual frameworks. Of the more than 30 crop
diseases recorded on the major crops in the region, only rusts and powdery mildews (locally called humodia) and a few root rots were considered by farmers to be important. Farmers’ awareness of other diseases was extremely low;
some highly damaging but less conspicuous diseases, such as faba bean chocolate spot and chickpea ascochyta blight (also called
humodia), were not regarded by farmers as disease but as problems caused primarily by excessive soil moisture. Considering that some
of these “unrecognized” diseases can cause complete yield loss and genetic erosion in epiphytotic years, there is an urgent
need for bringing together farmers’ and scientists’ knowledge to complement each other. Even when farmers had access to disease-resistant
or disease-tolerant cultivars, they grew susceptible local varieties because of multiple criteria including earliness, good
yield in years with low humodia severity, suitability for home consumption, market demand/quality, and low soil fertility
and land management requirements. Farmer innovation and knowledge were evident in their use of diverse disease control measures,
but these were a mixture of the “useful and the useless.” Our findings stress the necessity for extension workers and researchers
to understand and improve farmers’ knowledge of crop diseases, and farmers’ ability to observe and experiment, through the
Farmer Field School or a similar experiential learning approach. These insights about farmers’ knowledge of crop diseases
provide a basis for further collaborative maintenance of crop genetic diversity, development of germplasm, and IPM-related
research in Africa.
相似文献
Mathew M. AbangEmail: |
6.
James R. Veteto 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(1):121-134
Southern Appalachia is unique among agroecological regions of the American South because of the diverse environmental conditions
caused by its mountain ecology, the geographic and commercial isolation of the region, and the relative cultural autonomy
of the people that live there. Those three criteria, combined with a rich agricultural history and the continuance of the
homegardening tradition, make southern Appalachia an area of relatively high crop biodiversity in America. This study investigated
the history and survival of traditional heirloom vegetable crops in western North Carolina and documented 134 heirloom varieties
that were still being grown. I conducted interviews with 26 individuals from 12 counties in western North Carolina. I used
a snowball sampling method to identify individuals or communities that maintained heirloom vegetable varieties, and used the
“memory banking” of farmers’ knowledge as a strategy to complement the gathering of seed specimens. Most of the varieties
were grown and saved by homegardeners; beans were the most numerous. Results indicate that usually only one or two individuals
in a community maintained significant numbers of heirloom varieties and that many communities have lost their heirloom vegetable
heritage altogether. The decline of the farming population combined with a lack of cultural continuance in family seed-saving
traditions threatens the ability of communities to maintain crop biodiversity. Some of the cultivars may represent the last
(small) populations of endangered varieties.
相似文献
James R. VetetoEmail: |
7.
Economic feasibility of site-specific optical sensing for managing nitrogen fertilizer for growing wheat 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jon T. Biermacher Francis M. Epplin B. Wade Brorsen John B. Solie William R. Raun 《Precision Agriculture》2009,10(3):213-230
A site-specific nitrogen fertilizer application system that uses optical reflectance measurements of growing wheat plants
to estimate N requirements has been developed. The machine enables unique applications of liquid N fertilizer at a grid level
of 0.37 m2. To achieve widespread adoption, the precision application system must be efficient enough to overcome the cost advantage
of pre-plant applications of anhydrous ammonia (NH3) relative to top-dress applications of either dry or liquid N sources on growing wheat. The objective of this research is
to determine if the system is more profitable than conventional methods. Data from on-farm N fertilizer experiments were collected
across three years and nine locations in the Southern Plains of the U.S.A. Net returns were calculated for each of eight treatments.
The site-specific precision system was competitive economically, but it was not unambiguously superior to the conventional
alternatives because it could not overcome the cost advantage of NH3 pre-plant N sources relative to the cost of applying urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) during the growing season. The value of
the precision system is sensitive to the price of UAN relative to the price of NH3.
相似文献
Jon T. BiermacherEmail: |
8.
Steven A. Wolf 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(2):203-207
Professionalization of farmers and rural entrepreneurs is identified as a potential resource to advance transition to multifunctional
landscapes and territorial development. Drawing on interactive conceptions of knowledge creation and technical change, I argue
that collective structures that support pooling of experiential knowledge can complement public and private sector engagement
in innovation systems. Through exercise of leadership in advancing integration of farming into regional development and in
integrating ecological and social concerns into agriculture, farmers can forge a professional identity and broker a new social
contract entitling them to renewal of their political and economic status.
相似文献
Steven A. WolfEmail: |
9.
Veronica Vazquez-Garcia 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(1):65-77
Uncultivated plants are an important part of agricultural systems and play a key role in the survival of rural marginalized
groups such as women, children, and the poor. Drawing on the gender, environment, and development literature and on the notion
of women’s social location, this paper examines the ways in which gender, ethnicity, and economic status determine women’s
roles in uncultivated plant management in Ixhuapan and Ocozotepec, two indigenous communities of Veracruz, Mexico. The first
is inhabited by Nahua and the second by Popoluca peoples. Information was gathered through group and individual interviews
and a food frequency survey. Results show that the gender ideology prevailing in each community, resulting from distinct ethnic
affiliations and economic contexts, shapes women’s plant management. In Ixhuapan, Nahua women are used to leaving their community
to generate income, while in Ocozotepec men are considered the main breadwinners and are the mediators between Popoluca households
and the larger society. Nahua women gather quelites at the cornfields more often than their men, and more often than their female counterparts in Ocozotepec. They also manage
and sell plants from their homegardens at higher percentages than Popoluca women. However, women in both communities use intensely
the plants of their homegardens and play a key role in biodiversity conservation and cultural permanence.
相似文献
Veronica Vazquez-GarciaEmail: |
10.
Matthew J. Mariola 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(2):193-196
Local food has become the rising star of the sustainable agriculture movement, in part because of the energy efficiencies
thought to be gained when food travels shorter distances. In this essay I critique four key assumptions that underlie this
connection between local foods and energy. I then describe two competing conclusions implied by the critique. On the one hand,
local food systems may need a more extensive and integrated transportation infrastructure to achieve sustainability. On the
other hand, the production, transportation, and consumption of local foods are fundamentally as reliant on fossil fuels as
are long distance foods. A more holistic approach to energy use in the food system is needed to determine which particular
sociotechnical factors optimize energetic sustainability.
相似文献
Matthew J. MariolaEmail: |
11.
Diana Stuart 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(2):177-181
I explore the role of nature in the agrifood system and how attempts to fit food production into a large-scale manufacturing
model has lead to widespread outbreaks of food borne illness. I illustrate how industrial processing of leafy greens is related
to the outbreak of E. coli 0157:H7 associated with spinach in the fall of 2006. I also use this example to show how industry attempts to create the
illusion of control while failing to address weaknesses in current processing systems. The leafy greens industry has focused
efforts on sterilizing the growing environment and adopting new technologies, while neglecting to change the concentrated
structure of processing systems. Repeated breakdowns in these systems illustrate a widening fault line between attempted and
failed control of nature in industrial food production.
相似文献
Diana StuartEmail: |
12.
Stefan Mann 《Agriculture and Human Values》2007,24(4):435-443
A theoretical model for farm succession is developed in which identity-related variables such as preferences for working autonomously
or with animals influence occupational choice at the outset of the process, while environmental factors such as farm size
and income prospects gain in importance during the latter stages of succession. A survey of 14-to-34-year-old potential farm
successors in Switzerland is carried out to test the model. While female respondents focus on identity-related factors when
making occupational choices, the model can be verified for several influencing variables for male successors, such as continuing
the family tradition and the potential conversion of farmland to building land. For both men and women, the prospect of working
alongside their parents is an important factor in the decision to take over the family farm.
相似文献
Stefan MannEmail: |
13.
William H. Friedland 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(2):197-201
The reaction to conventional agriculture and food systems has generated a host of alternative social movements in the past
several decades. Many progressive agrifood researchers have researched these movements, exploring their strengths, weaknesses,
and failures. Most such research is abstracted from the movements themselves. This paper proposes a new way of self-organization
that, while fulfilling traditional university demands on researchers, will provide research support for progressive agrifood
movements by transcending the boundaries of disciplines and individual universities.
William H. Friedland is Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Santa Cruz where his research continues on commodity systems, wine and grapes, the globalization of agriculture and food, and exploring ways to strengthen alternative social movements to subvert the dominant paradigm. 相似文献
William H. FriedlandEmail: |
William H. Friedland is Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Santa Cruz where his research continues on commodity systems, wine and grapes, the globalization of agriculture and food, and exploring ways to strengthen alternative social movements to subvert the dominant paradigm. 相似文献
14.
Larry L. Burmeister 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(2):183-186
Since the New Deal era, the commodity title has been the major farm support program in US farm bills. Commodity programs have
encouraged farmers to pursue specialized, monocultural, and input intensive production strategies that are increasingly viewed
as unsustainable. Yet commodity programs remain politically resilient. As revealed in the farm payment limitation debate in
the 2007 farm bill reauthorization process, political support for commodity programs is maintained through policy elasticity
adaptations that combine new with old policy rationales. The recent extension of farm program support to producers of commodities
that have not received benefits in the past poses a potential threat to existing commodity programs, as this legislation has
institutionalized competition within production agriculture over the allocation and design of subsidies. This paper argues
for renewed attention to the policy support mechanisms that undergird the conventional agrifood system in order to better
understand alternative agrifood system possibilities and constraints.
相似文献
Larry L. BurmeisterEmail: |
15.
Douglas H. Constance 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(2):151-155
I provide an historical overview of the development of the Sociology of Agriculture as a critical response to perceived inadequacies
of conservative theories of social change regarding rural society in general, and agriculture in particular. I do this by
focusing on the three questions that have dominated the discourse on agrifood studies: “The Agrarian Question,” “The Environment
Question,” and “The Food Question.” I analyze the success and constraints of selected alternative agrifood initiatives in
relation to the three questions and introduce a fourth, the Emancipatory Question. I conclude that agrifood social scientists
need to embrace a praxis orientation to agrifood studies and participate in social movements designed to create a more socially
just alternative agrifood system.
相似文献
Douglas H. ConstanceEmail: |
16.
Patricia Allen 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(2):157-161
Despite much popular interest in food issues, there remains a lack of social justice in the American agrifood system, as evidenced
by prevalent hunger and obesity in low-income populations and exploitation of farmworkers. While many consumers and alternative
agrifood organizations express interest in and support social justice goals, the incorporation of these goals into on-the-ground
alternatives is often tenuous. Academics have an important role in calling out social justice issues and developing the critical
thinking skills that can redress inequality in the agrifood system. Academics can challenge ideological categories of inquiry
and problem definition, include justice factors in defining research problems, and develop participatory, problem-solving
research within social justice movements. In addition, scholars can educate students about the power of epistemologies, discourse,
and ideology, thereby expanding the limits and boundaries of what is possible in transforming the agrifood system. In these
ways, the academy can be a key player in the creation of a diverse agrifood movement that embraces the discourse of social
justice.
相似文献
Patricia AllenEmail: |
17.
Samuel Adjei-Nsiah Cees Leeuwis Ken E. Giller Thom W. Kuyper 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(3):389-403
This study reports on action research efforts that were aimed at developing institutional arrangements beneficial for soil
fertility improvement. Three stages of action research are described and analyzed. We initially began by bringing stakeholders
together in a platform to engage in a collaborative design of new arrangements. However, this effort was stymied mainly because
conditions conducive for learning and negotiation were lacking. We then proceeded to support experimentation with alternative
arrangements initiated by individual landowners and migrant farmers. The implementation of these arrangements too ran into
difficulties due to intra-family dynamics and ambiguities regarding land tenure. Further investigations to find out how ambiguities
could be tackled revealed that the local actors themselves had taken initiatives towards developing institutional innovations
to reduce ambiguities. However, there is still considerable scope for further development of these self-organized innovations.
The article ends with a reflection on inter-disciplinary action research, where it is argued that making “mistakes” is an
inherent and necessary characteristic in action research that aims to address complex social issues.
相似文献
Samuel Adjei-NsiahEmail: |
18.
Sandra Sattler Weber 《Agriculture and Human Values》2007,24(4):425-434
An ethnographic case study of five rural farmwomen in Cedar County, Nebraska, was conducted to contribute to the understudied
area of rural entrepreneurship and women entrepreneurs. This naturalistic inquiry into the lived experiences of five women
provides an exceptional view of the founding of a new microenterprise, the St. James Marketplace, a farmer-to-customer market
in an agricultural setting. The study considered factors identified from previous research on entrepreneurship in both urban
and rural settings. It connected the formation of this microenterprise to the history, culture, values, and economic situation
that motivated the founders’ entrepreneurial behavior. A social embeddedness perspective was employed in the analysis. Negative
forces from the macroenvironment, such as the closing of the local church parish and declining economic conditions for farming,
influenced the creation of the venture. However, the most important motivation was to sustain community. This study satisfies
a need for in-depth inquiry into rural entrepreneurship, rural communities, and rural farmwomen entrepreneurs.
相似文献
Sandra Sattler WeberEmail: |
19.
Luc Hippolyte Dossa Barbara Rischkowsky Regina Birner Clemens Wollny 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(4):581-592
An understanding of factors influencing the decision of rural people to keep sheep and/or goats is crucial when formulating
technologies and policies that support village-based small ruminant production. The knowledge of such factors will also improve
assessment of impact intervention strategies on the livelihoods of rural people. Structured questionnaires administered in
228 households were used to study the ownership patterns of small ruminants in southern Benin. The ownership of goats was
higher (91%) than sheep (35%) because goats are not affected by any ethnic or cultural restrictions. Goats are also perceived
to be a less risky to invest into compared to sheep. Women represented 71% of the keepers of goats. Predictive models of ownership
were developed using logistic regression. The results showed that younger household members (p < 0.05) especially young women (60%) are more likely to own small ruminants. Owners of small ruminants are less likely to
be involved in off-farm activities and would often have no access to credit facilities. Gender, ethnicity, and perception
of risk associated with species are the major factors affecting people’s choice of species. These findings highlight the financing
and insurance roles that small ruminants, particularly goats, are playing in the study area. In order to develop suitable
technologies and formulate policies to improve productivity and enhance livelihoods, the constraints to goat production need
to be identified, and the local knowledge of the keepers should be investigated.
相似文献
Luc Hippolyte DossaEmail: Email: |
20.
C. Clare Hinrichs 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(2):209-213
Despite its vigor, agrifood studies research faces two fault lines: the durability of disciplines, and challenges in engaging
non-academic stakeholders. In this essay, I use the concept of boundary work from social studies of science and technology
to reflect on the challenges and opportunities for more engaged interdisciplinary research in agrifood studies. I draw on
recent field visits to several “sustainable food chain” research projects funded through the Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
(RELU), an innovative interdisciplinary research initiative of the UK Research Councils, to highlight the contradictory nature
of boundary work in interdisciplinary research. Involving efforts both to bridge interfaces and to separate, exclude and manage
other disciplines or stakeholders, boundary work is inherent to interdisciplinarity. Innovations in the organizational culture
of projects and in the larger structural context for research can multiply the more generative potential of boundary work,
and also yield more and better interdisciplinary research in agrifood studies.
相似文献
C. Clare HinrichsEmail: |